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The historical event designated as the Glorious Revolution, alternatively termed the Revolution of 1688, encompassed the deposition of King James II and his subsequent succession by William III and Mary II.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material identifies the Glorious Revolution, also known as the Revolution of 1688, as the period during which King James II was deposed and succeeded by William III and Mary II.
James II initially faced opposition in 1685 not due to his strong support for the Church of England, but rather because of his perceived pro-Catholic policies.
Answer: True
Explanation: James II's accession in 1685 was met with apprehension due to his open Catholicism and policies perceived as favoring Catholic interests, contrary to the established Protestant order.
Historians suggest James II failed to grasp the critical importance of securing the support of the landed gentry for his reign.
Answer: True
Explanation: Scholarly analysis indicates that James II underestimated the significance of the landed gentry's allegiance, a miscalculation that contributed to the erosion of his authority.
James II's policies were widely perceived as promoting Catholicism and thereby threatening the established Protestant order in England and Scotland.
Answer: True
Explanation: The policies enacted by James II were interpreted by many as advancing Catholicism and posing a direct threat to the prevailing Protestant religious and political establishment.
The Stuart political ideology, as articulated by James VI and I, emphasized the monarch's authority as being derived primarily from Parliament.
Answer: False
Explanation: Stuart political ideology, particularly as established by James VI and I, centered on the concept of the divine right of kings, asserting monarchical authority derived from God, not Parliament.
The Exclusion Crisis (1679-1681) was fundamentally concerned with the potential exclusion of James, Duke of York, from the succession due to his adherence to Catholicism.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Exclusion Crisis was a significant political conflict focused on preventing James, Duke of York, from ascending to the throne because of his Roman Catholic faith.
In Scotland during James II's reign, the Catholic minority constituted the vast majority of the population.
Answer: False
Explanation: Scotland was overwhelmingly Protestant, primarily Presbyterian, during James II's reign; Catholics formed a small minority of the population.
Anglicans opposed James II's tolerance policies because they believed these policies undermined the King's oath to protect the Church of England.
Answer: True
Explanation: Anglican opposition stemmed from the belief that James II's tolerance measures violated his coronation oath to uphold the supremacy and established status of the Church of England.
The birth of James II's son, James Francis Edward Stuart, in 1688, rather than his daughter Anne, was a pivotal event that heightened concerns about a Catholic succession.
Answer: True
Explanation: The birth of James Francis Edward Stuart in June 1688 presented the prospect of a permanent Catholic dynasty, significantly increasing opposition and the impetus for intervention.
What event is identified as the Glorious Revolution, and approximately when did it occur?
Answer: The deposition of King James II and his replacement by William and Mary, around 1688.
Explanation: The Glorious Revolution refers to the deposition of King James II and his succession by William and Mary, which took place around the year 1688.
Despite his Catholicism, why did James II initially receive widespread support upon his accession in 1685?
Answer: There was a strong desire for stability and belief in hereditary succession.
Explanation: Initial support for James II stemmed from a prevailing desire for political stability and adherence to the principle of hereditary succession, with many anticipating the eventual Protestant succession through his daughters.
According to historical analyses, what critical factor did James II fail to adequately appreciate regarding the basis of royal authority?
Answer: The crucial role of support from the landed gentry.
Explanation: Historians contend that James II underestimated the indispensable support required from the landed gentry, the loss of which significantly weakened his position.
How did James II's policies alienate his predominantly Protestant supporters?
Answer: By promoting Catholicism and perceived threats to the established religious order.
Explanation: James II's policies, which favored Catholicism and were seen as challenging the established Protestant order, generated significant opposition among his Protestant subjects.
The core tenets of Stuart political ideology, originating with James VI and I, centered on which principle?
Answer: The divine right of kings and a centralized state.
Explanation: Stuart political ideology, as established by James VI and I, fundamentally emphasized the monarch's divine right and the concept of a strong, centralized state.
What was the primary outcome of the Exclusion Crisis (1679-1681)?
Answer: It divided the political class into Whigs (favoring exclusion) and Tories (opposing it).
Explanation: The Exclusion Crisis intensified political divisions, solidifying the emergence of the Whig and Tory factions based on their stances regarding James, Duke of York's succession.
Why did Anglicans oppose James II's 'Tolerance' policies, particularly concerning public office?
Answer: They believed the policies violated the King's oath to uphold the Church of England's supremacy.
Explanation: Anglicans objected to James II's tolerance policies because they perceived them as a breach of his coronation oath to maintain the supremacy of the Church of England.
What event in June 1688 significantly heightened the prospect of a Catholic dynasty succeeding James II?
Answer: The birth of James Francis Edward Stuart, James II's son.
Explanation: The birth of James Francis Edward Stuart, James II's son and heir, in June 1688 created the immediate possibility of a long-term Catholic succession, galvanizing opposition.
What concessions did James II offer the bishops in September 1688, and what were their demands in response?
Answer: James offered concessions like potential repeal of penal laws; bishops demanded restoration of 1685 status quo, disinheritance of his son, and free elections.
Explanation: In September 1688, James II proposed concessions including potential repeal of penal laws, while the bishops demanded restoration of the 1685 status quo, disinheritance of his son, and free elections.
How did James II's attempt to establish a Catholic dynasty influence the decision for intervention?
Answer: It was a key factor that convinced opponents intervention was necessary to prevent long-term Catholic rule.
Explanation: The prospect of a permanent Catholic dynasty, particularly after the birth of James Francis Edward Stuart, was a critical catalyst that persuaded opponents that foreign intervention was essential.
William of Orange, consort to James II's daughter Mary, was not James II's son but rather his son-in-law, who subsequently led the successful intervention against his father-in-law.
Answer: True
Explanation: William of Orange was James II's son-in-law, not his son. He led the intervention that resulted in James II's deposition.
Jacobitism represented a political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart monarchy, rather than the establishment of a republic, following the deposition of James II.
Answer: True
Explanation: Jacobitism's primary objective was the restoration of the exiled House of Stuart to the throne, not the establishment of a republican form of government.
Who ultimately succeeded James II on the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland following the events of 1688?
Answer: His daughter Mary II and her husband, William III of Orange.
Explanation: James II was replaced by his daughter Mary II and her husband, William III of Orange, who jointly assumed the crowns.
What was the principal objective of the Jacobite movement?
Answer: To restore the exiled House of Stuart to the throne.
Explanation: Jacobitism was fundamentally a movement dedicated to restoring the deposed Stuart dynasty to the thrones of Great Britain.
William of Orange's invasion in 1688 is historically recognized as the final successful invasion of England by a foreign power.
Answer: True
Explanation: The invasion led by William of Orange in 1688 is documented as the last instance of a successful foreign invasion of England.
The Seven Bishops were prosecuted for seditious libel after refusing to read James II's Declaration of Indulgence and were subsequently acquitted by a jury.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Seven Bishops were indeed prosecuted for seditious libel for refusing to read the Declaration of Indulgence, but they were acquitted, which represented a significant blow to royal authority.
The 'Invitation to William' was a document drafted by William of Orange himself, urging English nobles to support his cause.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Invitation to William' was drafted by prominent English figures, notably Henry Sydney, and formally requested William of Orange's intervention.
Controlling the English fleet was considered unimportant for William III's invasion plans.
Answer: False
Explanation: Securing the cooperation or neutrality of the English fleet was strategically vital for William III's invasion, as it could prevent French interference and support the landing.
The English fleet successfully intercepted William's invasion armada but was unable to prevent the landing.
Answer: False
Explanation: The English fleet failed to intercept William's invasion armada due to various factors, including unfavorable winds and questionable loyalty, allowing the Dutch forces to land unopposed.
James II's army and navy were composed mainly of Catholics, ensuring their unwavering loyalty to his policies.
Answer: False
Explanation: James II's army and navy were predominantly Protestant and demonstrated questionable loyalty, with many officers and soldiers being anti-Catholic.
The defection of prominent military figures like John Churchill significantly strengthened James II's position against William's invasion.
Answer: False
Explanation: The defection of John Churchill and other key figures severely undermined James II's authority and morale, weakening his position considerably.
The 'Protestant Wind' refers to adverse weather conditions that prevented William's fleet from sailing for several weeks.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Protestant Wind' refers to the favorable easterly winds that enabled William's fleet to sail down the English Channel after initial delays, rather than adverse weather.
William of Orange's Declaration of The Hague stated his intention to claim the English throne for himself immediately upon landing.
Answer: False
Explanation: William of Orange's Declaration of The Hague carefully stated his intention was to investigate the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales and secure Protestantism and a free Parliament, not to claim the throne outright.
The Convention Parliament declared that James II had abdicated his throne by fleeing England, thereby creating a vacancy that allowed for William and Mary's joint rule.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Convention Parliament concluded that James II's flight constituted an abdication, which legally vacated the throne and permitted the subsequent offer of the crown to William and Mary.
The Declaration of The Hague, issued by William III, aimed to reassure the English populace regarding his intentions during the invasion.
Answer: True
Explanation: William III's Declaration of The Hague was strategically crafted to articulate his aims and assuage fears among the English population concerning his intervention.
The 'Protestant Wind' was a hurricane that destroyed much of William's invasion fleet before it reached England.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Protestant Wind' refers to favorable easterly winds that facilitated William's fleet's passage down the English Channel, not a destructive hurricane.
James II relied on an army and navy that were predominantly Catholic and fiercely loyal to his cause.
Answer: False
Explanation: James II's military forces were largely Protestant and exhibited significant disaffection, undermining his ability to resist the invasion.
The English Convention Parliament justified deposing James II by arguing he had been defeated in battle and captured.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Convention Parliament justified the deposition of James II by asserting that his flight from England constituted an abdication, thereby vacating the throne.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the historical significance of William of Orange's invasion in 1688?
Answer: It marked the last successful invasion of England.
Explanation: William of Orange's successful invasion in 1688 holds the distinction of being the final successful invasion of England.
What was the outcome of the prosecution of the Seven Bishops who refused to read James II's Declaration of Indulgence?
Answer: They were acquitted by a jury, damaging the King's authority.
Explanation: The Seven Bishops were acquitted of seditious libel by a jury, a verdict that significantly undermined James II's legal and political standing.
Who were the key figures involved in drafting the 'Invitation to William'?
Answer: Prominent English figures, including Henry Sydney.
Explanation: The 'Invitation to William' was drafted by influential English political figures, most notably Henry Sydney, who formally requested William of Orange's intervention.
Why was securing the English fleet crucial for William III's invasion plans?
Answer: To prevent French naval interference and potentially support the landing.
Explanation: Control or neutrality of the English fleet was essential to prevent French intervention and to provide naval support for William's landing operations.
What factors prevented the English fleet from intercepting William's invasion armada?
Answer: Poor funding, undermanned ships, questionable loyalty, and unfavorable winds kept it in the Thames.
Explanation: The English fleet's inability to intercept William's armada was due to a combination of inadequate funding, insufficient crew, divided loyalties, and adverse weather conditions that confined it to the Thames estuary.
What characterized the loyalty of James II's army and navy in 1688?
Answer: They were predominantly Protestant and anti-Catholic, showing questionable loyalty.
Explanation: The English army and navy were largely Protestant and harbored anti-Catholic sentiments, leading to significant doubts about their loyalty to James II.
The defection of John Churchill and other key figures to William of Orange had what effect?
Answer: It significantly weakened James II's authority and morale.
Explanation: The defections of prominent military and political figures, including John Churchill, severely eroded James II's authority and morale, contributing to his eventual downfall.
What is the significance of the term 'Protestant Wind'?
Answer: It describes the favorable easterly winds that enabled William's fleet to sail down the Channel.
Explanation: The 'Protestant Wind' denotes the favorable easterly winds that allowed William's invasion fleet to navigate the English Channel and successfully land at Torbay.
According to William III's Declaration of The Hague, what was his primary stated aim for intervening in England?
Answer: To investigate the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales and maintain Protestantism.
Explanation: William's Declaration of The Hague articulated his aims as securing the Protestant religion, establishing a free Parliament, and investigating the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales, while professing respect for James II's position.
How did James II's flight from England impact his rule?
Answer: It was interpreted as an admission of defeat and created a power vacuum.
Explanation: James II's departure from England was widely construed as an abdication, effectively creating a power vacuum that facilitated William of Orange's assumption of authority.
What justification did the Convention Parliament use to declare the throne vacant?
Answer: James II had abdicated his throne by fleeing the country.
Explanation: The English Convention Parliament concluded that James II's flight from England constituted an abdication, thereby rendering the throne vacant.
What was the condition of the English army and navy that James II relied upon in 1688?
Answer: They were predominantly Protestant and anti-Catholic, showing questionable loyalty.
Explanation: James II's military forces were largely Protestant, anti-Catholic, and suffered from low morale and questionable loyalty, rendering them unreliable.
What was the significance of the 'Invitation to William' in the context of the revolution?
Answer: It provided William with a formal justification and propaganda tool for his intervention.
Explanation: The 'Invitation to William' served as crucial justification and propaganda for William of Orange, framing his intervention as a response to the expressed desires of influential English figures.
The Bill of Rights 1689 granted the monarch absolute power to suspend laws and levy taxes without parliamentary consent.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Bill of Rights 1689 explicitly prohibited the monarch from suspending laws or levying taxes without parliamentary consent, thereby limiting royal prerogative.
The Glorious Revolution ultimately confirmed the supremacy of the Crown over Parliament in England and Scotland.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Glorious Revolution decisively established parliamentary supremacy over the Crown in both England and Scotland, fundamentally altering the balance of power.
The Claim of Right Act in Scotland declared that James VII had forfeited the throne and established Parliament as the primary legislative authority.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Claim of Right Act, passed by the Scottish Convention, formally asserted that James VII had forfeited his right to the throne and affirmed the supremacy of the Scottish Parliament.
James II's primary objective in Ireland during the Williamite War was to establish Ireland as an independent Catholic state separate from England.
Answer: False
Explanation: James II's objective in Ireland was to use it as a base to retake England, rather than to establish an independent Irish state.
The principles established during the Glorious Revolution had no influence on later international human rights declarations.
Answer: False
Explanation: The principles of limited government and individual rights articulated during the Glorious Revolution significantly influenced subsequent frameworks for human rights, including modern international declarations.
The Coronation Oath Act 1688 reinforced the notion that the monarch's power was absolute and derived solely from divine right.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Coronation Oath Act 1688 emphasized the monarch's obligations to the people and the established church, implicitly limiting absolute power and reinforcing a contractual element to rule.
The Glorious Revolution led to the establishment of parliamentary sovereignty, rendering Parliament the supreme legislative authority.
Answer: True
Explanation: A principal outcome of the Glorious Revolution was the consolidation of parliamentary sovereignty, establishing Parliament as the ultimate legislative power within the realm.
In Ireland during James II's reign, what was a significant concern for the Protestant minority?
Answer: Laws barring Catholics from office and potential land reforms favoring Catholics.
Explanation: Protestants in Ireland were concerned about James II's policies, including the potential reversal of laws that barred Catholics from holding office and the possibility of land reforms that might disadvantage Protestants.
Which of the following was a key provision established by the Bill of Rights 1689?
Answer: It prohibited the monarch from suspending laws or levying taxes without Parliament's consent.
Explanation: The Bill of Rights 1689 enumerated specific limitations on royal power, including the prohibition of suspending laws or imposing taxes without parliamentary approval.
How did the Glorious Revolution fundamentally alter the relationship between the monarch and Parliament?
Answer: It confirmed the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown.
Explanation: The Glorious Revolution decisively established parliamentary supremacy, fundamentally shifting the balance of power in favor of Parliament relative to the monarchy.
What was the significance of the Claim of Right Act passed by the Scottish Convention?
Answer: It declared James VII had forfeited the throne and established parliamentary supremacy in Scotland.
Explanation: The Claim of Right Act formally declared James VII's forfeiture of the Scottish throne and affirmed the Scottish Parliament's position as the supreme legislative authority.
What was James II's primary objective regarding Ireland during the Williamite War?
Answer: To use Ireland as a base to retake England.
Explanation: James II viewed Ireland primarily as a strategic base from which to launch a campaign to regain the English throne.
How did the principles of the Glorious Revolution influence later developments?
Answer: They influenced later human rights frameworks like the UN Declaration.
Explanation: The constitutional principles and emphasis on rights established during the Glorious Revolution exerted a lasting influence, informing subsequent human rights declarations and frameworks globally.
What was the stated purpose of William III's expedition as outlined in the Declaration of The Hague?
Answer: To secure the Protestant religion, establish a free Parliament, and investigate the Prince of Wales's legitimacy.
Explanation: William's Declaration of The Hague specified his aims as safeguarding Protestantism, ensuring parliamentary freedom, and examining the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales.
What was the immediate impact of the Glorious Revolution news on the English colonies in North America?
Answer: It triggered revolts, such as in Boston, and the dissolution of the Dominion of New England.
Explanation: News of the Glorious Revolution in 1689 prompted significant political unrest in the North American colonies, including uprisings and the dismantling of the Dominion of New England.
How did the political situation in Scotland immediately following the Glorious Revolution differ from England?
Answer: Scotland experienced more complex issues, involving Jacobite risings and contested resolutions.
Explanation: Unlike the relatively swift settlement in England, Scotland faced more intricate political challenges, including Jacobite resistance and contested parliamentary decisions, following the Glorious Revolution.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Killiecrankie for the Scottish Jacobites in July 1689?
Answer: Heavy losses, including their leader Viscount Dundee, weakening their cause.
Explanation: The Battle of Killiecrankie resulted in significant casualties for the Scottish Jacobites, including the death of their commander Viscount Dundee, which severely hampered their subsequent efforts.
What was the impact of the Glorious Revolution on the concept of parliamentary sovereignty?
Answer: It firmly established Parliament as the supreme legislative authority.
Explanation: The Glorious Revolution decisively cemented Parliament's position as the supreme legislative body, fundamentally altering the constitutional landscape.
Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes precipitated a significant exodus of French Protestant refugees into England, intensifying fears of a Catholic counter-reformation.
Answer: True
Explanation: The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV led to a substantial influx of Huguenot refugees into England, fueling anxieties regarding a potential Catholic resurgence.
William III's primary strategic objective for intervening in England was to secure a favorable trade agreement for the Dutch Republic.
Answer: False
Explanation: William III's principal strategic aim was to bring England into an alliance against the expansionist policies of Louis XIV's France, rather than to negotiate a trade agreement.
The Glorious Revolution led to the decline of London as a major trading center, with Amsterdam retaining its dominance.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the Dutch Republic faced economic challenges, the Glorious Revolution ultimately contributed to London's rise as a dominant global trading center, eclipsing Amsterdam over time.
The establishment of the Bank of England and the creation of a widely circulating credit currency were significant economic developments following the Glorious Revolution.
Answer: True
Explanation: The post-Glorious Revolution era witnessed crucial financial innovations, including the founding of the Bank of England and the development of a credit-based currency system.
The Glorious Revolution strengthened the Dutch Republic's economic dominance over Great Britain.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the alliance was crucial, the Glorious Revolution and subsequent wars contributed to the financial strain on the Dutch Republic, facilitating Great Britain's eventual rise to economic dominance.
Some historians emphasize the Glorious Revolution primarily as a significant Dutch military operation and the commencement of the Nine Years' War.
Answer: True
Explanation: Certain historical analyses highlight the Glorious Revolution's character as a major Dutch military undertaking and its role as the initial phase of the broader Nine Years' War.
Following the Glorious Revolution, England pursued a foreign policy that aligned it closely with France against the Dutch Republic.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Glorious Revolution led to England aligning with the Dutch Republic and other European powers in opposition to France, marking a significant shift in foreign policy.
How did the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV contribute to fears in England?
Answer: It led to a large influx of French Protestant refugees, fueling fears of a Catholic counter-reformation.
Explanation: The revocation of the Edict of Nantes caused a significant number of French Protestants to flee to England, intensifying concerns about a potential Catholic counter-reformation across Europe.
What was William III of Orange's primary strategic objective in planning the intervention in England?
Answer: To bring England into an alliance against France.
Explanation: William III's paramount strategic goal was to secure England's participation in a coalition against the expansionist ambitions of Louis XIV's France.
How did the Dutch Republic's vulnerability to French aggression influence its support for William III's intervention?
Answer: They recalled being nearly overrun by France in 1672 and sought an English alliance against French aggression.
Explanation: The memory of France's near-conquest of the Dutch Republic in 1672 motivated the Dutch leadership to seek an alliance with England to counter French military power.
What was the long-term economic consequence for the Dutch Republic resulting from William III's ascension to the English throne?
Answer: It led to the Dutch Republic's financial exhaustion and a relative decline compared to Great Britain.
Explanation: The prolonged conflicts and financial demands associated with William III's reign contributed to the Dutch Republic's economic exhaustion and facilitated Great Britain's ascent as the dominant global economic power.
Which of the following was a significant economic change in England following the Glorious Revolution?
Answer: The foundation of the Bank of England and the start of the 'Age of Projectors.'
Explanation: The period following the Glorious Revolution saw the establishment of key financial institutions like the Bank of England and the emergence of innovative commercial ventures, often termed the 'Age of Projectors'.
What was the impact of the Glorious Revolution on the Dutch Republic's economic standing relative to Great Britain?
Answer: It led to the Dutch Republic's financial exhaustion and a relative decline compared to Great Britain.
Explanation: The Glorious Revolution and subsequent conflicts placed considerable financial strain on the Dutch Republic, contributing to its relative economic decline as Great Britain's power grew.
Which historical perspective emphasizes the Glorious Revolution as a major Dutch military operation and the start of the Nine Years' War?
Answer: Post-1988 historical analyses focusing on military and international dimensions.
Explanation: More recent historical scholarship often emphasizes the Glorious Revolution's significance as a substantial Dutch military endeavor and the initial phase of the Nine Years' War.
How did the Glorious Revolution alter England's foreign policy alignment?
Answer: It brought England into an alliance against France.
Explanation: The Glorious Revolution resulted in England joining an alliance against France, fundamentally reshaping European diplomacy and initiating a period of sustained conflict.
What role did the Bank of England play in the economic changes following the Glorious Revolution?
Answer: It was founded to manage the national debt and facilitate credit currency.
Explanation: The Bank of England was established post-Revolution to manage national debt and support the development of a credit-based financial system, contributing to England's commercial growth.
What does the term 'Age of Projectors' refer to in post-Revolutionary England?
Answer: A period characterized by innovation and new financial institutions like the Bank of England.
Explanation: The 'Age of Projectors' denotes a period of significant innovation and the establishment of new financial institutions, such as the Bank of England, following the Glorious Revolution.
Steven Pincus's interpretation posits the Glorious Revolution as a consensual event that primarily benefited the aristocracy.
Answer: False
Explanation: Steven Pincus argues that the Glorious Revolution was a divisive and transformative event with broad social impact, rather than a consensual transfer of power benefiting only the aristocracy.
Karl Marx viewed the Glorious Revolution as a radical event driven by the working class seeking to overthrow the monarchy.
Answer: False
Explanation: Karl Marx characterized the Glorious Revolution as a fundamentally conservative event, shaped by an alliance between the commercial bourgeoisie and landowners.
The Whig interpretation of history characterizes the Glorious Revolution as a radical, violent overthrow of the existing social order.
Answer: False
Explanation: The traditional Whig interpretation views the Glorious Revolution as a largely consensual and moderate event that preserved and strengthened England's existing constitutional liberties.
The Glorious Revolution, in contrast to the French Revolution, involved widespread social upheaval and class conflict.
Answer: False
Explanation: Unlike the French Revolution, the Glorious Revolution is generally characterized by a lack of widespread social upheaval and class conflict, focusing more on political and constitutional changes.
Steven Pincus's interpretation of the Glorious Revolution emphasizes it as:
Answer: A divisive and violent event with broad social impact.
Explanation: Steven Pincus argues that the Glorious Revolution was a profoundly disruptive and transformative event, involving significant conflict and impacting various social strata.
Karl Marx characterized the Glorious Revolution primarily as:
Answer: A conservative event shaped by an alliance of the commercial bourgeoisie and landowners.
Explanation: From a Marxist perspective, the Glorious Revolution is interpreted as a conservative transition, primarily influenced by the interests of the burgeoning commercial bourgeoisie and the landed elite.
According to the Whig interpretation, the Glorious Revolution was primarily a:
Answer: Consensual event strengthening England's existing institutions of liberty.
Explanation: The Whig historical perspective characterizes the Glorious Revolution as a largely consensual event that reinforced England's established liberties and constitutional framework.