Explanation: The primary medical imaging modality employing [18F]FDG is Positron Emission Tomography (PET), which leverages the tracer's uptake to map metabolic processes, not Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Explanation: This feature allows for verification of the presented data by directing users to the underlying sources or related documentation, enhancing transparency and credibility.

Explanation: This Navbox categorizes diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals according to the body system they are employed to image (e.g., central nervous system, skeletal system), rather than their chemical synthesis routes.

Explanation: Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F) is intrinsically linked to Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, serving as a crucial radiotracer for assessing metabolic activity.

Explanation: [18F]FDG is an analog of glucose, with the fluorine-18 isotope replacing the hydroxyl group at the C-2 position. This structural modification is critical for its function in PET imaging.

Explanation: The radiopharmaceutical is frequently referred to by its abbreviated forms, [18F]FDG or simply FDG, particularly within the context of PET imaging procedures.

Explanation: This systematic name precisely defines the chemical structure, indicating a deoxyglucose molecule with a fluorine-18 isotope substituted at the second carbon position.

Explanation: This CAS number serves as a unique identifier for this particular stereoisomer of [18F]FDG, crucial for precise chemical identification and regulatory purposes.

Explanation: The correct chemical formula for Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F) is C6H11[18F]O5, which accounts for the presence of the fluorine-18 isotope.

Explanation: This precise molar mass is derived from the atomic masses of its constituent elements, including the fluorine-18 isotope, as represented by its chemical formula.

Explanation: [18F]FDG has a reported melting point range of 170-176 degrees Celsius, which is significantly above the freezing point of water.

Explanation: This notation specifies the precise three-dimensional configuration and stereochemistry of the [18F]FDG molecule itself, not its decay product. The decay product of fluorine-18 is oxygen-18.

Explanation: FDG is a widely recognized abbreviation for Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F), often used interchangeably with [18F]FDG in clinical and research contexts.

Explanation: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) designates the name 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose for this radiopharmaceutical.

Explanation: The chemical formula C6H11[18F]O5 accurately represents Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F), denoting its six carbon atoms, eleven hydrogen atoms, one fluorine-18 atom, and five oxygen atoms.

Explanation: The molar mass of [18F]FDG is approximately 181.1495 grams per mole, derived from the atomic weights of its constituent elements.

Explanation: Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F) exhibits a melting point range situated between 170 and 176 degrees Celsius.

Explanation: High uptake of [18F]FDG indicates increased glucose metabolism, a common characteristic of metabolically active tissues such as tumors or inflamed areas.

Explanation: This trapping mechanism is fundamental to [18F]FDG's utility, as the phosphorylated form cannot be further metabolized via glycolysis and accumulates within cells, particularly in regions of high glucose metabolism.

Explanation: Normal glucose requires its 2-hydroxyl group for subsequent steps in glycolysis. [18F]FDG's modification at the C-2 position prevents this progression, leading to its intracellular retention after phosphorylation.

Explanation: Elevated levels of mitochondrial hexokinase in tumors facilitate the phosphorylation of [18F]FDG, thereby trapping the tracer within these cells and enabling its visualization via PET imaging.

Explanation: Conversely, the significant accumulation of [18F]FDG in tumors is attributed to the generally elevated rates of glucose metabolism characteristic of many cancer cells.

Explanation: Normal glucose is metabolized through glycolysis. However, [18F]FDG, after phosphorylation, is trapped due to its structural modification and does not proceed through the complete glycolytic pathway.

Explanation: [18F]FDG functions by mimicking glucose, facilitating its uptake into cells. Once inside, it is phosphorylated and becomes metabolically trapped, allowing its accumulation to reflect glucose utilization rates.

Explanation: The modification at the C-2 position of [18F]FDG prevents its further metabolism through the glycolysis pathway after phosphorylation, leading to its intracellular retention.

Explanation: Tumor cells typically exhibit an elevated rate of glucose metabolism compared to normal tissues, leading to increased uptake and subsequent retention of [18F]FDG.

Explanation: Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of [18F]FDG, converting it into [18F]FDG-6-phosphate. This phosphorylated form is unable to proceed through glycolysis and is thus trapped within the cell.

Explanation: This classification within the WHO ATC system precisely categorizes FDG's therapeutic and diagnostic application as a radioactive agent used for medical imaging.

Explanation: [18F]FDG is utilized diagnostically in oncology for imaging tumors to aid in diagnosis, staging, and treatment monitoring, rather than for therapeutic radiation delivery.

Explanation: FDG-PET scans are established tools for diagnosing and staging various malignancies, including Hodgkin's disease and lung cancer, among others.

Explanation: Such visualizations highlight the capability of 18F-FDG PET imaging to identify metastatic disease throughout the body, as exemplified by its application in detecting liver lesions from colorectal cancer.

Explanation: Beyond its established role in cancer detection and staging, FDG PET has received approval for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, reflecting its importance in assessing neurodegenerative metabolic changes.

Explanation: The development of [18F]FDG revolutionized neuroimaging research by providing a means to visualize and quantify glucose metabolism in the brain, aiding the understanding of neurological functions and disorders.

Explanation: The ATC code V09IX04 classifies FDG as a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical, indicating its primary use in medical imaging for diagnostic purposes.

Explanation: While FDG-PET is utilized for diagnosing melanoma, Hodgkin's disease, and colorectal cancer, prostate cancer is not explicitly mentioned in the provided text as an approved indication.

Explanation: FDG PET imaging is approved for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, enabling the assessment of metabolic changes in the brain associated with this neurodegenerative disorder.

Explanation: Researchers at Charles University in Czechoslovakia, including Dr. Josef Pacák, Zdeněk Točík, and Miloslav Černý, first reported the synthesis of FDG in 1968.

Explanation: Their contributions in the 1970s were significant in developing methods for producing [18F]FDG, building upon earlier synthesis work.

Explanation: The first administration of [18F]FDG to human volunteers took place in August 1976 at the University of Pennsylvania, conducted by Abass Alavi.

Explanation: Early synthesis efforts initially utilized electrophilic fluorination with [18F]F2. Nucleophilic synthesis methods were developed subsequently.

Explanation: Maintaining anhydrous conditions is critical because water can compete with the fluoride nucleophile, leading to undesired side reactions and reduced yield of the target compound.

Explanation: Cryptands act as chelating agents, binding counter-ions like potassium, thereby liberating the fluoride anion and increasing its nucleophilicity for efficient S_N2 reactions.

Explanation: Early synthesis efforts primarily employed electrophilic fluorination utilizing the [18F]F2 molecule.

Explanation: Cryptands enhance the nucleophilicity of the fluoride anion by sequestering associated counter-ions, thereby increasing the efficiency of the S_N2 reaction.

Explanation: Clinical observations indicate that [18F]FDG radioactivity decays into fractions with distinct biological half-lives; approximately 75% has a half-life around 110 minutes, while about 20% is cleared renally with a shorter half-life of approximately 16 minutes.

Explanation: Only a fraction, approximately 20%, of the administered [18F]FDG radioactivity is excreted renally within the first two hours; the majority decays in situ within the tissues.

Explanation: Geopolitical events, such as the Gulf War, and facility closures, including Israel's oxygen-18 production and the U.S. government's isotopes facility, significantly impacted the supply chain for oxygen-18 in the early 1990s.

Explanation: Fluorine-18 is predominantly produced via proton bombardment of oxygen-18 enriched water in a cyclotron, resulting in a (p,n) nuclear reaction.

Explanation: Radioactive decay of fluorine-18 via beta-decay results in the formation of oxygen-18, which subsequently interacts with its environment.

Explanation: Given the physical half-life of fluorine-18 (approximately 109.8 minutes), the administered dose decays to insignificant levels within a 24-hour period.

Explanation: The source material indicates that Alliance Medical and Siemens Healthcare are primary producers of FDG in the United Kingdom, not the United States.

Explanation: Conversely, the data suggests that an FDG dose in Northern Ireland is significantly more expensive (up to £450) than in England (around £130), primarily due to Northern Ireland having a single supplier.

Explanation: The principal factor restricting the shelf life of [18F]FDG is the physical decay of the fluorine-18 isotope, which has a half-life of approximately 109.8 minutes.

Explanation: Fluorine-18's half-life of approximately 110 minutes permits [18F]FDG to be transported to more geographically dispersed PET scanning centers, unlike shorter-lived isotopes such as carbon-11.

Explanation: The standard administered dose for [18F]-FDG in body-scanning applications is considerably higher, typically ranging from 5 to 10 millicuries (mCi) or 200 to 400 megabecquerels (MBq).

Explanation: While the half-life of fluorine-18 necessitates rapid synthesis and distribution, the ~110-minute half-life allows for transport to scanning centers, rather than requiring production exclusively at the immediate site of administration.

Explanation: The integration of on-site cyclotrons and portable chemistry stations represents a strategy to address the logistical complexities inherent in transporting [18F]FDG from centralized production facilities.

Explanation: The first Gulf War led to the shutdown of Israel's oxygen-18 production facility, contributing to the global shortage of this crucial isotope.

Explanation: Fluorine-18 is commonly produced through the proton bombardment of oxygen-18 enriched water in a cyclotron, yielding [18F]fluoride ions.

Explanation: The beta-decay process of fluorine-18 results in the formation of oxygen-18. This oxygen-18 then typically acquires a proton to form a hydroxyl group.

Explanation: The longer half-life of fluorine-18 permits [18F]FDG to be transported over greater distances to scanning facilities, expanding access to PET imaging.

Explanation: For body-scanning applications, the typical administered dose of [18F]-FDG is between 5 to 10 millicuries (mCi), equivalent to 200 to 400 megabecquerels (MBq).

Explanation: This technological advancement aims to mitigate the logistical complexities associated with the transportation of [18F]FDG by enabling localized production closer to the point of use.

Explanation: Interpretation of [18F]FDG PET scans is the domain of nuclear medicine physicians or radiologists, who possess the specialized expertise to analyze these images for diagnostic purposes.

Explanation: The standard route of administration for [18F]FDG is intravenous injection, allowing for systemic distribution and subsequent imaging.

Explanation: Optimal patient preparation for an FDG PET scan involves fasting for at least six hours and maintaining low blood glucose levels, as high glucose intake can interfere with tracer uptake.

Explanation: Minimizing physical exertion helps prevent increased [18F]FDG uptake in muscles, which could otherwise lead to imaging artifacts and complicate interpretation.

Explanation: Following the tracer uptake period (usually about an hour), the actual PET scanning session typically ranges from 20 minutes to one hour, not exceeding 3 hours in total.

Explanation: Nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists possess the requisite expertise to interpret the complex data presented in [18F]FDG PET scans for diagnostic purposes.

Explanation: [18F]FDG is administered intravenously, meaning it is injected directly into a patient's bloodstream for systemic distribution.

Explanation: Crucial preparation includes fasting for a minimum of six hours and ensuring blood glucose levels are adequately controlled to optimize tracer uptake and imaging quality.

Explanation: Minimizing physical activity is critical to prevent excessive [18F]FDG uptake by muscles, which can obscure diagnostic information and create artifacts in the resulting images.