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The Falange Española de las JONS was formally established on March 4, 1934, through the amalgamation of the Falange Española and the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (JONS).
Answer: True
Explanation: The Falange Española de las JONS was indeed established on March 4, 1934, as a result of the merger between the Falange Española and the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (JONS).
The Falange Española de las JONS was constituted through the merger of which two political entities?
Answer: Falange Española and the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (JONS)
Explanation: The Falange Española de las JONS was formed by the merger of the Falange Española and the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (JONS).
José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Ramiro Ledesma, and Onésimo Redondo are identified as the principal founders of the Falange Española de las JONS.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical accounts identify José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Ramiro Ledesma, and Onésimo Redondo as the principal architects behind the founding of the Falange Española de las JONS.
Manuel Hedilla was not the first National Chief; José Antonio Primo de Rivera held that inaugural position.
Answer: True
Explanation: José Antonio Primo de Rivera served as the inaugural National Chief of the Falange Española de las JONS, preceding Manuel Hedilla's later leadership role.
Pilar Primo de Rivera, sister of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, indeed led the women's auxiliary organization of the Falange, designated as the Sección Femenina.
Answer: True
Explanation: Pilar Primo de Rivera, sister to the party's founder, directed the Sección Femenina, the women's branch of the Falange.
The withdrawal of the Marquis of Eliseda in November 1934 represented a significant blow to the Falange, as it entailed the loss of its principal financial patron and a key component of its propaganda machinery.
Answer: True
Explanation: The departure of the Marquis of Eliseda in November 1934 critically impacted the Falange by removing its primary financial supporter and a significant element of its propaganda apparatus.
The Sección Femenina indeed played a pivotal role in sustaining the Falange as an underground organization, primarily through its efforts in fundraising and propaganda dissemination.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Sección Femenina was instrumental in maintaining the Falange's underground operations by securing funds and distributing propaganda.
Manuel Hedilla's leadership following Primo de Rivera's imprisonment was not undisputed and did not lead to internal party harmony; rather, it was marked by internal conflict.
Answer: True
Explanation: Manuel Hedilla's assumption of leadership after Primo de Rivera's imprisonment was contentious and characterized by internal strife, not undisputed harmony.
Identify the principal founders of the Falange Española de las JONS.
Answer: José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Ramiro Ledesma, and Onésimo Redondo
Explanation: The principal founders of the Falange Española de las JONS were José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Ramiro Ledesma, and Onésimo Redondo.
Identify the inaugural National Chief of the Falange Española de las JONS.
Answer: José Antonio Primo de Rivera
Explanation: José Antonio Primo de Rivera held the position of the first National Chief of the Falange Española de las JONS.
Identify the individual who led the women's auxiliary organization of the Falange, the Sección Femenina.
Answer: Pilar Primo de Rivera
Explanation: Pilar Primo de Rivera, sister of the party's founder, was the leader of the Sección Femenina, the Falange's women's wing.
What was the reason for the Marquis of Eliseda's withdrawal of financial patronage from the Falange in November 1934?
Answer: Ideological disagreements regarding the party's stance on the church
Explanation: The Marquis of Eliseda withdrew his financial support due to ideological disagreements concerning the Falange's position on church-state relations.
Identify the principal cause for Ramiro Ledesma's expulsion from the Falange in January 1935.
Answer: His radical, anti-capitalist views clashing with Primo de Rivera's conservatism
Explanation: Ramiro Ledesma was expelled in January 1935 due to ideological conflicts, specifically his radical anti-capitalist views clashing with José Antonio Primo de Rivera's more conservative stance.
During periods of persecution, the Sección Femenina, under the leadership of Pilar Primo de Rivera, proved vital for which functions?
Answer: Maintaining the underground movement, raising funds, and distributing propaganda
Explanation: The Sección Femenina was crucial during periods of persecution for maintaining the underground movement, raising funds, and distributing propaganda.
The foundational ideologies espoused by the Falange Española de las JONS encompassed national syndicalism, Spanish nationalism, and panhispanism.
Answer: True
Explanation: National syndicalism, Spanish nationalism, and panhispanism were indeed among the core ideological tenets promoted by the Falange Española de las JONS.
The Falange Española de las JONS was positioned on the far-right of the political spectrum during the Second Spanish Republic, not the center-left.
Answer: True
Explanation: Contrary to any suggestion of a center-left affiliation, the Falange Española de las JONS was unequivocally situated on the extreme right of the political spectrum during the Second Spanish Republic.
According to Martin Blinkhorn's analysis, four principal ideological currents were discernible within the Falange: conservatism, authoritarian Catholicism, radical national syndicalism, and elitist regenerationism.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historian Martin Blinkhorn identified conservatism, authoritarian Catholicism, radical national syndicalism, and elitist regenerationism as the four primary ideological strands comprising the Falange.
The Falange Española de las JONS developed its seminal political program, the '27 Points,' in October 1934, not 1935.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Falange Española de las JONS formulated its foundational political program, known as the '27 Points,' in October 1934.
The Falange's economic doctrine diverged from traditional conservative stances by advocating for certain nationalizations and social reforms, rather than supporting extensive private property ownership without modification.
Answer: True
Explanation: Unlike traditional conservatives who largely defended private property without reform, the Falange's economic views included advocating for specific nationalizations and social reforms.
The Falange's conception of Spain's imperial role focused on enhancing cultural influence and potential federation, rather than territorial conquest.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Falange envisioned Spain's international role primarily through cultural influence and potential federation, rather than territorial expansion.
The Falange officially advocated for the separation of church and state, despite drawing some ideological influence from Catholicism.
Answer: True
Explanation: While influenced by Catholicism, the Falange officially espoused the separation of church and state.
Identify the ideology that was NOT among the core tenets of the Falange Española de las JONS.
Answer: Anarcho-syndicalism
Explanation: While the Falange embraced national syndicalism, Spanish nationalism, and panhispanism, anarcho-syndicalism was antithetical to its core principles.
According to Martin Blinkhorn's analysis, identify the concept that was NOT among the four principal ideological strands within the Falange.
Answer: Anarchism
Explanation: Anarchism was not one of the four main ideological strands identified by Martin Blinkhorn within the Falange; the others were conservatism, authoritarian Catholicism, and elitist regenerationism.
What was the designation of the political program formulated by the Falange Española de las JONS in October 1934?
Answer: The 27 Points
Explanation: The political program developed by the Falange Española de las JONS in October 1934 was known as the '27 Points'.
In what manner did the Falange's economic policy diverge from that of traditional conservatives?
Answer: Certain nationalizations and social reforms
Explanation: The Falange's economic policy differed from traditional conservatives by advocating for certain nationalizations and social reforms, rather than maintaining the status quo.
What was the Falange's conceptualization of Spain's international role, often referred to as its 'empire'?
Answer: Establishing a federation with Portugal and enhancing cultural influence in Latin America
Explanation: The Falange envisioned Spain's international role through cultural influence in Latin America and a potential federation with Portugal, rather than territorial conquest.
In what manner did the Falange's approach to class struggle diverge from traditional conservative perspectives?
Answer: It aimed to resolve class struggle through a national syndicalist structure.
Explanation: The Falange aimed to resolve class struggle by implementing its national syndicalist structure, seeking to improve the conditions of the lower classes.
What was the stated objective of the Falange regarding the socio-economic condition of the lower classes?
Answer: To rescue them from poverty and end class struggle via national syndicalism
Explanation: The Falange's stated objective concerning the lower classes was to rescue them from poverty and resolve class struggle through its national syndicalist framework.
The official newspaper of the Falange Española de las JONS was not 'El Socialista'; it was named 'Diario Arriba'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The official publication of the Falange Española de las JONS was designated 'Diario Arriba,' not 'El Socialista'.
The student organization affiliated with the Falange Española de las JONS was designated the Sindicato Español Universitario (SEU).
Answer: True
Explanation: The Sindicato Español Universitario (SEU) served as the official student auxiliary organization for the Falange Española de las JONS.
The Falange engaged in violent confrontations with socialist groups, not anarchist groups, in its early years.
Answer: True
Explanation: During its formative period, the Falange was involved in violent clashes primarily with socialist factions, contributing to the escalating political tensions of the era.
The Falange Española de las JONS did not achieve significant electoral success in the Spanish general election of 1936; its performance was notably poor.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Falange Española de las JONS experienced a markedly unsuccessful electoral outcome in the 1936 general election.
Membership in the Falange Española de las JONS during the early 1930s is estimated to have been below ten thousand individuals.
Answer: True
Explanation: Estimates suggest that the membership of the Falange Española de las JONS in the early 1930s did not exceed ten thousand individuals.
The Falange's militia was not named 'Guardia Civil'; it was known as 'Primera Línea' and specialized in guerrilla tactics.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Falange's militia was designated 'Primera Línea' and was trained in guerrilla warfare tactics, distinguishing it from the 'Guardia Civil'.
What was the designated name of the official newspaper published by the Falange Española de las JONS?
Answer: Diario Arriba
Explanation: The official newspaper of the Falange Española de las JONS was titled 'Diario Arriba'.
Identify the organization that functioned as the student auxiliary of the Falange Española de las JONS.
Answer: Sindicato Español Universitario (SEU)
Explanation: The Sindicato Español Universitario (SEU) served as the official student wing of the Falange Española de las JONS.
Describe the electoral performance of the Falange Española de las JONS in the 1936 general election.
Answer: It participated in few districts and won minimal votes (approx. 0.11%)
Explanation: The Falange Española de las JONS performed poorly in the 1936 general election, contesting only a few districts and securing approximately 0.11% of the vote.
What was the designation of the Falange's militia, noted for its specialized training in guerrilla warfare?
Answer: Primera Línea
Explanation: The Falange's militia was named 'Primera Línea' and was trained in guerrilla warfare.
What was the implication of the derogatory nickname 'Failange,' utilized by opposing factions?
Answer: It criticized the Falange for being infiltrated by former leftists or anarchists (FAI).
Explanation: The nickname 'Failange' was used by opposing factions to imply that the Falange had been infiltrated by former leftists or anarchists (FAI).
The Falange Española de las JONS ceased its existence as an independent political entity upon its merger with the Traditionalist Communion in 1937, not the Spanish Communist Party.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Falange Española de las JONS ceased to function as a distinct party when it was unified with the Traditionalist Communion in 1937, forming FET y de las JONS, under the decree issued by Francisco Franco.
Subsequent to the 1936 elections, the Falange actively participated in the conspiracy to subvert the Second Spanish Republic and provided support for Francisco Franco's military uprising.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the 1936 elections, the Falange joined the conspiracy against the Second Spanish Republic and supported Franco's military revolt, continuing its allegiance throughout the Civil War.
The Falange's membership numbers did not remain stable but surged dramatically throughout the Spanish Civil War.
Answer: True
Explanation: Contrary to remaining stable, the Falange experienced a substantial increase in membership during the Spanish Civil War.
The Unification Decree, promulgated by Francisco Franco, merged the Falange Española de las JONS with the Traditionalist Communion.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Unification Decree, issued by Francisco Franco, mandated the merger of the Falange Española de las JONS with the Traditionalist Communion.
The unified party, FET y de las JONS, adopted a distinctive uniform that integrated the red beret, characteristic of the Carlists, with the blue shirt, emblematic of the Falangists.
Answer: True
Explanation: The unified party, FET y de las JONS, adopted a uniform that combined the red beret of the Carlists with the blue shirt of the Falangists.
The Falange did not lose its property and trade unions to other political parties after the Spanish Civil War; rather, it consolidated control over them.
Answer: True
Explanation: Post-Civil War, the Falange gained control over the property and trade unions of other political parties, rather than losing its own.
In which year did General Francisco Franco effectuate the merger of the Falange Española de las JONS with the Traditionalist Communion?
Answer: 1937
Explanation: General Francisco Franco mandated the merger of the Falange Española de las JONS with the Traditionalist Communion in 1937 through the Unification Decree.
Define the 'Unification Decree' promulgated by Francisco Franco.
Answer: A decree merging the Falange Española de las JONS with the Traditionalist Communion.
Explanation: The Unification Decree, issued by Francisco Franco, mandated the merger of the Falange Española de las JONS with the Traditionalist Communion.
The anthem of the Falange Española de las JONS was not 'La Marcha Real'; it was 'Cara al Sol'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The official anthem adopted by the Falange Española de las JONS was 'Cara al Sol,' not 'La Marcha Real'.
Matías Montero is recognized as a martyr for the Falange, having been killed in February 1934 while engaged in the distribution of party publications.
Answer: True
Explanation: Matías Montero's death in February 1934, while distributing Falangist newspapers, led to his veneration as a martyr within the movement.
The Falange Española de las JONS did not receive substantial financial support from the German Nazi regime in 1935; its primary external funding came from the Italian Fascist regime.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1935, the Falange Española de las JONS received its principal external financial support from the Italian Fascist regime, not the German Nazi regime.
The execution of José Antonio Primo de Rivera by Republican authorities conferred upon him martyr status within the Falange.
Answer: True
Explanation: The execution of José Antonio Primo de Rivera by Republican authorities elevated him to the status of a martyr within the Falange movement.
What is the title of the anthem associated with the Falange Española de las JONS?
Answer: Cara al Sol
Explanation: The anthem of the Falange Española de las JONS was titled 'Cara al Sol'.
For what primary reason is Matías Montero commemorated by the Falange?
Answer: Being a martyr killed while selling party newspapers
Explanation: Matías Montero is primarily commemorated by the Falange as a martyr who was killed while distributing party newspapers in February 1934.
What form of external financial assistance did the Falange Española de las JONS receive in 1935?
Answer: A monthly subsidy from the Italian Fascist regime
Explanation: In 1935, the Falange Española de las JONS received a monthly subsidy from the Italian Fascist regime.
Identify the significant event that transpired on November 20, 1936, and its impact on the Falange.
Answer: The execution of José Antonio Primo de Rivera
Explanation: The execution of José Antonio Primo de Rivera on November 20, 1936, significantly impacted the Falange by establishing him as a martyr and creating a leadership vacuum.
Which historical Spanish monarchs are symbolically represented by the Falange's emblem of the 'Yoke and Arrows'?
Answer: Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
Explanation: The Falange's 'Yoke and Arrows' symbol represents Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs.