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Gender mainstreaming is primarily focused on analyzing the impact of policies exclusively on women.
Answer: False
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming necessitates the analysis of policy implications for individuals of all genders, not solely women, to ensure equitable outcomes and prevent the perpetuation of existing inequalities.
The concept of gender mainstreaming was formally introduced at the Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi in 1985, gaining further prominence at the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995.
Answer: True
Explanation: The concept of gender mainstreaming was first proposed at the Third World Conference on Women in 1985 and was subsequently featured prominently in the Beijing Platform for Action from the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995.
According to the UN Economic and Social Council, gender mainstreaming encompasses policy design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation, not solely implementation.
Answer: False
Explanation: The UN Economic and Social Council defines gender mainstreaming as a strategy that integrates gender concerns into all stages of policy, including design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.
A fundamental principle of gender mainstreaming is evaluating policies solely based on formal equality metrics.
Answer: False
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming advocates for evaluating policies based on both formal and de facto equality, assessing whether they reduce or increase gender inequalities in practice.
Gender mainstreaming involves rethinking policy goals and methods from a gender perspective.
Answer: True
Explanation: A core tenet of gender mainstreaming is the critical re-evaluation of policy objectives and methodologies through a gender lens to ensure equitable consideration and outcomes.
The Beijing Platform for Action states that gender equality, development, and peace can be achieved without women's perspectives at all levels of decision-making.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Beijing Platform for Action explicitly states that achieving equality, development, and peace is contingent upon the active participation of women and the integration of their perspectives at all decision-making levels.
The Beijing Platform for Action established gender mainstreaming as a global strategy for achieving gender equality.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Beijing Platform for Action formally recognized gender mainstreaming as a principal global strategy for advancing gender equality, obligating nation-states and international bodies to implement it.
De facto equality refers to legal equality and equal opportunities, while formal equality refers to actual outcomes.
Answer: False
Explanation: Formal equality pertains to legal rights and equal opportunities, whereas de facto equality refers to the actual, lived equality in outcomes and societal participation.
The Beijing Platform for Action requires nation-states to implement gender mainstreaming.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Beijing Platform for Action mandates that nation-states integrate gender mainstreaming as a strategy for achieving gender equality.
The goal of gender mainstreaming is to ensure that policy actions benefit women and men equally.
Answer: True
Explanation: A primary objective of gender mainstreaming is to ensure that policy actions yield equitable benefits for both women and men, thereby preventing the perpetuation of gender-based inequalities.
Gender mainstreaming is a strategy used to achieve gender equality.
Answer: True
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming is widely recognized as a strategic approach designed to integrate gender perspectives into all policy domains with the ultimate aim of achieving substantive gender equality.
What is the fundamental aim of gender mainstreaming as a public policy approach?
Answer: To ensure the concerns and experiences of both women and men are integrated into all policy stages.
Explanation: The fundamental aim of gender mainstreaming is to systematically integrate the concerns and lived experiences of both women and men across all phases of policy development and implementation, thereby advancing gender equality.
At which major international conference was the concept of gender mainstreaming first proposed?
Answer: The Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi (1985)
Explanation: The concept of gender mainstreaming was initially proposed at the Third World Conference on Women held in Nairobi in 1985.
According to the UN Economic and Social Council, what does gender mainstreaming aim to achieve in policy design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation?
Answer: To make gender concerns an integral dimension of all policy stages to achieve equal benefit and prevent perpetuated inequality.
Explanation: The UN Economic and Social Council defines gender mainstreaming as a strategy to ensure that gender concerns are integral to all policy stages, aiming for equitable benefits and the prevention of persistent inequalities.
What is a core principle of gender mainstreaming regarding policy evaluation, according to the text?
Answer: Every policy should be evaluated to determine if it reduces or increases gender inequalities, considering both formal and de facto equality.
Explanation: A core principle mandates that all policies be evaluated for their impact on gender inequalities, encompassing both legal status (formal equality) and actual outcomes (de facto equality).
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way gender mainstreaming aims to incorporate gender into politics and decision-making?
Answer: Creating separate government departments exclusively for gender affairs.
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming aims to integrate gender considerations across existing structures and policies, rather than establishing separate, exclusive departments for gender affairs.
According to the Beijing Platform for Action, what is essential for achieving the goals of equality, development, and peace?
Answer: The active participation of women and the incorporation of their perspectives at all decision-making levels.
Explanation: The Beijing Platform for Action emphasizes that the achievement of equality, development, and peace is fundamentally dependent on the active engagement of women and the integration of their viewpoints in all decision-making processes.
What did the Beijing Platform for Action formally recognize regarding gender mainstreaming?
Answer: It as a global strategy for achieving gender equality.
Explanation: The Beijing Platform for Action formally adopted gender mainstreaming as a fundamental global strategy essential for the attainment of gender equality.
In the context of gender policy, what distinguishes 'de facto equality' from 'formal equality'?
Answer: Formal equality concerns legal rights and opportunities, while de facto equality is a holistic concept aiming for actual equality in outcomes.
Explanation: Formal equality pertains to legal rights and equal opportunities, whereas de facto equality encompasses the actual realization of equality in lived experiences and societal outcomes.
What is the goal of gender mainstreaming in relation to policy actions?
Answer: To assess policy implications for both women and men to ensure equal benefit and prevent perpetuated inequality.
Explanation: The objective of gender mainstreaming concerning policy actions is to assess their implications for both women and men, ensuring equitable benefits and preventing the perpetuation of gender-based inequalities.
Liberal feminism aligns with gender mainstreaming through its emphasis on the public sphere and a binary conception of gender.
Answer: True
Explanation: Liberal feminism's focus on public policy and a binary gender framework is consistent with certain aspects of gender mainstreaming's approach.
Which feminist theory is associated with gender mainstreaming's focus on the public sphere and a binary approach to gender?
Answer: Liberal feminism
Explanation: Liberal feminism, with its emphasis on the public sphere and a binary gender framework, aligns with certain conceptualizations of gender mainstreaming.
Post-conflict peace-building (PCPB) is relevant to gender mainstreaming because it challenges the reinforcement of patriarchal systems after conflict.
Answer: True
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming is pertinent to PCPB as it addresses the differential experiences of men and women in conflict and critiques the tendency for post-conflict 'normalcy' to re-entrench patriarchal structures.
Gender budgeting involves creating separate budgets specifically for women's programs.
Answer: False
Explanation: Gender budgeting, or gender-sensitive budgeting, involves analyzing existing policies and budgets from a gender perspective to address budgetary inequalities, rather than creating entirely separate budgets for women.
Violeta Chamorro's election in Nicaragua was significant for mobilizing changes in mainstream gender structures.
Answer: True
Explanation: Violeta Chamorro's presidency in Nicaragua marked a period of mobilization that contributed to changes in mainstream gender structures, including the revitalization of institutions focused on women's affairs.
In 2007, the UN General Assembly praised Nicaragua for its rapid progress in gender equality and full funding for women's initiatives.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 2007, the UN General Assembly expressed concerns regarding Nicaragua's gender equality progress, citing legislative backlogs and funding issues for women's initiatives.
Taiwan has increased its use of the term 'gender mainstreaming' since 2000, influenced by the UN.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'gender mainstreaming' has seen increased usage in Taiwan since 2000, reflecting influence from international discourse, particularly from the UN.
In Vienna, gender mainstreaming efforts included using pictograms of male silhouettes holding babies on public transport.
Answer: True
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming initiatives in Vienna included the use of pictograms on public transport, such as a male silhouette holding a baby, to encourage seat-offering behavior.
Viennese kindergartens replaced segregated 'playing corners' with flexible open play areas as part of gender mainstreaming.
Answer: True
Explanation: As part of gender mainstreaming efforts, Viennese kindergartens adapted by replacing gender-segregated play areas with more flexible, open environments.
UN Security Council Resolution 1325 explicitly calls for the integration of a gender perspective into peacekeeping operations.
Answer: True
Explanation: UN Security Council Resolution 1325, adopted in 2000, mandates the integration of a gender perspective into all aspects of peacekeeping operations.
Article 8 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provides the legal basis for gender mainstreaming within the EU.
Answer: True
Explanation: Article 8 of the TFEU establishes the Union's commitment to eliminate inequalities and promote equality between men and women in all its activities, serving as a legal foundation for gender mainstreaming.
Gender mainstreaming has been a component of the European Employment Strategy since its inception in 1990.
Answer: False
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming became a component of the European Employment Strategy in 1997, requiring member states to adopt this approach in employment policies.
The European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) was established to provide expertise and improve knowledge on gender equality.
Answer: True
Explanation: The European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) was founded with the mandate to furnish expertise, enhance knowledge, and increase the visibility of gender equality issues within the EU.
The European Women's Lobby (EWL) is a small, national-level organization focused on lobbying within individual EU countries.
Answer: False
Explanation: The European Women's Lobby (EWL) is a significant EU-level organization that coordinates women's civic groups across member states and advocates for their involvement in gender governance.
UN Security Council Resolution 1325 primarily focused on increasing the number of female combat soldiers in peacekeeping missions.
Answer: False
Explanation: UN Security Council Resolution 1325 emphasizes the integration of a gender perspective across peacekeeping operations, including women's participation in conflict prevention and resolution, not solely combat roles.
The European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) aims to increase the visibility of gender equality issues.
Answer: True
Explanation: One of the objectives of the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) is to enhance the visibility of gender equality issues across the European Union.
The European Women's Lobby (EWL) coordinates women's civic groups and lobbies for their involvement in EU gender governance.
Answer: True
Explanation: The European Women's Lobby (EWL) functions as a coordinating body for women's civic organizations at the EU level, advocating for their participation in gender governance structures.
The mention of 'Gender mainstreaming in teacher education policy' indicates a specific application within educational policy.
Answer: True
Explanation: The reference to 'Gender mainstreaming in teacher education policy' signifies a concrete application of the gender mainstreaming approach within the domain of educational policy development and reform.
How is gender mainstreaming particularly relevant to post-conflict peace-building (PCPB)?
Answer: It challenges the reinforcement of patriarchal systems that often occurs when 'normalcy' returns post-conflict.
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming is relevant to PCPB because it addresses the differential impacts of conflict on men and women and actively challenges the re-establishment of patriarchal systems that may occur during post-conflict reconstruction.
What is the primary purpose of gender budgeting?
Answer: To analyze policies and budgets from a gender perspective to address budgetary gender inequality.
Explanation: Gender budgeting aims to scrutinize policies and budgets through a gender lens to identify and rectify gender-based inequalities within fiscal allocations.
What was a notable outcome of Violeta Chamorro's election in Nicaragua in 1990 concerning gender structures?
Answer: It helped mobilize and change mainstream gender structures, leading to initiatives like revitalizing the Nicaraguan Institute for Woman (INIM).
Explanation: Violeta Chamorro's election catalyzed changes in mainstream gender structures in Nicaragua, fostering initiatives such as the revitalization of the Nicaraguan Institute for Woman (INIM).
In 2007, the UN General Assembly expressed concerns regarding Nicaragua's gender equality progress, specifically citing:
Answer: A backlog of women's rights legislation and issues with funding for INIM.
Explanation: The UN General Assembly noted concerns in 2007 regarding Nicaragua's gender equality progress, specifically mentioning a backlog in women's rights legislation and challenges with funding for the Nicaraguan Institute for Women (INIM).
What specific gender mainstreaming measures were implemented in Vienna's public transport system?
Answer: Information charts featured a male silhouette holding a baby to advise on offering seats.
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming initiatives in Vienna's public transport included informational charts with a male silhouette holding a baby, intended to prompt passengers to offer seats to parents with children.
Which UN Security Council Resolution recognized the need to mainstream a gender perspective into peacekeeping operations?
Answer: Resolution 1325
Explanation: UN Security Council Resolution 1325, adopted in 2000, explicitly called for the integration of a gender perspective into peacekeeping operations.
What is the legal basis for gender mainstreaming within the European Union?
Answer: Article 8 of the TFEU
Explanation: Article 8 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provides the legal foundation for gender mainstreaming by obligating the Union to eliminate inequalities and promote equality between men and women in all its activities.
Since when has gender mainstreaming been a component of the European Employment Strategy?
Answer: Since 1997
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming was incorporated as a component of the European Employment Strategy starting in 1997.
What is the mandate of the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE)?
Answer: To provide expertise, improve knowledge, and raise the visibility of gender equality.
Explanation: The European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) is mandated to furnish expertise, enhance knowledge, and elevate the visibility of gender equality issues within the European Union.
What role does the European Women's Lobby (EWL) play in gender governance?
Answer: It coordinates women's civic groups at the EU level and lobbies for their involvement in gender governance.
Explanation: The European Women's Lobby (EWL) serves as a coordinating entity for women's civic groups at the EU level, actively lobbying for their inclusion in gender governance processes.
The discursive perspective of gender mainstreaming focuses on how language and framing reproduce power relations within policy contexts.
Answer: False
Explanation: The discursive perspective analyzes how language and framing within policy contexts can reproduce power relations, whereas the institutional perspective examines how organizations adopt and implement mainstreaming policies.
The UN DDR program's motto 'One man, one weapon' is cited as an example of language that promotes gender equality.
Answer: False
Explanation: The UN DDR program's motto 'One man, one weapon' is presented as an example of language that can perpetuate gender stereotypes and disempower women, highlighting the need for careful discursive analysis.
Lombardo identifies three aspects for shifting institutional culture: policy process, policy mechanism, and broadening policy actors.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lombardo proposes that institutional culture transformation through gender mainstreaming involves shifts in policy processes, policy mechanisms, and the expansion of policy actors.
The UN's 'One man, one weapon' motto is presented as an example of effective gender-inclusive language in policy.
Answer: False
Explanation: The UN's 'One man, one weapon' motto is used as an illustration of how language can perpetuate gender stereotypes and disempower women, underscoring the need for gender-sensitive discourse.
The 'discursive perspective' of gender mainstreaming analyzes how organizations adopt and implement policies.
Answer: False
Explanation: The discursive perspective focuses on how language and framing within policy contexts reproduce power relations, whereas the institutional perspective examines organizational adoption and implementation.
The 'institutional perspective' of gender mainstreaming focuses on how language constructs gender narratives.
Answer: False
Explanation: The institutional perspective examines how organizations adopt and implement gender mainstreaming policies, while the discursive perspective analyzes the role of language in constructing gender narratives and power relations.
The UN DDR program's motto 'One man, one weapon' is used as an example to illustrate:
Answer: How language can perpetuate gender stereotypes and disempower women.
Explanation: The motto 'One man, one weapon' serves as an example of how language in policy contexts can reinforce gender stereotypes and potentially disempower women, highlighting the significance of discursive analysis in gender mainstreaming.
Which of the following is identified by Lombardo as one of the three aspects for shifting institutional culture through gender mainstreaming?
Answer: A shift in policy mechanism, such as adopting horizontal cooperation.
Explanation: Lombardo identifies shifts in policy process, policy mechanism (e.g., horizontal cooperation), and the broadening of policy actors as key elements for transforming institutional culture.
The UN's 'One man, one weapon' motto illustrates the need for gender mainstreaming to address:
Answer: How language can perpetuate gender stereotypes and disempower women.
Explanation: The motto 'One man, one weapon' exemplifies how language within policy contexts can perpetuate gender stereotypes and disempower women, underscoring the importance of discursive analysis in gender mainstreaming.
What does the 'discursive perspective' of gender mainstreaming focus on?
Answer: How mainstreaming reproduces power relations through language and framing.
Explanation: The discursive perspective examines how gender mainstreaming utilizes language and framing to construct narratives that may reinforce or challenge existing power relations.
Jacqui True argues that policy evaluation should determine if legislation reduces or increases gender inequalities.
Answer: True
Explanation: Jacqui True posits that the critical outcome of evaluating policies from a gender perspective is to ascertain whether they mitigate or exacerbate existing gender inequalities.
Lombardo suggests that gender equality objectives require more than mere mention in an organization's mission statement to be prioritized.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lombardo emphasizes that genuine prioritization of gender equality objectives necessitates demonstrable commitment through resource allocation and adopted measures, not just stated intentions.
Lori Handrahan criticizes the international community for tolerating high levels of violence against women in post-conflict settings.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lori Handrahan highlights a critique that the international community often exhibits tolerance towards significant levels of violence against women within post-conflict societies.
Criticism suggests gender mainstreaming has effectively increased women's participation in high-level decision-making roles across most international organizations.
Answer: False
Explanation: A significant critique is that gender mainstreaming has not consistently led to substantial increases in women's participation in high-level decision-making roles within many international organizations.
'Trickle-down feminism' refers to a situation where gender mainstreaming focuses on elite positions without broader systemic change.
Answer: True
Explanation: 'Trickle-down feminism' critiques gender mainstreaming approaches that prioritize advancements for women in elite positions without addressing underlying systemic inequalities.
A common problem in implementing gender mainstreaming is the difficulty in translating commitment into concrete action due to inadequate resources and political will.
Answer: True
Explanation: Translating gender mainstreaming commitments into tangible actions is frequently hindered by insufficient resources, inadequate skills, poor supervision, and a lack of sustained political will.
Gender mainstreaming can hinder progress if it replaces specific gender equality policies like positive action.
Answer: True
Explanation: When gender mainstreaming is implemented as a substitute for, rather than a complement to, targeted gender equality measures like positive action, it can potentially undermine the overall objective of achieving gender equality.
The criticism that gender mainstreaming leads to marginalization suggests that gender issues become less prominent and visible within policy areas.
Answer: True
Explanation: One critique is that gender mainstreaming can inadvertently lead to the marginalization and invisibility of gender issues if not implemented with genuine commitment, potentially reducing their prominence.
There is a concern that gender mainstreaming might promote a biased version of feminism, silencing diverse voices.
Answer: True
Explanation: A concern exists that gender mainstreaming, particularly when driven by elite actors, may inadvertently promote a singular, potentially Western-centric, feminist perspective, thereby silencing diverse or intersectional voices.
Consulting with the women's movement is considered unimportant for effective gender mainstreaming policies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Consultation with the women's movement and civil society is deemed crucial for effective gender mainstreaming, as it provides essential ground-level expertise and enhances transparency and accountability.
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are criticized for being developed with extensive consultation with women's groups.
Answer: False
Explanation: A primary criticism of the MDGs is their formation with minimal consultation with women's groups, which consequently limited the depth of analysis regarding practical gender mainstreaming implementation.
Gender mainstreaming can be used to frame women primarily in terms of advancing economic growth, rather than achieving equal positions of power.
Answer: True
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming can be instrumentalized to prioritize women's roles in economic development, potentially overshadowing the normative goal of achieving equal positions of power and intrinsic equality.
Criticisms of gender mainstreaming in the EU include acceptance of arguments for increasing women's employment but weaker commitment to improving work quality.
Answer: True
Explanation: Critiques of gender mainstreaming within the EU context point to a disparity where policies may promote women's employment quantitatively but exhibit less commitment to enhancing the qualitative aspects of their work.
The text suggests that adopting the vocabulary of gender mainstreaming is often followed by robust monitoring and follow-up actions.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text indicates that while adopting the terminology of gender mainstreaming may be common, it is frequently not accompanied by substantive monitoring or follow-up actions, suggesting a gap between rhetoric and practice.
Gender mainstreaming can be perceived as an alternative to positive action, potentially downplaying the objective of gender equality.
Answer: True
Explanation: In certain contexts, gender mainstreaming may be employed as a substitute for specific affirmative actions, potentially diluting the commitment to achieving gender equality, particularly within patriarchal structures.
The concern 'everyone's responsibility, yet nobody's' arises when gender mainstreaming lacks clear accountability structures.
Answer: True
Explanation: The diffusion of responsibility, often termed 'everyone's responsibility, yet nobody's,' is a common challenge in gender mainstreaming when clear accountability frameworks are absent.
Reviews of UN Development Programme, World Bank, and ILO found ample budgeting and strong political commitment for gender components.
Answer: False
Explanation: Reviews of these organizations indicated deficiencies in budgeting, skills development, supervision, and political commitment regarding gender components of their work.
The criticism regarding the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) focuses on their excessive consultation with diverse women's groups.
Answer: False
Explanation: The criticism leveled against the MDGs pertains to their insufficient consultation with women's groups, which impacted the depth of analysis concerning practical implementation strategies.
Gender mainstreaming can become a process of advising governments on using gender language for legitimacy rather than achieving substantive equality.
Answer: True
Explanation: A critique suggests that gender mainstreaming can be co-opted to serve as a tool for enhancing political legitimacy through the adoption of gendered discourse, without necessarily advancing substantive gender equality.
According to Jacqui True, what is the crucial outcome expected from evaluating policies from a gender perspective?
Answer: Determination of whether the policy reduces or increases gender inequalities to achieve gender equality.
Explanation: Jacqui True emphasizes that policy evaluation from a gender perspective should determine its effect on gender inequalities, aiming to advance gender equality as the ultimate outcome.
What does Lombardo suggest is necessary for an organization to truly prioritize gender equality objectives?
Answer: Evidence of prioritization in resource allocation and adopted measures, even when competing with other objectives.
Explanation: Lombardo argues that genuine prioritization requires demonstrable evidence in resource allocation and policy implementation, irrespective of competing objectives.
Lori Handrahan criticizes the international community in post-conflict settings for:
Answer: Tolerating high levels of violence against women.
Explanation: Lori Handrahan's critique points to the international community's tendency to tolerate significant levels of violence against women within post-conflict societies.
A criticism regarding gender mainstreaming's effectiveness is that it has:
Answer: Not always effectively increased women's participation in decision-making, with slow progress noted in organizations like the UN.
Explanation: A critique highlights that gender mainstreaming has not consistently resulted in significant increases in women's participation in decision-making roles, citing slow progress in organizations such as the UN.
What does the concept of 'trickle-down feminism' critique in the context of gender mainstreaming?
Answer: The focus on increasing women in elite positions without addressing broader systemic changes.
Explanation: 'Trickle-down feminism' critiques gender mainstreaming approaches that concentrate on advancing women in elite positions without concurrently addressing fundamental systemic inequalities.
What is a common problem cited regarding the implementation of gender mainstreaming policies?
Answer: Difficulty in translating commitment into concrete action due to inadequate resources and political will.
Explanation: A pervasive challenge in implementing gender mainstreaming is the gap between stated commitments and concrete actions, often stemming from insufficient resources, underdeveloped skills, weak supervision, and a lack of political will.
How can gender mainstreaming potentially hinder progress towards gender equality?
Answer: By being used as an alternative to, rather than a complement to, specific gender equality policies like positive action.
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming can impede progress if it is implemented as a replacement for, rather than a supplement to, targeted gender equality policies such as positive action, potentially diluting the focus on achieving equality.
The criticism that gender mainstreaming leads to marginalization suggests that:
Answer: Gender considerations become increasingly invisible within policy areas.
Explanation: The critique of marginalization posits that gender mainstreaming, if poorly executed, can lead to gender considerations becoming less visible and integrated, rather than more prominent.
What is the concern regarding gender mainstreaming potentially promoting a biased version of feminism?
Answer: It might silence differences and promote a Western or middle-class brand of feminism, undermining local input.
Explanation: A significant concern is that gender mainstreaming may inadvertently promote a dominant, potentially Western-centric, feminist perspective, thereby marginalizing diverse viewpoints and local knowledge.
Why is consulting with the women's movement considered crucial for effective gender mainstreaming?
Answer: It provides ground-level expertise and enhances transparency and inclusiveness.
Explanation: Consulting with the women's movement is vital as it contributes essential ground-level expertise, fosters transparency, and promotes inclusivity in the development and implementation of gender mainstreaming policies.
What is a primary criticism leveled against the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) concerning gender mainstreaming?
Answer: They were formed with minimal consultation with women's groups, leading to less analysis on implementation.
Explanation: A key criticism of the MDGs is their limited consultation with women's groups during formulation, which resulted in insufficient analysis regarding practical gender mainstreaming strategies.
How can gender mainstreaming be used as a guise to treat women primarily as economic subjects?
Answer: By framing women's participation mainly in terms of advancing economic growth, rather than intrinsic equality.
Explanation: Gender mainstreaming can be instrumentalized to frame women's involvement primarily through the lens of economic growth, thereby potentially subordinating the pursuit of intrinsic gender equality and equal power positions.
What is the criticism regarding the implementation of gender mainstreaming in the UN Development Programme, World Bank, and ILO?
Answer: Inadequate budgeting, insufficient skills development, poor supervision, and lack of political commitment.
Explanation: Criticisms regarding gender mainstreaming implementation in these organizations include insufficient budgeting, inadequate skills development, poor supervision, and a general lack of political commitment.
What does the concern that gender mainstreaming might lead to 'everyone's responsibility, yet nobody's' imply?
Answer: Lack of clear accountability structures leads to diffused responsibility.
Explanation: This concern highlights that without clearly defined accountability structures, the responsibility for gender mainstreaming can become diffused across an organization, leading to a lack of ownership and effective action.
What is the potential danger if gender mainstreaming is used as an alternative to positive action policies?
Answer: It can downplay the overall objective of gender equality, especially in patriarchal environments.
Explanation: Using gender mainstreaming as a substitute for positive action policies risks diminishing the explicit pursuit of gender equality, particularly within contexts where patriarchal structures are deeply entrenched.