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Gaetano Donizetti Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge

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Study Guide: Gaetano Donizetti: Life, Works, and Legacy in 19th-Century Opera

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Gaetano Donizetti: Life, Works, and Legacy in 19th-Century Opera Study Guide

Formative Years and Early Operatic Endeavors (1797-1822)

Simon Mayr played a crucial role in Donizetti's early education, including securing his scholarship to the Lezioni Caritatevoli school and his place at the Bologna Academy.

Answer: True

Explanation: Simon Mayr was instrumental in Donizetti's early musical development, enrolling him with a full scholarship in the Lezioni Caritatevoli school and securing his place at the Bologna Academy.

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Donizetti's first opera, *Il Pigmalione*, was a two-act historical drama that premiered successfully during his lifetime.

Answer: False

Explanation: *Il Pigmalione* was a one-act comedy, not a two-act historical drama, and it may never have been performed during Donizetti's lifetime.

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Donizetti's family had a strong musical tradition, with his father being a renowned musician.

Answer: False

Explanation: Donizetti's family was very poor and had no musical tradition; his father was the caretaker of a pawnshop.

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Simon Mayr initially had concerns about Donizetti's singing voice but recognized his exceptional musical progress, advocating for his continued studies.

Answer: True

Explanation: Simon Mayr initially had concerns about Donizetti's 'difetto di gola' (throat defect) but quickly noted his superior musical progress and intervened to ensure his continued studies.

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Despite Donizetti's behavioral issues as a teenager, Simon Mayr continued to support his studies by securing scholarships and providing recommendations for Bologna.

Answer: True

Explanation: Despite Donizetti's reputation for misbehavior as a teenager, Simon Mayr continued to advocate for him, securing scholarships and providing recommendations for further study in Bologna.

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Donizetti's early operatic compositions in Bologna, such as *Il pigmalione*, were immediately recognized as mature and groundbreaking works.

Answer: False

Explanation: Donizetti's initial operatic exercises in Bologna, including *Il pigmalione*, were described as merely suggesting the work of a student, not mature or groundbreaking.

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The premiere of Donizetti's *Enrico di Borgogna* was a smooth success, largely due to the enthusiastic audience and the lead soprano's flawless performance.

Answer: False

Explanation: The premiere of *Enrico di Borgogna* faced challenges, including the audience's greater interest in the re-decorated opera house and the last-minute withdrawal of the lead soprano due to stage fright.

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What was the name of the school Simon Mayr established in 1805 where Donizetti received a full scholarship?

Answer: Lezioni Caritatevoli school

Explanation: Simon Mayr established the Lezioni Caritatevoli school in 1805, where Donizetti received a full scholarship for his musical training.

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At what age was Gaetano Donizetti accepted into Simon Mayr's Lezioni Caritatevoli school?

Answer: Nine

Explanation: Gaetano Donizetti was accepted into Simon Mayr's Lezioni Caritatevoli school in 1807, at the age of nine.

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What was the 'difetto di gola' concern about Donizetti during his first months at Mayr's school?

Answer: A throat defect suggesting he was not successful as a choirboy.

Explanation: During his first months at Mayr's school, there was concern about a 'difetto di gola' (a throat defect), which suggested he was not particularly successful as a choirboy.

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Who was Bartolomeo Merelli in relation to Donizetti's first opera presentation, *Enrico di Borgogna*?

Answer: An old school friend who offered him a libretto.

Explanation: Bartolomeo Merelli was an old school friend of Donizetti who offered him the libretto for *Enrico di Borgogna*, leading to its presentation.

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Ascension in Italian Opera and Neapolitan Period (1822-1837)

Donizetti's long residency in Naples began in 1822 and saw the presentation of exactly 70 of his operas in the city.

Answer: False

Explanation: Donizetti's residency in Naples began in 1822, but only 51 of his operas were presented in the city, not 70.

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Before 1830, Donizetti's serious operas consistently outperformed his comic operas in terms of audience reception.

Answer: False

Explanation: Before 1830, Donizetti's success primarily stemmed from his comic operas, while his serious operas generally failed to attract significant audiences.

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Critics noted Donizetti's early work *La lettera anonima* for its focus on dramatic essence over mechanical musical formulas.

Answer: True

Explanation: Critics indeed recognized Donizetti's concern with the dramatic essence of opera rather than mechanical musical formulas in *La lettera anonima*.

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*L'ajo nell'imbarazzo* was Donizetti's first lasting success, attributed to his strong sense of stage effectiveness and ability to utilize good librettos.

Answer: True

Explanation: *L'ajo nell'imbarazzo* was Donizetti's first truly lasting success, attributed to his ability to effectively utilize a good libretto and his strong sense of stage effectiveness.

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Around 1827-1828, Donizetti began a significant collaboration with librettist Domenico Gilardoni and was appointed Director of the Royal Theatres of Naples.

Answer: True

Explanation: Around 1827-1828, Donizetti began a fruitful collaboration with Domenico Gilardoni and was appointed Director of the Royal Theatres of Naples, commencing in 1829.

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*Anna Bolena* was a comic opera that brought Donizetti his first international success, solidifying his reputation primarily in comedic works.

Answer: False

Explanation: *Anna Bolena* was an *opera seria* (serious opera) that brought Donizetti international success and shifted his reputation towards serious works, rather than solidifying it in comedic works.

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Donizetti's residency in Naples began in 1822 after an offer from which impresario?

Answer: Domenico Barbaja

Explanation: Donizetti's residency in Naples commenced in 1822 following an offer from Domenico Barbaja, the impresario of the Teatro di San Carlo.

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Which opera marked a major shift in Donizetti's career, establishing his international fame as a composer of serious opera in 1830?

Answer: *Anna Bolena*

Explanation: *Anna Bolena*, premiered in 1830, brought Donizetti his first acclaimed international success and solidified his reputation as a composer of serious opera.

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Which of Donizetti's operas, an *opera buffa*, marked his first truly lasting success, premiering with wild enthusiasm in 1824?

Answer: *L'ajo nell'imbarazzo*

Explanation: *L'ajo nell'imbarazzo*, an *opera buffa*, premiered with wild enthusiasm in 1824 and is considered Donizetti's first truly lasting success.

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What significant professional role did Donizetti assume in Naples starting in 1829?

Answer: Director of the Royal Theatres of Naples.

Explanation: Donizetti was appointed Director of the Royal Theatres of Naples, a role he assumed starting in 1829.

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International Recognition and Parisian Grand Opera (1835-1843)

Donizetti sought to work in Paris from 1836 onwards primarily due to the more relaxed censorship laws in Italy.

Answer: False

Explanation: Donizetti sought opportunities in Paris due to the prospect of greater artistic freedom, larger fees, and increased prestige, as he chafed against censorship limitations in Italy.

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Donizetti became the 'sole reigning genius of Italian opera' after 1835 due to the retirements of Rossini and Bellini, and a European interest in Scottish culture.

Answer: True

Explanation: After 1835, Donizetti indeed rose to become the 'sole reigning genius of Italian opera' due to Rossini's retirement, Bellini's death, and a widespread European interest in Scottish history and culture, which was utilized in *Lucia di Lammermoor*.

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The 'Three Donizetti Queens' series focused on 18th-century French monarchs, including *Maria Stuarda* and *Roberto Devereux*.

Answer: False

Explanation: The 'Three Donizetti Queens' series focused on the Tudor period of 16th-century English history, not 18th-century French monarchs, and included *Maria Stuarda* and *Roberto Devereux*.

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Donizetti moved permanently to Paris in 1838 after the King of Naples banned his opera *Poliuto* due to its sacred subject matter.

Answer: True

Explanation: Donizetti moved to Paris in October 1838 after the King of Naples banned *Poliuto* due to its sacred subject, prompting Donizetti to seek greater artistic freedom elsewhere.

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Donizetti adapted *Poliuto* into *Les Martyrs* for the Paris Opéra, making it his first grand opera in the French tradition.

Answer: True

Explanation: Donizetti revised *Poliuto* into *Les Martyrs* for the Paris Opéra, which indeed became his first grand opera in the French tradition.

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In 1842, Donizetti met Rossini in Bologna, who criticized his conducting of *Stabat Mater*, leading to a professional rift.

Answer: False

Explanation: In 1842, Donizetti met Rossini in Bologna, but Rossini praised his conducting of *Stabat Mater*, stating he was 'the only maestro in Italy capable of conducting my *Stabat* as I would have it,' indicating professional respect, not a rift.

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The comic opera *Don Pasquale* was a critical failure upon its premiere in Paris in 1843, receiving lukewarm reviews.

Answer: False

Explanation: *Don Pasquale* was an overwhelming success upon its premiere in Paris in 1843, receiving highly enthusiastic reviews.

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What was the primary reason Donizetti became interested in working in Paris from about 1836?

Answer: To gain greater artistic freedom, larger fees, and more prestige.

Explanation: Donizetti sought opportunities in Paris primarily to gain greater artistic freedom, secure larger fees, and achieve more prestige, as he felt constrained by censorship in Italy.

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Which of the following was NOT a factor contributing to Donizetti's rise as the leading Italian opera composer after 1835?

Answer: His exclusive focus on comic operas.

Explanation: Donizetti's rise after 1835 was due to Rossini's retirement, Bellini's death, and interest in Scottish history. He did not exclusively focus on comic operas; *Anna Bolena* and *Lucia di Lammermoor* were serious operas.

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The 'Three Donizetti Queens' series of operas primarily focused on which historical period and region?

Answer: 16th-century English Tudor period

Explanation: The 'Three Donizetti Queens' series focused on the Tudor period of 16th-century English history.

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Donizetti's opera *Poliuto* was adapted into which successful grand opera for the Paris Opéra?

Answer: *Les Martyrs*

Explanation: Donizetti adapted his opera *Poliuto* into *Les Martyrs* for the Paris Opéra, which became a successful grand opera in the French tradition.

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In March 1842, Donizetti met Rossini for the first time while conducting the premiere of which of Rossini's works?

Answer: *Stabat Mater*

Explanation: Donizetti met Rossini for the first time in March 1842 while conducting the premiere of Rossini's *Stabat Mater* in Bologna.

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Which critic proclaimed *Don Pasquale* had 'a more clamorous success' than any other opera composed for the *Théâtre-Italien*?

Answer: Étienne-Jean Delécluze

Explanation: Étienne-Jean Delécluze, a prominent critic, proclaimed the overwhelming success of *Don Pasquale*.

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Decline, Final Illness, and Posthumous Influence (1843-1848)

Donizetti's final illness, which began around 1843, was diagnosed as a severe form of influenza that led to his death in 1848.

Answer: False

Explanation: Donizetti's final illness, which began around 1843, was diagnosed as neurosyphilis, a neurological complication of syphilis, which led to his mental derangement and death in 1848.

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By 1843, Donizetti's intense work ethic was likely driven by an awareness of his declining health and a desire to compose as much as possible.

Answer: True

Explanation: Musicologist William Ashbrook suggested that Donizetti's intense preoccupation with work during this period indicated his awareness of his declining health and a desire to compose as much as possible.

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The opera *Caterina Cornaro* was a success in Naples in 1844, largely due to Donizetti's direct supervision of the staging.

Answer: False

Explanation: *Caterina Cornaro* was a failure in Naples in 1844, primarily due to Donizetti's absence, which prevented him from overseeing the staging, a key strength of his.

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During his last visit to Vienna (1844-1845), Donizetti's friends noted his improved physical and mental state, indicating a recovery.

Answer: False

Explanation: During his last visit to Vienna (1844-1845), Donizetti's friends observed an alarming deterioration in his physical and mental state, with periods of depression and impaired concentration.

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In August 1845, doctors diagnosed Donizetti with a severe respiratory illness and recommended a change of climate to a colder region.

Answer: False

Explanation: In August 1845, Donizetti was diagnosed with cerebro-spinal syphilis and severe mental illness, and doctors recommended the Italian climate (warmer) and that he abandon work.

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Donizetti was institutionalized in February 1846 after his nephew Andrea agreed, under the pretense that Donizetti was traveling for a contract.

Answer: True

Explanation: Donizetti was institutionalized in February 1846, with his nephew Andrea's consent, under the deception that he was traveling to fulfill a contract.

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Donizetti's return to Bergamo from institutional confinement was facilitated by his nephew and brother, despite conflicting medical opinions and police interference.

Answer: True

Explanation: Donizetti's nephew Andrea, with the support of his brother Giuseppe, secured permission for his return to Bergamo from Paris, overcoming medical and police obstacles.

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What was the ultimate cause of Donizetti's death in April 1848?

Answer: Neurosyphilis, leading to mental derangement

Explanation: Donizetti died in April 1848 in a state of mental derangement due to neurosyphilis, a neurological complication of syphilis.

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What was the primary reason for the failure of Donizetti's opera *Caterina Cornaro* in Naples in January 1844?

Answer: Donizetti's absence, preventing him from overseeing the staging.

Explanation: The failure of *Caterina Cornaro* was primarily attributed to Donizetti's absence, which meant he could not oversee the staging, a crucial aspect of his operatic productions.

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What was Donizetti's diagnosis in August 1845, which led doctors to recommend he abandon work?

Answer: Cerebro-spinal syphilis and severe mental illness.

Explanation: In August 1845, Donizetti was diagnosed with cerebro-spinal syphilis and severe mental illness, leading doctors to recommend he cease all work.

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Where was Donizetti taken for institutionalization in February 1846, under the guise of a 'comfortable inn'?

Answer: Maison Esquirol in Ivry-sur-Seine, Paris.

Explanation: Donizetti was taken to Maison Esquirol in Ivry-sur-Seine, a suburb of Paris, for institutionalization in February 1846.

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Donizetti's Musical Output and Stylistic Characteristics

Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti was an Italian Romantic composer primarily known for his symphonies and chamber music, rather than operas.

Answer: False

Explanation: Donizetti is primarily known for his nearly 70 operas and was a leading composer of the bel canto opera style. While he did compose other forms, operas were his main contribution.

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*Lucia di Lammermoor* and *Roberto Devereux* are examples of Donizetti's successful historical dramas composed after 1830.

Answer: True

Explanation: *Lucia di Lammermoor* (1835) and *Roberto Devereux* (1837) are indeed listed among Donizetti's successful historical dramas composed after 1830.

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Which of the following composers was NOT a leading figure of the bel canto opera style alongside Donizetti?

Answer: Giuseppe Verdi

Explanation: The bel canto opera style was primarily led by Gioachino Rossini, Vincenzo Bellini, and Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti. Giuseppe Verdi represents a later development in Italian opera.

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Which of the following is NOT listed among Donizetti's most well-known operas today?

Answer: *La traviata*

Explanation: *La traviata* is a famous opera by Giuseppe Verdi, not Donizetti. The other listed operas are among Donizetti's most well-known works.

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Key Relationships and Collaborations

Giuseppe Verdi expressed his profound trust in Donizetti's conducting abilities after Donizetti led the first production of Verdi's *Ernani* in Vienna.

Answer: True

Explanation: Giuseppe Verdi sent Donizetti a very warm letter, entrusting the production of *Ernani* to his care, demonstrating profound trust in his conducting abilities.

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What tragic personal events marked Donizetti's marriage to Virginia Vasselli?

Answer: All three of their children died, and Virginia herself died in 1837.

Explanation: Donizetti's marriage to Virginia Vasselli was marked by the tragic deaths of all three of their children, followed by Virginia's own death in 1837.

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What was the professional role of Donizetti's elder brother, Giuseppe Donizetti?

Answer: Instructor General of the Imperial Ottoman Music.

Explanation: Giuseppe Donizetti, Gaetano's elder brother, served as the Instructor General of the Imperial Ottoman Music at the court of Sultan Mahmud II.

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Iconography and Historical Depictions

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