Enter a player name to begin or load your saved progress.
In Western countries, extended breastfeeding is typically defined as nursing a child after they reach 12 months of age.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Western contexts, extended breastfeeding is commonly defined as the practice of nursing a child beyond 12 months of age, with some definitions extending to 24 months.
Elizabeth Baldwin suggests that Western culture's view of the breast as sexual makes it difficult to recognize breastfeeding as a natural way to nurture children.
Answer: True
Explanation: Elizabeth Baldwin posits that the prevalent Western cultural perception of the breast as primarily sexual complicates the recognition of breastfeeding as a natural and fundamental method of child nurturing.
Obtaining accurate statistics on extended breastfeeding in Western countries is difficult because mothers often feel embarrassed and conceal their practices.
Answer: True
Explanation: The collection of precise statistics on extended breastfeeding in Western nations is hindered by the social stigma and potential embarrassment experienced by mothers, leading many to conceal their breastfeeding practices.
'Closet nursing' refers to the practice of mothers openly discussing their extended breastfeeding experiences with a wide social circle.
Answer: False
Explanation: 'Closet nursing' describes the practice where mothers nurse longer than societal norms dictate and intentionally conceal this from all but their closest family and friends, due to fear of judgment.
In Western countries, how is 'extended breastfeeding' typically defined?
Answer: Breastfeeding a child after they reach the age of 12 to 24 months.
Explanation: In Western countries, 'extended breastfeeding' is generally defined as the practice of nursing a child after they have reached 12 months of age, with some definitions extending this period to 24 months.
According to Elizabeth Baldwin, what cultural perception in Western societies makes it challenging to view breastfeeding as natural?
Answer: The view of the breast as primarily sexual.
Explanation: Elizabeth Baldwin argues that the prevailing Western cultural perception of the breast as primarily sexual creates a significant barrier to recognizing breastfeeding as a natural and inherent method of nurturing children.
Why is it difficult to gather accurate statistics on extended breastfeeding in countries like the U.S., Canada, and the U.K.?
Answer: Mothers may feel embarrassment and conceal their practices.
Explanation: Accurate statistical data on extended breastfeeding in Western countries such as the U.S., Canada, and the U.K. is challenging to obtain because mothers often experience embarrassment and consequently conceal their breastfeeding practices from public view.
What term describes the practice of mothers nursing longer than the social norm and hiding it from most people?
Answer: Closet nursing
Explanation: The term 'closet nursing' refers to the practice of mothers continuing to nurse their children beyond socially accepted norms while intentionally concealing this from most individuals outside their immediate trusted circle.
In the United States, at what point is breastfeeding typically considered 'extended breastfeeding'?
Answer: Beyond one year
Explanation: In the United States, breastfeeding is generally categorized as 'extended breastfeeding' when it continues beyond the child's first year of life.
How do cultural norms in most Western countries generally perceive the practice of extended breastfeeding?
Answer: It is not a widely accepted cultural norm, and practitioners may face judgment.
Explanation: In most Western countries, the practice of extended breastfeeding is not widely accepted as a cultural norm, and mothers who engage in it frequently encounter societal judgment and disapproval.
The concentration of lactoferrin in breast milk significantly decreases after 12 months of lactation, making it less protective against infections.
Answer: False
Explanation: Research indicates that lactoferrin concentration in breast milk significantly increases between 12 and 24 months of lactation, reaching levels comparable to colostrum, thereby maintaining its protective role against infections.
Research indicates that toddlers breastfed beyond 12 months have higher mortality rates compared to those not breastfed for an extended period.
Answer: False
Explanation: Longitudinal research demonstrates that toddlers breastfed beyond 12 months exhibit lower mortality rates and fewer illnesses compared to their non-breastfed counterparts.
A study on lactoferrin concentration during prolonged lactation found that its levels were lowest during 1-12 months and then significantly increased during 13-24 months.
Answer: True
Explanation: A study on lactoferrin concentration during prolonged lactation revealed that levels were lowest between 1 and 12 months postpartum, followed by a significant increase during the 13-24 month period, reaching concentrations comparable to colostrum.
What protective protein in breast milk significantly increases between 12 and 24 months of age, reaching levels similar to colostrum?
Answer: Lactoferrin
Explanation: Lactoferrin, a protective protein in breast milk, demonstrates a significant increase in concentration between 12 and 24 months of lactation, achieving levels comparable to those found in colostrum.
According to longitudinal research, what health outcome is observed in toddlers breastfed beyond 12 months compared to those not breastfed for an extended period?
Answer: They have lower mortality rates.
Explanation: Longitudinal research indicates that toddlers who are breastfed beyond 12 months exhibit lower mortality rates and a reduced incidence of illnesses.
What is one of the primary benefits of breast milk for infants, specifically regarding protection against infection?
Answer: It contains lactoferrin, which protects against pathogens.
Explanation: A primary benefit of breast milk for infants is its content of lactoferrin, a protein that provides crucial protection against a wide array of pathogens, thereby bolstering the infant's immune system.
What health benefit, in addition to developmental advantages, is associated with breastfed children?
Answer: They are less likely to contract a variety of viruses and diseases.
Explanation: Beyond developmental advantages, breastfed children are observed to have a reduced susceptibility to contracting a diverse range of viruses and diseases, indicating enhanced immune protection.
The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) has found no evidence that extended breastfeeding is harmful to either the parent or the child.
Answer: True
Explanation: The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) explicitly states that there is no empirical evidence to suggest that extended breastfeeding poses any harm to either the parent or the child.
The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF recommend that babies should be breastfed for at least one year.
Answer: False
Explanation: The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF recommend that infants be breastfed for a minimum duration of two years, with continued breastfeeding beyond this period alongside complementary foods.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends the continuation of breastfeeding for one year or longer, as mutually desired by the mother and infant.
Answer: True
Explanation: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) advises that breastfeeding should continue for at least one year, or longer, based on the mutual desire of the mother and infant.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age, followed by continued breastfeeding up to two years or beyond with complementary foods.
Answer: True
Explanation: The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates for exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, followed by continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods up to two years of age or beyond.
Which organization explicitly states there is no evidence that extended breastfeeding is harmful to either the parent or the child?
Answer: American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)
Explanation: The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) has explicitly affirmed that there is no evidence to suggest that extended breastfeeding is detrimental to the health or well-being of either the parent or the child.
What is the minimum duration of breastfeeding recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF?
Answer: At least two years
Explanation: The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF jointly recommend that infants should be breastfed for a minimum duration of two years.
Which of the following is a recommendation from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) regarding breastfeeding duration?
Answer: Continuation of breastfeeding for one year or longer, as mutually desired.
Explanation: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends the continuation of breastfeeding for at least one year, or for a longer duration, based on the mutual preference and desire of the mother and infant.
According to CDC reports, approximately 36% of babies in the United States are still nursing at 18 months of age.
Answer: False
Explanation: CDC reports indicate that approximately 15% of babies in the United States are still nursing at 18 months of age, while 36% are nursing at 12 months.
The U.S. Healthy People 2010 goals aimed for 60% of babies to be exclusively breastfed at 6 months.
Answer: False
Explanation: The U.S. Healthy People 2010 goals targeted 25% of babies to be exclusively breastfed at 6 months, while the 60% goal applied to exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months.
In 2006, the U.S. breastfeeding rate for babies at 12 months was 22.7%.
Answer: True
Explanation: According to U.S. breastfeeding rate data from 2006, 22.7% of babies were still being breastfed at 12 months of age.
What percentage of babies in the U.S. were still nursing at 18 months of age, according to CDC reports?
Answer: Approximately 15%
Explanation: According to data from CDC reports, approximately 15% of babies in the United States were still nursing at 18 months of age.
What were the U.S. Healthy People 2010 goals for exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months?
Answer: 25%
Explanation: The U.S. Healthy People 2010 initiative set a goal for 25% of babies to be exclusively breastfed at 6 months of age.
What was the U.S. breastfeeding rate for babies at 6 months in 2006?
Answer: 43.5%
Explanation: In 2006, the breastfeeding rate for babies in the U.S. at 6 months of age was reported to be 43.5%.
In a 1992 New York case, a mother permanently lost custody of her child due to extended breastfeeding and reported sexual arousal.
Answer: False
Explanation: In a 1992 New York case, a mother temporarily lost custody of her 3-year-old child for one year, not permanently, following reports of extended breastfeeding and sexual arousal, although other confidential factors were also involved.
In an Illinois case in 2000, a child was removed from the mother's care due to extended breastfeeding, and the judge's finding of neglect was upheld.
Answer: False
Explanation: In an Illinois case from 2000, a child was initially removed due to extended breastfeeding, but the child was subsequently returned to the mother, and the judge's finding of neglect was vacated.
In a 1992 New York case, for how long did a mother lose custody of her 3-year-old child after reporting sexual arousal during breastfeeding?
Answer: For one year
Explanation: In a 1992 New York legal case, a mother was deprived of custody of her 3-year-old child for a period of one year following reports of extended breastfeeding and associated sexual arousal.
What was the outcome of the Illinois case in 2000 where a child was removed from the mother's care due to extended breastfeeding?
Answer: The child was returned to the mother, and the finding of neglect was vacated.
Explanation: In the 2000 Illinois case involving a child's removal due to extended breastfeeding, the court ultimately ordered the child's return to the mother and vacated the initial finding of neglect.
The average duration of breastfeeding in Guinea-Bissau is approximately 14 months.
Answer: False
Explanation: The average duration of breastfeeding in Guinea-Bissau, an African nation, is reported to be 22.6 months.
In India, mothers commonly breastfeed their children until 2 to 3 years of age, often in combination with cow's milk.
Answer: True
Explanation: In India, it is a common practice for mothers to breastfeed their children until they reach 2 to 3 years of age, frequently supplementing with cow's milk.
India's 2012 nationwide campaign to promote breastfeeding was led by the Ministry of Health, with UNICEF as a technical partner.
Answer: False
Explanation: India's 2012 nationwide campaign to promote exclusive breastfeeding was spearheaded by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, with UNICEF serving as a technical partner.
The Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Milk Code in the Philippines prohibit advertising infant formula for children 24 months old and below.
Answer: True
Explanation: Under the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Milk Code in the Philippines, the advertising of infant formula or breast milk substitutes for children aged 24 months and below is strictly prohibited.
A 2008 WHO survey found that in the Philippines, nearly 60% of mothers were still breastfeeding when their babies were two years old.
Answer: False
Explanation: A 2008 WHO survey in the Philippines reported that 34.2% of mothers were still breastfeeding when their babies were two years old, while nearly 58% were breastfeeding at one year.
Proposed legislation in the Philippines in 2012 aimed to make the legally mandated lactation break for breastfeeding mothers an unpaid status.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2012, proposed legislative amendments in the Philippines sought to reclassify the legally mandated lactation break for breastfeeding mothers from a paid to an unpaid status.
The Quran instructs that children should be breastfed for two solar years from birth.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Quran instructs breastfeeding for two years from birth, with 'year' interpreted as a lunar year (354 days) within the Islamic calendar, not a solar year.
What is the average duration of breastfeeding in Guinea-Bissau?
Answer: 22.6 months
Explanation: In Guinea-Bissau, an African nation, the average duration of breastfeeding is documented as 22.6 months.
Who served as the brand ambassador for India's 2012 nationwide campaign to promote exclusive breastfeeding?
Answer: Aamir Khan
Explanation: Indian actor Aamir Khan was appointed as the brand ambassador for India's 2012 nationwide campaign, appearing in public service announcements to advocate for exclusive breastfeeding.
Under the Philippines' Milk Code, what is illegal regarding infant formula?
Answer: Advertising infant formula for children 24 months old and below.
Explanation: The Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Milk Code in the Philippines explicitly prohibit the advertising of infant formula or breast milk substitutes intended for children aged 24 months and younger.
According to a 2008 WHO survey in the Philippines, what percentage of mothers were still breastfeeding when their babies were two years old?
Answer: 34.2%
Explanation: A 2008 survey conducted by the WHO in the Philippines revealed that 34.2% of mothers continued to breastfeed their babies when they reached two years of age.
What change was proposed in the Philippines in 2012 regarding the legally mandated lactation break for breastfeeding mothers?
Answer: To change the break from paid to unpaid status.
Explanation: In 2012, proposed legislation in the Philippines aimed to alter the status of the legally mandated lactation break for breastfeeding mothers from a paid entitlement to an unpaid one.
The Quran instructs that children should be breastfed for two years from birth. How is 'year' interpreted in this context?
Answer: A lunar year of 354 days, with potential for a leap day.
Explanation: In the context of the Quran's instruction on breastfeeding duration, the term 'year' is understood to refer to a lunar year, comprising 354 days, consistent with the Islamic calendar, with provisions for a leap day.
What was the specific objective of India's 2012 nationwide campaign concerning infant feeding practices?
Answer: To promote exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to six months old.
Explanation: The specific objective of India's 2012 nationwide campaign was to promote exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to six months of age, as a key component of a broader initiative to combat malnutrition.
Which of the following was NOT a proposed change to the Milk Code in the Philippines in 2012?
Answer: Increasing the legally mandated lactation break for breastfeeding mothers.
Explanation: Among the legislative changes proposed in the Philippines in 2012 concerning the Milk Code, increasing the legally mandated lactation break for breastfeeding mothers was not included; rather, a proposal was made to change its status from paid to unpaid.
La Leche League emphasizes that extended nursing primarily benefits mothers by fostering a strong bond, with minimal psychological impact on toddlers.
Answer: False
Explanation: La Leche League highlights that extended nursing provides significant psychological benefits for toddlers, including comfort, security, and a means to calm down, in addition to fostering a strong bond for mothers.
Most toddlers naturally wean from breastfeeding sometime between the ages of 4 and 6 years.
Answer: False
Explanation: Most toddlers naturally self-wean from breastfeeding between the ages of 2 and 4 years, rather than between 4 and 6 years.
Katherine Dettwyler argued that modern medical advancements in Western societies have fully compensated for the immunological, physical, cognitive, and emotional benefits of breastfeeding.
Answer: False
Explanation: Katherine Dettwyler contended that while modern Western medicine can compensate for some immunological benefits of breastfeeding, the fundamental physical, cognitive, and emotional needs of young children persist and are not fully addressed by medical advancements alone.
The physical contact during traditional breastfeeding increases the release of oxytocin in both mother and child, aiding in trust and bonding.
Answer: True
Explanation: Traditional breastfeeding involves physical contact that stimulates the release of oxytocin, often termed the 'love hormone,' in both the mother and child, which is crucial for fostering trust and strengthening their bond.
Breastfed children are generally less likely to develop language, intellectual, and motor skills as quickly as those who are not breastfed.
Answer: False
Explanation: Research indicates that breastfed children tend to develop language, intellectual, and motor skills more rapidly and easily compared to children who are not breastfed.
The physical contact during traditional breastfeeding is primarily beneficial for the child's physical health, with minimal impact on emotional bonding.
Answer: False
Explanation: The physical contact inherent in traditional breastfeeding significantly contributes to emotional bonding and trust development in both mother and child through the release of oxytocin, rather than having minimal impact.
The 'love hormone' oxytocin is released during traditional breastfeeding and is crucial for developing trust and bonding.
Answer: True
Explanation: Oxytocin, commonly known as the 'love hormone,' is released during the physical contact of traditional breastfeeding and plays a critical role in fostering trust and bonding between the mother and child.
At what age do most toddlers naturally wean from breastfeeding?
Answer: Between 2 and 4 years
Explanation: Most toddlers naturally initiate and complete the weaning process from breastfeeding sometime between the ages of 2 and 4 years.
What did Katherine Dettwyler emphasize about the needs of young children in Western societies, despite modern medical advancements?
Answer: The physical, cognitive, and emotional needs of the young child persist.
Explanation: Katherine Dettwyler highlighted that despite modern medical advancements in Western societies, the fundamental physical, cognitive, and emotional needs of young children remain, and breastfeeding addresses these comprehensively.
What hormone, often called the 'love hormone,' is released in both mother and child during traditional breastfeeding and aids in trust and bonding?
Answer: Oxytocin
Explanation: Oxytocin, frequently referred to as the 'love hormone,' is released in both the mother and child during traditional breastfeeding, playing a crucial role in the development of trust and emotional bonding.
What are the primary psychological benefits of extended nursing for toddlers, according to La Leche League?
Answer: Comfort, security, and a means to calm down.
Explanation: According to La Leche League, the primary psychological benefits of extended nursing for toddlers include providing comfort, security, and an effective means for self-regulation and calming.