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As of 2024, the global HIV/AIDS pandemic has resulted in an estimated 73.4 million to 116.4 million confirmed cases and over 44 million deaths worldwide.
Answer: True
Explanation: As of 2024, the global HIV/AIDS pandemic has led to an estimated 73.4 million to 116.4 million confirmed cases and 44.1 million deaths worldwide.
The global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 2005, after which it began a rapid decline.
Answer: False
Explanation: The global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997, not 2005, and then fell rapidly to about 2.6 million per year by 2005.
From 2010 to 2020, the incidence of HIV decreased by 23%, primarily due to significant progress in Western Europe and North America.
Answer: False
Explanation: From 2010 to 2020, the incidence of HIV decreased by 23%, but this progress was predominantly driven by significant decreases in Eastern Africa and Southern Africa, not Western Europe and North America.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately how many people globally were infected with HIV by 2023?
Answer: 39 million
Explanation: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 39 million people globally were infected with HIV by 2023.
In which year did the global incidence of HIV infection reach its peak?
Answer: 1997
Explanation: The 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that the global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997.
What was the estimated number of new HIV cases reported worldwide in 2018?
Answer: 1.7 million
Explanation: In 2018, approximately 1.7 million new cases of HIV were reported worldwide.
The HIV virus is believed to have originated in non-human primates in Central Africa, with initial transfers to humans occurring primarily in the mid-20th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that the initial transfers of HIV from non-human primates to humans occurred during the late 19th or early 20th century, not primarily in the mid-20th century.
The first outbreak of HIV/AIDS was recognized in 1981, and HIV was identified as its cause two years later.
Answer: True
Explanation: The first outbreak of HIV/AIDS was recognized on June 5, 1981, and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was identified as its cause in 1983, two years later.
HIV-1 group M, the strain most responsible for the global epidemic, is genetically reconstructed to have originated in Kinshasa around 1920.
Answer: True
Explanation: Genetic history reconstruction suggests that HIV-1 group M, the strain responsible for the global epidemic, may have originated in Kinshasa around 1920.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, young women aged 15 to 24 years are twice as likely as men of the same age to be living with HIV.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Sub-Saharan Africa, young women aged 15 to 24 years are indeed twice as likely as men of the same age to be living with HIV.
South Africa has the largest population of people living with HIV globally, with a prevalence rate of 13.9% in 2022.
Answer: True
Explanation: South Africa has the largest population of people living with HIV globally, with 8.45 million individuals, and a prevalence rate of 13.9% as of 2022.
Which region accounts for two-thirds of the global incidence of HIV?
Answer: Africa Region
Explanation: The Africa Region accounts for two-thirds of the global incidence of HIV.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a facilitating factor in HIV transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa, beyond sexual contact?
Answer: Routine childhood vaccinations
Explanation: Routine childhood vaccinations are not listed as a facilitating factor in HIV transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa. Other factors include STDs, scarification, unsafe blood transfusions, and poor hygiene/nutrition.
What impact did AIDS-denialist policies in South Africa have on the epidemic?
Answer: They led to several hundred thousand unnecessary deaths.
Explanation: AIDS-denialist policies in South Africa significantly hindered the distribution of antiretroviral drugs and are estimated to have led to several hundred thousand unnecessary deaths.
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate globally due to increasing new infections.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the lowest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate globally, estimated at less than 0.1% between 1990 and 2018.
In South and South-East Asia, the HIV epidemic is largely concentrated among specific groups like injecting drug users and sex workers.
Answer: True
Explanation: In South and South-East Asia, the HIV epidemic is largely concentrated among specific groups including injecting drug users, men who have sex with men, sex workers, and their clients.
Thailand is the only East Asian country with an HIV prevalence over 1%, and its rate has been increasing since 2001.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thailand is the only East Asian country with an HIV prevalence over 1%, but its rate has declined from 1.7% in 2001 to 1.1% in 2015, not increased.
What is the estimated HIV/AIDS prevalence among the adult population (15-49) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region?
Answer: Less than 0.1%
Explanation: The HIV/AIDS prevalence among the adult population (15-49) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is estimated at less than 0.1%.
In Metro Manila, Philippines, what accounted for the majority of new HIV infections according to a surveillance study?
Answer: Sexual contact between males
Explanation: A surveillance study in Metro Manila, Philippines, found that sexual contact between males accounted for the majority of new HIV infections.
What is the national HIV prevalence level in East Asia among adults aged 15-49?
Answer: 0.1%
Explanation: The national HIV prevalence level in East Asia among adults aged 15-49 is low, at 0.1%.
Which country in East Asia is noted for having an HIV prevalence over 1%?
Answer: Thailand
Explanation: Thailand is the only East Asian country noted for having an HIV prevalence over 1%.
In 2019, approximately 1.2 million people in the United States had HIV, and the majority of them were unaware of their infection.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 2019, approximately 1.2 million people in the United States had HIV, but only 13% of them were unaware of their infection, meaning the majority were aware.
The Caribbean is the second-most affected region in the world by HIV/AIDS, but has seen a significant decrease in new infections and deaths since 2010.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Caribbean is indeed the second-most affected region globally by HIV/AIDS, and it has experienced a significant decrease in new infections and deaths since 2010.
In Central and South America, Guatemala and Honduras are the only countries with national HIV prevalence rates exceeding 1%.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Central and South America, only Guatemala and Honduras are noted as having national HIV prevalence rates exceeding 1%.
The number of new HIV/AIDS cases in the United States began to decline in 1996, marking the first such decrease since the epidemic's onset.
Answer: True
Explanation: The number of new HIV/AIDS cases in the United States began to decline in 1996, which was the first year of such a decrease since the epidemic's onset.
In 2016, HIV/AIDS prevalence was increasing most rapidly among Indigenous Canadians.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2016, HIV/AIDS prevalence was indeed increasing most rapidly among Indigenous Canadians, who accounted for 11.3% of new infections that year.
Eastern Europe and Central Asia are experiencing a rapidly growing HIV epidemic, largely due to increased intravenous drug use and a rise in sex workers.
Answer: True
Explanation: Eastern Europe and Central Asia are experiencing a rapidly growing HIV epidemic, with the infection rate increasing due to factors such as increased intravenous drug use and a rise in sex workers.
What percentage of people living with HIV in Western Europe and North America had suppressed viral loads in 2020?
Answer: 67%
Explanation: In 2020, 67% of people living with HIV in Western Europe and North America had suppressed viral loads.
What is the primary route of HIV transmission in the Caribbean, accounting for two-thirds of AIDS cases?
Answer: Heterosexual intercourse
Explanation: HIV transmission in the Caribbean largely occurs through heterosexual intercourse, accounting for two-thirds of AIDS cases in the region.
What is the highest HIV prevalence rate within the Caribbean region?
Answer: The Bahamas (3.2%)
Explanation: Within the Caribbean, The Bahamas has the highest HIV prevalence, with 3.2% of its adult population affected.
In Central and South America, what is the approximate ratio of HIV-infected men to HIV-infected women in countries with prevalence rates over 1%?
Answer: 3:1
Explanation: In Central and South American countries with HIV prevalence rates over 1%, HIV-infected men outnumber HIV-infected women by a ratio of approximately 3:1.
As of 2016, what percentage of people over age 13 living with HIV in the US were unaware of their infection?
Answer: 14%
Explanation: In 2016, 14% of the 1.1 million people over age 13 living with HIV in the US were unaware of their infection.
Which U.S. region had the highest population rates of persons diagnosed with HIV infection per 100,000 people in 2015?
Answer: South
Explanation: In 2015, the U.S. South region had the highest population rates of persons diagnosed with HIV infection per 100,000 people.
What was the estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS in Canada in 2016?
Answer: 63,100
Explanation: In 2016, approximately 63,100 people were estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS in Canada.
Despite advancements in mRNA technology, developing an HIV vaccine is challenging due to the virus's significantly greater number of variants compared to other viruses like COVID-19.
Answer: True
Explanation: The greatest challenge in developing an HIV vaccine, even with mRNA technology, is the virus's significantly greater number of variants that an effective vaccine would need to address.
What is Canada's goal for HIV/AIDS elimination by 2030, based on the UNAIDS 90-90-90 strategy?
Answer: 90% of those positive know their status, 90% diagnosed receive treatment, 90% on treatment achieve viral suppression.
Explanation: Canada aims to achieve the UNAIDS 90-90-90 strategy goals by 2030, which means 90% of those positive know their status, 90% diagnosed receive treatment, and 90% on treatment achieve viral suppression.
What is the current status regarding a cure for HIV/AIDS?
Answer: There is no available cure for HIV/AIDS to this day.
Explanation: To this day, there is no available cure for HIV/AIDS, although major efforts in containment and improved anti-viral therapy have yielded positive results.
Social and Transmission Factors
The most frequent mode of HIV transmission in the United States is through heterosexual contact, with women being the most affected demographic.
Answer: False
Explanation: The most frequent mode of HIV transmission in the United States is through male homosexual sexual relations, with gay and bisexual men being the most affected demographic.
African Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States, accounting for nearly half of the total HIV-positive population.
Answer: True
Explanation: African Americans are significantly disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States, making up about 48% of the total HIV-positive population.
UNAIDS suggests that transgender people are at the highest risk of acquiring HIV, with a 30 times higher risk compared to other populations.
Answer: False
Explanation: UNAIDS suggests that sex workers are at the highest risk of acquiring HIV (30 times higher), while transgender people have a 13 times higher risk compared to other populations.
What percentage of new HIV diagnoses in the United States in 2014 were accounted for by gay and bisexual men?
Answer: 67%
Explanation: Gay and bisexual men accounted for 67% of total estimated new HIV diagnoses in the United States in 2014.