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The European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO) is an independent body of the European Union that was established through a method of enhanced cooperation among all 27 EU member states.
Answer: False
Explanation: The EPPO was established through enhanced cooperation among 24 of the 27 EU member states, not all 27.
Regulation (EU) 2017/1939, adopted on October 12, 2017, serves as the EPPO's legal basis.
Answer: True
Explanation: Regulation (EU) 2017/1939, adopted on October 12, 2017, formally established the EPPO and serves as its legal basis.
Franco Frattini, a former Commissioner, was an early and strong advocate for the establishment of the EPPO.
Answer: True
Explanation: Franco Frattini, former Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security, strongly advocated for the EPPO in August 2007.
The Treaty of Lisbon explicitly rejected the idea of creating a European Public Prosecutor's Office.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Treaty of Lisbon explicitly referred to the idea of creating a European Public Prosecutor's Office, providing a legal foundation for its eventual establishment.
The International Seminar in Madrid, led by Spanish Attorney General Cándido Conde-Pumpido, studied the new institution and its implementation possibilities.
Answer: True
Explanation: The International Seminar in Madrid, led by Spanish Attorney General Cándido Conde-Pumpido, was indeed dedicated to studying the new institution and its implementation possibilities.
Spain advocated for the EPPO's role in protecting the euro currency in 2010 after a major banking crisis in Greece.
Answer: False
Explanation: Spain advocated for the EPPO's role in protecting the euro in 2010 following the short selling of certain euro-zone financial products, not a banking crisis in Greece.
In 2010, Eurojust opposed the concept of the EPPO, citing concerns about national sovereignty.
Answer: False
Explanation: In March 2010, Eurojust identified the EPPO as a potential solution to cross-border crime and established a working group to study it, despite some member states' concerns about sovereignty.
The creation of the EPPO was discussed and immediately approved at the Luxembourg Council in April 2010.
Answer: False
Explanation: The creation of the EPPO was discussed at the Luxembourg Council in April 2010, but its implementation was suspended, with further discussion planned for 2013.
European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso announced the upcoming proposal for the EPPO in his 2012 State of the Union speech.
Answer: True
Explanation: European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso announced the upcoming proposal for the EPPO in his State of the Union speech on September 12, 2012.
The European Commission proposed the regulation for the EPPO's establishment in July 2013 at the initiative of Vice-president Viviane Reding and Commissioner Algirdas Semeta.
Answer: True
Explanation: The European Commission proposed the regulation for the EPPO's establishment on July 17, 2013, at the initiative of Vice-President Viviane Reding and Commissioner Algirdas Semeta.
The European Commission concluded in November 2013 that the EPPO complied with the principle of subsidiarity, despite concerns from several national parliaments.
Answer: True
Explanation: In November 2013, the European Commission indeed concluded that the EPPO complied with the principle of subsidiarity, addressing concerns from national parliaments.
The enhanced cooperation for the EPPO was initiated under TFEU Article 86, which requires authorization from the Council.
Answer: False
Explanation: Enhanced cooperation under TFEU Article 86 does not require authorization from the Council to proceed, allowing a simplified procedure.
What is the legal status of the European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO)?
Answer: It is an independent body of the European Union with juridical personality.
Explanation: The EPPO is an independent body of the European Union, possessing juridical personality, meaning it has its own legal rights and obligations.
When was the EPPO formally established through the adoption of Regulation (EU) 2017/1939?
Answer: October 12, 2017
Explanation: The EPPO was formally established with the adoption of Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 on October 12, 2017.
Who was an early and strong advocate for the establishment of a European Public Prosecutor's Office, expressing conviction in August 2007?
Answer: Franco Frattini
Explanation: Franco Frattini, former Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security, was an early and strong advocate for the EPPO, expressing his conviction in August 2007.
How did the Treaty of Lisbon contribute to the creation of the EPPO?
Answer: It explicitly referred to the idea of creating a European Public Prosecutor's Office.
Explanation: The Treaty of Lisbon explicitly referred to the idea of creating a European Public Prosecutor's Office, providing a crucial legal foundation.
What was the primary purpose of the International Seminar in Madrid regarding the EPPO?
Answer: To study the new institution and its implementation possibilities.
Explanation: The International Seminar in Madrid was convened to study the new institution of the EPPO and its implementation possibilities.
What incident prompted Spain to advocate for the EPPO's role in protecting the euro currency in 2010?
Answer: The short selling of certain euro-zone financial products in 2009 and 2010.
Explanation: Spain's advocacy for the EPPO's role in protecting the euro in 2010 was prompted by the short selling of certain euro-zone financial products.
What was Eurojust's stance on the EPPO in March 2010?
Answer: It identified the EPPO as a potential solution to cross-border crime and established a working group.
Explanation: In March 2010, Eurojust identified the EPPO as a potential solution to cross-border crime and established a working group to study the concept.
Who officially launched a technical draft for the implementation of the European Prosecutor during the Spanish Presidency in March 2010?
Answer: Cándido Conde-Pumpido
Explanation: Spanish Attorney General Cándido Conde-Pumpido officially launched a technical draft for the implementation of the European Prosecutor in March 2010.
What was the outcome of the discussion on the EPPO's creation at the Luxembourg Council in April 2010?
Answer: Implementation was suspended, with further discussion planned for 2013.
Explanation: At the Luxembourg Council in April 2010, the EPPO's implementation was suspended, with further discussion planned for 2013.
Which European Commissioners were instrumental in proposing the regulation for the EPPO's establishment in July 2013?
Answer: Viviane Reding and Algirdas Semeta
Explanation: Vice-President Viviane Reding and Commissioner Algirdas Semeta were instrumental in proposing the regulation for the EPPO's establishment in July 2013.
How did the European Commission respond to concerns about subsidiarity regarding the EPPO in November 2013?
Answer: It concluded that the EPPO complied with the principle of subsidiarity.
Explanation: In November 2013, the European Commission concluded that the EPPO complied with the principle of subsidiarity, despite concerns from national parliaments.
Under which TFEU article was the enhanced cooperation for the EPPO established?
Answer: Article 86 TFEU
Explanation: The enhanced cooperation for the EPPO was established under TFEU Article 86.
Laura Codruța Kövesi, from Romania, was appointed as the first European Chief Prosecutor for a non-renewable 5-year term.
Answer: False
Explanation: Laura Codruța Kövesi was appointed for a non-renewable 7-year term, not 5 years.
The EPPO operates with a single-tiered, centralized structure, with all investigations managed directly from its headquarters.
Answer: False
Explanation: The EPPO operates with a two-tiered, hybrid structure, combining central oversight with decentralized investigations carried out by European Delegated Prosecutors at the national level.
The European Chief Prosecutor is responsible for organizing the EPPO's work, directing its activities, and representing the office externally.
Answer: True
Explanation: The European Chief Prosecutor is indeed responsible for organizing the EPPO's work, directing its activities, and representing the office externally, as well as presiding over the College.
The College of the EPPO consists of the European Chief Prosecutor and two European Prosecutors from each participating Member State.
Answer: False
Explanation: The College of the EPPO consists of the European Chief Prosecutor and one European Prosecutor from each participating Member State.
European Prosecutors primarily supervise the European Delegated Prosecutors who conduct investigations on the ground.
Answer: True
Explanation: The primary role of European Prosecutors is to supervise the European Delegated Prosecutors who conduct the actual investigations in member states.
The first cohort of European Prosecutors was sworn in before a judge at the European Court of Justice in September 2020.
Answer: True
Explanation: The first cohort of European Prosecutors was sworn in before a judge at the European Court of Justice on September 28, 2020.
The internal decision-making rules for the College of the EPPO are known as the Statutes of Procedure.
Answer: False
Explanation: The internal decision-making rules for the College of the EPPO are referred to as the Procedural Rules.
Each Permanent Chamber of the EPPO consists of five members, including the European Chief Prosecutor.
Answer: False
Explanation: Each Permanent Chamber of the EPPO consists of three members: two European Prosecutors and a chairperson.
The 'right of evocation' allows national authorities to take over a case from a European Delegated Prosecutor.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'right of evocation' allows the Permanent Chambers of the EPPO to take over a case from a European Delegated Prosecutor, not national authorities.
European Delegated Prosecutors operate independently, free from instructions by national authorities, when prosecuting PIF offenses.
Answer: True
Explanation: European Delegated Prosecutors operate independently from national authorities when prosecuting PIF offenses, ensuring the EPPO's autonomy.
European Delegated Prosecutors possess the same powers as national public prosecutors and can issue European Arrest Warrants.
Answer: True
Explanation: European Delegated Prosecutors possess the same powers as national public prosecutors and are additionally granted powers by Union law, such as the ability to issue or request a European Arrest Warrant.
Who was appointed as the first European Chief Prosecutor?
Answer: Laura Codruța Kövesi
Explanation: Laura Codruța Kövesi was appointed as the first European Chief Prosecutor.
What describes the structure of the EPPO?
Answer: A two-tiered, hybrid structure with central and national levels.
Explanation: The EPPO operates with a two-tiered, hybrid structure, combining central leadership with decentralized operations by European Delegated Prosecutors.
What is a key responsibility of the European Chief Prosecutor?
Answer: To organize the EPPO's work and represent the office externally.
Explanation: A key responsibility of the European Chief Prosecutor is to organize the EPPO's work, direct its activities, and represent the office externally.
What is the composition of the College, the governing body of the EPPO?
Answer: The European Chief Prosecutor and one European Prosecutor from each participating Member State.
Explanation: The College of the EPPO consists of the European Chief Prosecutor and one European Prosecutor from each participating Member State.
What is the primary role of the European Prosecutors within the EPPO's structure (distinct from the Chief Prosecutor and Delegated Prosecutors)?
Answer: To supervise the European Delegated Prosecutors.
Explanation: The primary role of European Prosecutors is to supervise the European Delegated Prosecutors who conduct investigations on the ground.
When were the first cohort of European Prosecutors sworn into office?
Answer: September 28, 2020
Explanation: The first cohort of European Prosecutors was sworn in before a judge at the European Court of Justice on September 28, 2020.
What are the internal decision-making rules for the College of the EPPO called?
Answer: The Procedural Rules
Explanation: The internal decision-making rules for the College of the EPPO are called the Procedural Rules.
What is the 'right of evocation' in the context of the EPPO's Permanent Chambers?
Answer: The power of the Permanent Chambers to take over a case from a European Delegated Prosecutor.
Explanation: The 'right of evocation' is the power of the Permanent Chambers to take over a case from a European Delegated Prosecutor, ensuring central oversight.
What is the core function of the European Delegated Prosecutors?
Answer: To carry out investigations and prosecutions locally within their respective member states.
Explanation: The core function of European Delegated Prosecutors is to carry out investigations and prosecutions locally within their respective member states.
What additional powers do European Delegated Prosecutors possess beyond those of national public prosecutors?
Answer: The power to issue a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) or request one.
Explanation: European Delegated Prosecutors possess the additional power to issue a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) or request one.
The EPPO's primary mandate is to investigate and prosecute offenses that harm the financial interests of the EU, as defined by the PIF Directive.
Answer: True
Explanation: The EPPO's primary mandate is indeed to investigate and prosecute offenses harming the financial interests of the EU, as specifically defined by Directive (EU) 2017/1371 (the PIF Directive).
One of the main options considered for the EPPO's mandate during the Barroso Commission proposals was to extend its scope to cover all types of criminal offenses across the EU.
Answer: False
Explanation: One of the options considered was an extended mandate covering PIF offenses and other serious cross-border crimes, not 'all types of criminal offenses across the EU'.
The establishment of the EPPO was expected to reduce irregularities affecting the European budget by potentially more than €500 million annually.
Answer: False
Explanation: The establishment of the EPPO was projected to reduce irregularities affecting the European budget by potentially exceeding €1 billion annually, not €500 million.
The EPPO's jurisdiction includes fraud concerning EU funds exceeding €5,000 and cross-border VAT fraud cases above €5 million.
Answer: False
Explanation: The EPPO's jurisdiction covers fraud concerning EU funds exceeding €10,000 and cross-border VAT fraud cases where damages are above €10 million.
Unlike previous bodies like OLAF and Eurojust, the EPPO has the authority to directly investigate and prosecute crimes across participating member states.
Answer: True
Explanation: The EPPO's unique authority lies in its ability to directly investigate and prosecute crimes across participating member states, a power not held by OLAF or Eurojust.
The EPPO's mission is limited to investigating and prosecuting offenses affecting the financial interests of the Union, and it cannot be expanded to cover other serious cross-border crimes.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the EPPO's current mission is limited to financial interests of the Union, its mission may be extended in the future to cover other serious cross-border crimes through treaty amendment.
Which directive defines the specific criminal offenses that fall under the EPPO's primary mandate?
Answer: Directive (EU) 2017/1371 (PIF Directive)
Explanation: Directive (EU) 2017/1371, known as the PIF Directive, defines the specific criminal offenses that fall under the EPPO's primary mandate.
Which of the following was NOT one of the three main options considered for the scope of the EPPO's mandate during the Barroso Commission proposals?
Answer: Expanding the EPPO's mandate to include all national criminal offenses.
Explanation: The three main options considered were maintaining national investigations, a limited PIF mandate, or an extended PIF mandate covering other serious cross-border crimes, but not 'all national criminal offenses'.
What was the anticipated annual reduction in irregularities affecting the European budget due to the EPPO, according to Barroso Commission proposals?
Answer: Potentially exceeding €1 billion.
Explanation: The establishment of the EPPO was projected to reduce irregularities affecting the European budget by potentially exceeding €1 billion annually.
What is the financial threshold for cross-border VAT fraud cases to fall under the EPPO's jurisdiction?
Answer: Damages above €10 million
Explanation: The EPPO's jurisdiction covers cross-border VAT fraud cases where the damages are above €10 million.
How does the EPPO's authority differ from previous bodies like OLAF, Eurojust, and Europol in combating EU financial crimes?
Answer: The EPPO has the authority to directly investigate and prosecute crimes across participating member states.
Explanation: Unlike previous bodies, the EPPO has the unique authority to directly investigate and prosecute crimes across participating member states.
Finland initially delayed appointing its European Delegated Prosecutors due to a disagreement over their proposed salaries.
Answer: False
Explanation: Finland delayed appointing its European Delegated Prosecutors due to a disagreement over whether they should be part-time or full-time, not their salaries.
The 'Janša Appointment Affair' in Slovenia involved the acting head of government preventing the nomination of two Slovenian European Delegated Prosecutors.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Janša Appointment Affair' involved Slovenia's acting head of government, Janez Janša, preventing the nomination of two Slovenian European Delegated Prosecutors.
The EPPO officially launched its operations on June 1, 2021.
Answer: True
Explanation: The EPPO officially launched its operations on June 1, 2021, following the European Commission's approval.
The interim director of the EPPO was responsible for managing the interim administrative apparatus and recruitment during the establishment phase.
Answer: True
Explanation: The interim director was responsible for managing the interim administrative apparatus, recruitment, financial liquidity, and finding a suitable location during the EPPO's establishment phase.
What caused the delay in Finland appointing its European Delegated Prosecutors when the EPPO launched operations?
Answer: A disagreement over whether prosecutors should be part-time or full-time.
Explanation: Finland's delay in appointing EDPs was due to a disagreement over whether they should be part-time or full-time.
What was the alleged reason behind Janez Janša's opposition to the Slovenian prosecutor nominations in the 'Janša Appointment Affair'?
Answer: The nominated prosecutors had previously investigated him.
Explanation: It was alleged that Janez Janša opposed the nominations because the prosecutors had previously investigated him.
When did the EPPO officially begin its operations?
Answer: June 1, 2021
Explanation: The EPPO officially began its operations on June 1, 2021.
All 27 EU member states are currently participating in the EPPO's enhanced cooperation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Currently, 24 EU member states are participating in the EPPO's enhanced cooperation, not all 27.
Denmark is not participating in the EPPO due to an opt-out from the area of freedom, security, and justice.
Answer: True
Explanation: Denmark is indeed not participating in the EPPO due to its opt-out from the area of freedom, security, and justice.
The Netherlands and Malta joined the EPPO after its initial establishment, with their participation approved in August 2018.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Netherlands and Malta requested to join in May and June 2018, respectively, and their participation was approved in August 2018.
Poland applied to join the EPPO in January 2024 and its application was approved in February 2024.
Answer: True
Explanation: Poland applied to join the EPPO on January 5, 2024, and its application was approved on February 29, 2024.
Sweden officially notified its request to participate in the EPPO in June 2024, and the EU Commission approved it in July 2024.
Answer: True
Explanation: Sweden officially notified its request to participate on June 5, 2024, and the EU Commission approved it on July 16, 2024.
Ireland's government has decided against joining the EPPO, citing concerns about national sovereignty.
Answer: False
Explanation: Ireland's government has accepted recommendations to opt-in to the EPPO and is preparing legislation to enable its participation.
Which of the following EU member states is NOT currently participating in the EPPO's enhanced cooperation?
Answer: Hungary
Explanation: Hungary is currently not participating in the EPPO's enhanced cooperation.
When did Poland apply to join the EPPO?
Answer: January 5, 2024
Explanation: Poland applied to join the EPPO on January 5, 2024.
What is Sweden's current status regarding participation in the EPPO as of July 2024?
Answer: It officially notified its request to participate, and the EU Commission approved it.
Explanation: As of July 2024, Sweden officially notified its request to participate in the EPPO, and the EU Commission approved it.
What is the commitment of Hungary's opposition Tisza Party regarding the EPPO?
Answer: To join the EPPO if they come into power.
Explanation: Hungary's opposition Tisza Party has publicly committed to joining the EPPO if they come into power.
The headquarters of the EPPO are located in Brussels, Belgium, sharing facilities with the European Commission.
Answer: False
Explanation: The EPPO's headquarters are located in Kirchberg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, not Brussels.
The EPPO requested a budget increase in 2024 primarily to fund new IT infrastructure projects.
Answer: False
Explanation: The EPPO requested a budget increase in 2024 due to the accelerated disbursement of EU recovery plan funds and the potential enlargement to include Poland and Sweden, not primarily for IT infrastructure.
English is the sole working language for all EPPO operational and administrative activities.
Answer: False
Explanation: While English is the primary working language, French is also used in conjunction with English for communications with the European Court of Justice.
The EPPO headquarters are located in Tower A of the Porte de l'Europe complex in Luxembourg.
Answer: False
Explanation: The EPPO headquarters are situated in Tower B of the Porte de l'Europe complex in Luxembourg.
Where are the headquarters of the European Public Prosecutor's Office located?
Answer: Kirchberg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
Explanation: The EPPO's headquarters are located in Kirchberg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
Why did the EPPO request an increase in its 2024 budget?
Answer: Due to accelerated disbursement of EU recovery plan funds and potential enlargement.
Explanation: The EPPO requested a budget increase in 2024 due to the accelerated disbursement of EU recovery plan funds and the potential enlargement to include Poland and Sweden.
What is the primary working language for the EPPO's operational and administrative activities?
Answer: English
Explanation: English is the primary working language for the EPPO's operational and administrative activities.