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Executive Order 9066 was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, primarily to authorize the forced removal of individuals deemed a national security threat from the West Coast.
Answer: True
Explanation: Executive Order 9066 was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, with the primary purpose of authorizing the forced removal of individuals perceived as national security threats from the West Coast.
The official title of Executive Order 9066 was 'Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The official title of Executive Order 9066 is accurately stated as 'Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas'.
The transcript of Executive Order 9066 justified its enactment by citing the need for protection against espionage and sabotage to national-defense materials.
Answer: True
Explanation: The transcript of Executive Order 9066 explicitly justified its enactment by citing the necessity of protecting national-defense materials, premises, and utilities against espionage and sabotage for the successful prosecution of the war.
Executive Order 9066 granted the Secretary of War and military commanders the authority to prescribe military areas and exclude any or all persons from them.
Answer: True
Explanation: Executive Order 9066 explicitly granted the Secretary of War and designated Military Commanders the authority to define military areas and to exclude any or all persons from these areas.
The designation of military areas under Executive Order 9066 superseded the Attorney General's authority regarding prohibited and restricted areas.
Answer: True
Explanation: The designation of military areas under Executive Order 9066 indeed superseded the Attorney General's prior authority and designations concerning prohibited and restricted areas.
Public Law 77-503 was authored by Karl Bendetsen and established penalties for violations of military orders related to Executive Order 9066.
Answer: True
Explanation: Public Law 77-503 was indeed authored by Karl Bendetsen and was approved to provide for the enforcement of Executive Order 9066, establishing penalties for violations of military orders.
Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt issued specific exclusion orders that explicitly targeted 'all people of Japanese ancestry'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt, interpreting Executive Order 9066 broadly, issued Western Defense Command orders that explicitly targeted 'all people of Japanese ancestry' for exclusion.
What was the primary purpose of Executive Order 9066, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt?
Answer: To authorize the forced removal of individuals deemed a national security threat from the West Coast.
Explanation: Executive Order 9066 was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt with the primary purpose of authorizing the forced removal of individuals deemed a national security threat from the West Coast of the United States.
What was the official title of Executive Order 9066?
Answer: Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas.
Explanation: The official title of Executive Order 9066 was 'Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas'.
According to its transcript, what was the stated justification for Executive Order 9066?
Answer: To ensure the successful prosecution of the war by protecting against espionage and sabotage.
Explanation: The transcript of Executive Order 9066 stated its justification as the successful prosecution of the war, requiring protection against espionage and sabotage to national-defense materials.
What authority did Executive Order 9066 grant to the Secretary of War and military commanders?
Answer: The authority to prescribe military areas and exclude any or all persons from them.
Explanation: Executive Order 9066 granted the Secretary of War and designated Military Commanders the authority to define military areas and to exclude any or all persons from these areas.
How did Executive Order 9066 affect the Attorney General's authority regarding prohibited and restricted areas?
Answer: It superseded the Attorney General's designations and authority in those areas.
Explanation: The designation of military areas under Executive Order 9066 superseded the Attorney General's prior designations and authority concerning prohibited and restricted areas.
What was the purpose of Public Law 77-503?
Answer: To provide for the enforcement of Executive Order 9066.
Explanation: Public Law 77-503 was approved specifically to provide for the enforcement of Executive Order 9066.
Who was responsible for issuing specific exclusion orders that explicitly targeted 'all people of Japanese ancestry' from certain areas of the western United States?
Answer: Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt.
Explanation: Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt issued Western Defense Command orders that explicitly targeted 'all people of Japanese ancestry' for exclusion from certain areas.
Approximately 125,000 people were displaced by Executive Order 9066, with the majority being non-U.S. citizens.
Answer: False
Explanation: Approximately 125,000 people were displaced by Executive Order 9066; however, two-thirds of these individuals were U.S. citizens, not a majority of non-U.S. citizens.
During World War II, more Americans of European descent were forcibly interned than Americans of Asian descent.
Answer: False
Explanation: During World War II, a significantly higher number of Americans of Asian descent were forcibly interned compared to Americans of European descent, both in total numbers and proportionally.
A sign posted in 1942 informed people of Japanese descent that they were required to report for military service.
Answer: False
Explanation: A sign posted in 1942 informed people of Japanese descent that they were required to report for incarceration, not military service.
There were 12 internment camps, known as 'relocation centers,' established across the United States.
Answer: False
Explanation: There were 10 internment camps, euphemistically called 'relocation centers,' established across the United States, not 12.
Initial accommodations for 'evacuees' in internment camps often involved converted livestock stalls at fairgrounds and horse racing tracks.
Answer: True
Explanation: Initial accommodations for 'evacuees' were indeed temporary assembly centers, frequently consisting of converted livestock stalls at fairgrounds and horse racing tracks.
Japanese Americans were able to regain all their lost homes, businesses, and property immediately after the internment camps closed.
Answer: False
Explanation: After the internment camps closed, Japanese Americans faced significant challenges in rebuilding their lives, having suffered heavy personal losses including homes, businesses, property, and savings, which were not immediately regained.
How many people were displaced as a result of Executive Order 9066, and what proportion of them were U.S. citizens?
Answer: Approximately 125,000 people, with two-thirds being U.S. citizens.
Explanation: Approximately 125,000 people were displaced by Executive Order 9066, and a significant majority, specifically two-thirds, were U.S. citizens.
Which group experienced a significantly higher rate of forced internment during World War II, both in total numbers and as a proportion of their population?
Answer: Americans of Asian descent.
Explanation: During World War II, Americans of Asian descent experienced a significantly higher rate of forced internment compared to Americans of European descent, both in total numbers and as a proportion of their population.
What did a sign posted in 1942 communicate to people of Japanese descent?
Answer: They were required to report for incarceration.
Explanation: A sign posted in 1942 informed people of Japanese descent that they were required to report for incarceration, marking the beginning of the forced removal process.
How many internment camps, euphemistically called 'relocation centers,' were established across the United States?
Answer: 10
Explanation: A total of 10 internment camps, known as 'relocation centers,' were established across the United States.
What were the initial accommodations like for 'evacuees' in the temporary assembly centers?
Answer: Converted livestock stalls at fairgrounds and horse racing tracks.
Explanation: Initial accommodations for 'evacuees' in temporary assembly centers often consisted of converted livestock stalls at fairgrounds and horse racing tracks.
What challenges did Japanese Americans face in rebuilding their lives after the internment camps?
Answer: They had to rebuild their lives after suffering heavy personal losses, including homes, businesses, and savings.
Explanation: After the internment camps, Japanese Americans faced significant challenges, including rebuilding their lives after suffering heavy personal losses of homes, businesses, property, and savings.
President Roosevelt's advisors, including Attorney General Francis Biddle, strongly supported the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans.
Answer: False
Explanation: President Roosevelt's advisors, including Attorney General Francis Biddle and John Franklin Carter, actually opposed the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans and advocated for the protection of their rights.
A poll in March 1942 showed that most Americans believed the internment of Japanese Americans was inappropriate.
Answer: False
Explanation: A poll conducted in March 1942 indicated that a majority of Americans believed the internment of Japanese Americans was appropriate, not inappropriate.
Norman Thomas, chairman of the Socialist Party, was a vocal critic of Executive Order 9066 and published a book criticizing it.
Answer: True
Explanation: Norman Thomas, chairman of the Socialist Party of America, was a vocal critic of Executive Order 9066, actively defending Japanese American rights and publishing 'Democracy and Japanese Americans' in 1942.
Eleanor Roosevelt publicly condemned the internment camps and advocated for their immediate closure.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Eleanor Roosevelt privately expressed concerns about the necessity of the camps, she publicly supported the president and advocated for equal application of laws, rather than publicly condemning the camps or advocating for their immediate closure.
Which of the following was NOT a long-standing racial view held by President Roosevelt concerning Japanese Americans, as documented in the background to Executive Order 9066?
Answer: Advocating for equal rights and protection for all Japanese Americans.
Explanation: President Roosevelt's documented long-standing racial views included opposition to white-Japanese intermarriage, praise for California's ban on land ownership by first-generation Japanese, and private suggestions for concentration camps, not advocacy for equal rights.
Who among President Roosevelt's advisors opposed the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans?
Answer: Attorney General Francis Biddle and John Franklin Carter.
Explanation: Attorney General Francis Biddle and John Franklin Carter were among President Roosevelt's advisors who opposed the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans.
Why were Japanese Americans in Hawaii not incarcerated en masse, despite President Roosevelt's initial desire?
Answer: The tremendous cost involved and the resistance of local military commander General Delos Emmons made it impractical.
Explanation: Japanese Americans in Hawaii were not incarcerated en masse due to the tremendous cost and logistical challenges, coupled with the resistance of local military commander General Delos Emmons.
What was the public's general sentiment towards the internment of Japanese Americans in March 1942, according to a poll?
Answer: Majorities believed it was appropriate.
Explanation: A poll conducted in March 1942 indicated that a majority of Americans believed the internment of Japanese Americans was appropriate.
Who was Norman Thomas, and what was his stance on Executive Order 9066?
Answer: The chairman of the Socialist Party of America and a vocal critic of the order.
Explanation: Norman Thomas was the chairman of the Socialist Party of America and a vocal critic of Executive Order 9066, actively working to defend Japanese American rights.
What were Eleanor Roosevelt's private and public views on the internment camps?
Answer: She publicly supported the president but privately expressed concern about the necessity of the camps.
Explanation: Eleanor Roosevelt publicly supported the president's actions but privately expressed concern regarding the necessity of the internment camps.
President Roosevelt suspended Executive Order 9066 in December 1944 following the Supreme Court decision in *Ex parte Endo*.
Answer: True
Explanation: President Roosevelt suspended Executive Order 9066 in December 1944, directly following the Supreme Court's decision in *Ex parte Endo*.
The Supreme Court case *Korematsu v. United States* upheld Executive Order 9066, citing 'military necessity'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Supreme Court, in *Korematsu v. United States*, upheld Executive Order 9066 in a 6-3 decision, citing 'military necessity' as its justification.
Fred Korematsu complied with Executive Order 9066 but later challenged its constitutionality in court.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fred Korematsu refused to comply with Executive Order 9066, attempting to alter his appearance and identity to avoid forced removal, before being arrested and challenging the order's constitutionality.
The *Hirabayashi v. United States* case challenged the constitutionality of the curfew imposed on people of Japanese descent.
Answer: True
Explanation: The *Hirabayashi v. United States* case indeed centered on challenging the constitutionality of the curfew imposed on individuals of Japanese descent under Executive Order 9066.
What event led President Roosevelt to suspend Executive Order 9066 in December 1944?
Answer: The Supreme Court decision in *Ex parte Endo*.
Explanation: President Roosevelt suspended Executive Order 9066 in December 1944, directly following the Supreme Court's decision in *Ex parte Endo*.
What was the Supreme Court's decision in *Korematsu v. United States*?
Answer: It upheld Executive Order 9066, citing 'military necessity.'
Explanation: In *Korematsu v. United States*, the Supreme Court upheld Executive Order 9066, citing 'military necessity' as its justification.
What action did Fred Korematsu take in response to Executive Order 9066?
Answer: He refused to comply with the forced removal and challenged the order's constitutionality.
Explanation: Fred Korematsu refused to comply with Executive Order 9066, attempting to evade it before being arrested and subsequently challenging its constitutionality.
What crucial evidence led to the reopening and overturning of the Korematsu, Hirabayashi, and Yasui cases in 1983?
Answer: The discovery of Lieutenant Commander K.D. Ringle's report revealing no true threat from Japanese Americans.
Explanation: The discovery of Lieutenant Commander K.D. Ringle's report, which revealed no true threat from Japanese Americans, was the crucial evidence that led to the reopening and overturning of the Korematsu, Hirabayashi, and Yasui cases in 1983.
Executive Order 9066 was formally terminated in 1976 by Proclamation 4417.
Answer: True
Explanation: Executive Order 9066 was formally terminated on February 19, 1976, through Proclamation 4417.
President Gerald Ford acknowledged that the evacuation of Japanese Americans was wrong when he formally terminated Executive Order 9066.
Answer: True
Explanation: When President Gerald Ford formally terminated Executive Order 9066, he explicitly stated that the evacuation was wrong and affirmed the loyalty of Japanese Americans.
The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) concluded that military necessity justified the incarceration of Japanese Americans.
Answer: False
Explanation: The CWRIC's report, *Personal Justice Denied*, concluded that the incarceration of Japanese Americans was not justified by military necessity, but rather by 'race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership'.
When was Executive Order 9066 formally terminated, and by what means?
Answer: February 19, 1976, by Proclamation 4417.
Explanation: Executive Order 9066 was formally terminated on February 19, 1976, through Proclamation 4417.
What did President Gerald Ford state when he formally terminated Executive Order 9066?
Answer: That the evacuation was wrong and Japanese Americans were loyal.
Explanation: When President Gerald Ford formally terminated Executive Order 9066, he explicitly stated that the evacuation was wrong and affirmed the loyalty of Japanese Americans.
What was the key finding of the CWRIC's report, *Personal Justice Denied*, regarding the incarceration of Japanese Americans?
Answer: It was based on 'race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.'
Explanation: The CWRIC's report, *Personal Justice Denied*, concluded that the incarceration of Japanese Americans was based on 'race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership,' not military necessity.
What legislative action was taken based on the CWRIC's recommendations, and who signed it into law?
Answer: The Civil Liberties Act of 1988, signed by President Ronald Reagan.
Explanation: Based on the CWRIC's recommendations, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan.
Executive Order 9066 was enacted primarily due to a sudden increase in Japanese American espionage activities following the Pearl Harbor attack.
Answer: False
Explanation: Executive Order 9066 was not enacted due to a sudden increase in Japanese American espionage; intelligence reports found no evidence of widespread disloyalty or fifth column activity, and no Japanese American was ever found guilty of sabotage or espionage.
At the time Executive Order 9066 was enacted, Japanese Americans were eligible for American citizenship if they had lived in the U.S. for several generations.
Answer: False
Explanation: At the time Executive Order 9066 was enacted, Japanese Americans were legally barred from attaining American citizenship, regardless of how many generations they had lived in the U.S.
The Munson Report and Kenneth Ringle's investigation both found evidence of widespread disloyalty among Japanese Americans, justifying mass incarceration.
Answer: False
Explanation: Both the Munson Report and Kenneth Ringle's investigation found no evidence of widespread disloyalty or 'fifth column' activity among Japanese Americans and advised against mass incarceration.
Individuals born in Japan were allowed to become naturalized U.S. citizens after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.
Answer: True
Explanation: Individuals born in Japan were not permitted to become naturalized U.S. citizens until after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.
What was the citizenship status of Japanese Americans at the time Executive Order 9066 was enacted?
Answer: They were barred from attaining American citizenship, even if born in the U.S.
Explanation: At the time Executive Order 9066 was enacted, Japanese Americans were legally barred from attaining American citizenship, even if born in the U.S. or having lived there for generations.
What did the Munson Report and Kenneth Ringle's investigation conclude regarding the loyalty of Japanese Americans before mass incarceration?
Answer: They found no evidence of fifth column activity and stated Japanese Americans were largely loyal.
Explanation: Both the Munson Report and Kenneth Ringle's investigation concluded that there was no evidence of 'fifth column' activity and that Japanese Americans were largely loyal, advising against mass incarceration.
When were individuals born in Japan first allowed to become naturalized U.S. citizens?
Answer: After the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.
Explanation: Individuals born in Japan were first allowed to become naturalized U.S. citizens after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.