Enter a player name to begin or load your saved progress.
In Western Christian beliefs, grace is primarily understood as a deserved reward earned through adherence to divine laws.
Answer: False
Explanation: Western Christian beliefs understand grace primarily as God's favor and participation in the divine life, an undeserved gift, not a deserved reward earned through adherence to laws.
The concept of 'means of grace' serves as a point of universal agreement across all Christian theological traditions.
Answer: False
Explanation: The concept of 'means of grace' is a point of theological distinction, not universal agreement, among various Christian traditions, highlighting differences in how grace is understood and imparted.
The Greek term *charis* in the New Testament primarily signifies divine judgment or condemnation.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Greek term *charis* in the New Testament signifies 'that which brings delight, joy, happiness, or good fortune,' representing God's favor, not divine judgment.
The Hebrew word 'hen' was translated as *charis* in the Septuagint, notably in the context of God saving Noah from the flood.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Hebrew word 'hen' was translated as *charis* in the Septuagint, notably in Genesis 6:8, signifying God's favor in saving Noah from the flood.
In the Old Testament, the use of the word for grace implied that gracious deeds were exclusively performed by God.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Old Testament usage of the word for grace included the concept that those who showed favor performed gracious deeds, such as being kind to the poor and demonstrating generosity, not exclusively God.
Grace and the Law of Moses are considered synonymous concepts in Christian theology.
Answer: False
Explanation: Grace and the Law of Moses are contrasted in Christian theology, with grace representing unmerited favor and the Law representing a system of works.
The Greek term *charis* is primarily used in the New Testament to denote a system of legalistic adherence to rules.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Greek term *charis* in the New Testament denotes God's unmerited favor and divine assistance, not a system of legalistic adherence to rules.
What is the fundamental definition of grace in Western Christian beliefs?
Answer: God's favor and a person's share in the divine life, considered an undeserved gift.
Explanation: Western Christian beliefs understand grace as God's favor and a person's share in the divine life, considered an undeserved gift, not earned through piety or works.
What is identified as the primary manifestation of God's grace in Western Christianity?
Answer: The salvation of sinners, with God always taking the initiative.
Explanation: Western Christianity identifies the salvation of sinners as the primary manifestation of God's grace, emphasizing that God always takes the initiative.
What does the phrase 'means of grace' signify in theological discussions?
Answer: The ways or channels through which God imparts His grace.
Explanation: The phrase 'means of grace' signifies the ways or channels through which God imparts His grace, a concept that also serves as a point of theological distinction.
What is the Greek term for grace in the New Testament, and what does it signify?
Answer: *Charis* (*χάρις*), signifying 'delight, joy, or good fortune'.
Explanation: The Greek term for grace in the New Testament is *charis* (*χάρις*), signifying 'delight, joy, or good fortune'.
How is grace often contrasted with the Law of Moses in Christian theology?
Answer: Grace represents God's unmerited favor, while the Law represents a system of works.
Explanation: Grace is contrasted with the Law of Moses, representing God's unmerited favor versus a system of works.
What does the term *charis* imply about the nature of grace in its Greek origin?
Answer: It implies grace is something that brings delight, joy, or good fortune.
Explanation: The term *charis* implies grace is something that brings delight, joy, or good fortune, signifying its positive nature.
How is grace understood as an attribute of God in relation to His actions?
Answer: It is His favor freely given, influencing His actions towards humanity, especially in salvation.
Explanation: Grace is understood as God's freely given favor, influencing His actions towards humanity, particularly in salvation.
What is the significance of the term *charis* in relation to its Hebrew counterpart 'hen'?
Answer: *Charis* was used in the Septuagint to translate 'hen', signifying favor or kindness.
Explanation: *Charis* was used in the Septuagint to translate the Hebrew 'hen', signifying favor or kindness.
The Council of Trent affirmed that human merit is the primary factor that earns the grace of justification.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Council of Trent affirmed that justification is gratuitous, and human merit arises from God's choice to associate humans with His grace, not that merit is the primary factor earning justification.
Pelagius, in his historical debate with Augustine, emphasized the absolute necessity of divine grace and downplayed human free will.
Answer: False
Explanation: Pelagius emphasized human free will and the capacity to choose good without absolute necessity of divine grace, contrasting with Augustine's view.
Semi-Pelagianism is a theological position where humans initiate the process of salvation entirely on their own before God's grace intervenes.
Answer: False
Explanation: Semi-Pelagianism is a theological position where humans initiate the process of salvation with God's grace cooperating, not entirely on their own before intervention.
The Council of Trent aimed to find common theological ground between Catholic and Protestant views on grace and justification.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Council of Trent aimed to condemn Protestant objections and establish orthodox Catholic teaching on grace and justification, not to find common ground.
Jansenists within Catholicism were known for promoting a lenient approach to moral issues, similar to the Jesuits.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jansenists were known for emphasizing rigor and the necessity of grace, contrasting with the Jesuits' perceived leniency in moral issues.
John Cassian believed that human nature, after the fall, was totally depraved and incapable of choosing good without immediate divine intervention.
Answer: False
Explanation: John Cassian believed human nature was fallen but retained a capacity to choose good, with grace cooperating, not that it was totally depraved and incapable without immediate intervention.
Augustine of Hippo's theology stressed the sufficiency of human free will in choosing good without the necessity of divine grace.
Answer: False
Explanation: Augustine of Hippo's theology stressed the absolute necessity of divine grace and the profound impact of original sin, downplaying the sufficiency of human free will alone.
What did the Council of Trent affirm regarding justification and human merit?
Answer: Justification is gratuitous, and human merit arises from God's choice to associate humans with His grace.
Explanation: The Council of Trent affirmed that justification is gratuitous, with human merit arising from God's choice to associate humans with His grace, not as the primary factor earning it.
The historical debate between Pelagius and Augustine of Hippo primarily centered on which theological issue?
Answer: The necessity of divine grace versus human free will.
Explanation: The debate between Pelagius and Augustine primarily centered on the necessity of divine grace versus human free will in salvation.
What is semi-Pelagianism, according to the text?
Answer: A view where both God and humans participate, with humans making free will choices aided by God.
Explanation: Semi-Pelagianism is a view where both God and humans participate, with humans making free will choices aided by God's grace.
What was the primary aim of the Council of Trent regarding the theological differences on grace?
Answer: To condemn Protestant objections and establish orthodox Roman Catholic teaching.
Explanation: The primary aim of the Council of Trent was to condemn Protestant objections and establish orthodox Roman Catholic teaching on grace and justification.
What was the core theological disagreement between Jansenists and Jesuits within Catholicism?
Answer: Jansenists emphasized original sin and the necessity of grace, while Jesuits were seen as more lenient.
Explanation: Jansenists emphasized original sin and the necessity of grace, while Jesuits were perceived as promoting a more lenient approach to moral issues.
Augustine of Hippo's theology, in contrast to Pelagius, stressed:
Answer: The necessity of divine grace and the profound impact of original sin.
Explanation: Augustine stressed the necessity of divine grace and the profound impact of original sin, contrasting with Pelagius's emphasis on human free will.
What emphasis distinguished Jansenists from other Catholic theological movements?
Answer: Strong emphasis on original sin, human depravity, and the absolute necessity of divine grace.
Explanation: Jansenists distinguished themselves with a strong emphasis on original sin, human depravity, and the absolute necessity of divine grace.
What does the term *synergism* refer to in discussions about grace and free will?
Answer: Salvation is a cooperative effort between God's grace and human free will.
Explanation: *Synergism* refers to the belief that salvation is a cooperative effort between God's grace and human free will.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines grace as a deserved reward for righteous living.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines grace as God's free and undeserved favor, a participation in His life, not a deserved reward for righteous living.
In the Catholic Church, the sacraments, prayers, and good works are considered principal means of grace.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Catholic Church considers sacraments, prayers, and good works as principal means through which God imparts His grace.
Catholic teaching distinguishes between sanctifying grace, a stable gift that perfects the soul, and actual grace, which refers to specific divine interventions.
Answer: True
Explanation: Catholic teaching distinguishes between sanctifying grace, a stable, habitual gift perfecting the soul, and actual grace, referring to specific divine interventions that aid in the process.
Catholic teaching states that actual grace is a stable, habitual gift that permanently perfects the soul.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catholic teaching states that *sanctifying* grace is a stable, habitual gift perfecting the soul, while *actual* grace refers to specific, temporary divine interventions.
Catholic teaching views good works as meritorious even when they are not enabled by Gods grace.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catholic teaching views good works as meritorious only when they are enabled by God's grace, reflecting cooperation between divine aid and human action.
In Catholic teaching, what is the primary distinction between sanctifying grace and actual grace?
Answer: Sanctifying grace is a stable, habitual gift perfecting the soul, while actual grace is a specific divine intervention.
Explanation: Catholic teaching distinguishes sanctifying grace as a stable, habitual gift perfecting the soul, and actual grace as specific divine interventions aiding the process.
In Catholic theology, what is the purpose of 'actual grace'?
Answer: To provide specific, timely divine interventions to assist in choosing good.
Explanation: In Catholic theology, actual grace provides specific, timely divine interventions to assist individuals in choosing good and progressing toward salvation.
What is the Catholic view on the relationship between sacraments and grace?
Answer: Sacraments confer the grace they signify because Christ's power acts through them, though the recipient's disposition matters.
Explanation: Catholic view: Sacraments confer grace through Christ's power, though the recipient's disposition influences effectiveness.
What is the distinction between sanctifying grace and actual grace in Catholic theology?
Answer: Sanctifying grace is a stable, habitual gift transforming the soul; actual grace refers to temporary divine helps.
Explanation: Sanctifying grace is a stable, habitual gift transforming the soul; actual grace refers to temporary divine helps.
How did the Council of Trent define the relationship between justification and sanctification?
Answer: They are interconnected aspects of the same salvific process.
Explanation: The Council of Trent defined justification and sanctification as interconnected aspects of the same salvific process.
What is the Catholic view on the permanence of sanctifying grace?
Answer: It remains permanently in the soul unless a mortal sin is committed.
Explanation: Catholic teaching: Sanctifying grace remains permanently in the soul unless a mortal sin is committed.
What is the Catholic view on the relationship between grace, free will, and good works?
Answer: Grace is essential, and free will, moved by grace, can cooperate with it.
Explanation: Catholic view: Grace is essential, and free will, moved by grace, can cooperate with it; good works are meritorious when enabled by grace.
Eastern Orthodox theology identifies grace with the uncreated energies of God, not a created substance.
Answer: True
Explanation: Eastern Orthodox theology identifies grace with the uncreated energies of God, signifying it as God's direct activity and the means by which believers partake in the divine nature, rather than a created substance.
In Eastern Orthodoxy, grace is identified with the uncreated energies of God, signifying it is not a created gift but God's own activity.
Answer: True
Explanation: Eastern Orthodoxy identifies grace with the uncreated energies of God, signifying it as God's own activity, not a created gift.
The concept of *theosis* in Orthodox theology refers to the process of human deification through participation in God's uncreated energies.
Answer: True
Explanation: Theosis in Orthodox theology refers to the process of human deification, or becoming like God, through participation in God's uncreated energies.
The significance of 'uncreated energies' in Eastern Orthodox theology means grace is a created gift from God.
Answer: False
Explanation: In Eastern Orthodox theology, 'uncreated energies' signifies that grace is not a created gift but God's own divine activity, distinct from His essence.
How is grace understood in the Eastern Orthodox Church?
Answer: As the uncreated energies of God, representing His direct working.
Explanation: Eastern Orthodox theology identifies grace with the uncreated energies of God, representing His direct working and participation in the divine nature.
In Eastern Orthodox theology, grace is identified with what aspect of God?
Answer: His uncreated energies.
Explanation: In Eastern Orthodox theology, grace is identified with God's uncreated energies, signifying His divine activity.
What is the Orthodox concept of *theosis*?
Answer: The process of becoming like God through participation in His uncreated energies.
Explanation: The Orthodox concept of *theosis* is the process of becoming like God through participation in His uncreated energies.
What is the significance of the term 'uncreated energies' in the Eastern Orthodox understanding of grace?
Answer: It means grace is the very divine power and activity of God Himself, not a created substance.
Explanation: In Eastern Orthodoxy, 'uncreated energies' signifies that grace is God's divine power and activity, not a created substance.
What is the Eastern Orthodox perspective on the nature of grace versus created substances?
Answer: Grace is the uncreated energies of God, not a created substance.
Explanation: Eastern Orthodox theology views grace as the uncreated energies of God, emphasizing it as God's activity, not a created substance, distinct from His essence.
Lutherans define the means of grace as the gospel, specifically as it is conveyed through the Word and the sacraments.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lutheran theology defines the means of grace as the gospel, particularly as it is conveyed through the preached Word and the sacraments.
Calvinists believe that individuals can choose to accept God's grace before God spiritually enlivens them through regeneration.
Answer: False
Explanation: Calvinist theology posits that individuals cannot choose to accept God's grace before being spiritually enlivened by God through regeneration, emphasizing God's initiative.
Martin Luther's theology rejected the principle of salvation by grace alone, emphasizing human works as essential.
Answer: False
Explanation: Martin Luther's theology strongly affirmed salvation by grace alone (*sola gratia*), rejecting the emphasis on human works as essential for salvation.
In Lutheran theology, 'total depravity' means that humanity is so affected by sin that it cannot achieve salvation through its own efforts.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Lutheran theology, 'total depravity' signifies that humanity is so affected by sin that it cannot achieve salvation through its own efforts, highlighting the necessity of God's grace.
The TULIP acronym summarizing Calvinism includes 'Conditional Grace' as one of its tenets.
Answer: False
Explanation: The TULIP acronym for Calvinism includes 'Irresistible Grace,' not 'Conditional Grace,' as one of its tenets.
Calvinist theology posits that God's saving grace is conditional and can be ultimately rejected by the elect.
Answer: False
Explanation: Calvinist theology posits that God's saving grace for the elect is irresistible and cannot ultimately be rejected.
The principle of *sola gratia* during the Protestant Reformation asserted that salvation is achieved through human effort and merit.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Sola gratia*, a principle of the Protestant Reformation, asserts that salvation is achieved solely through God's unmerited favor, not human effort or merit.
The term 'spiritual bankruptcy' in Lutheran theology implies that humans are spiritually capable of achieving salvation through their own efforts.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'spiritual bankruptcy' in Lutheran theology implies that humans are spiritually incapable of achieving salvation through their own efforts, highlighting the need for God's grace.
Common grace in Calvinism refers to God's specific saving grace extended only to the elect.
Answer: False
Explanation: Common grace in Calvinism refers to God's general favor extended to all humanity, distinct from His specific saving grace for the elect.
The Protestant Reformation's challenge to indulgences was based on the belief that grace could be purchased or accumulated through human merit.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Protestant Reformation challenged indulgences based on the belief that grace is God's unmerited gift, not something that can be purchased or accumulated through human merit.
According to Lutherans, what are considered the means of grace?
Answer: The gospel, specifically as conveyed through the Word and the sacraments.
Explanation: Lutherans consider the gospel, conveyed through the Word and the sacraments, as the primary means of grace.
What is the Calvinist doctrine often referred to as 'irresistible grace'?
Answer: The belief that God spiritually enlivens people before they desire His grace, making acceptance inevitable.
Explanation: 'Irresistible grace' in Calvinism is the doctrine that God spiritually enlivens the elect before they desire His grace, making their acceptance of salvation inevitable.
Martin Luther's theology strongly reacted against which medieval Catholic concepts?
Answer: Grace and merit, particularly as exemplified by indulgences.
Explanation: Martin Luther's theology strongly reacted against medieval Catholic concepts of grace and merit, especially as seen in the practice of indulgences.
In Lutheran theology, what does the term 'total depravity' signify?
Answer: Humanity is so affected by sin that it cannot achieve salvation through its own efforts.
Explanation: In Lutheran theology, 'total depravity' signifies that humanity is so affected by sin that it cannot achieve salvation through its own efforts.
Which of the following is NOT one of the core tenets of Calvinism summarized by the acronym TULIP?
Answer: Conditional Grace
Explanation: The TULIP acronym for Calvinism includes 'Irresistible Grace,' not 'Conditional Grace,' as one of its tenets.
According to Calvinist theology, what is the nature of God's saving grace for the elect?
Answer: It is irresistible and cannot ultimately be refused by the elect.
Explanation: According to Calvinist theology, God's saving grace for the elect is irresistible and cannot ultimately be refused.
What does *sola gratia* mean in the context of the Protestant Reformation?
Answer: By grace alone.
Explanation: *Sola gratia* means 'by grace alone,' a core Reformation principle asserting salvation through God's unmerited favor.
What was the Protestant Reformation's core reaction against late medieval Catholic theology concerning grace?
Answer: It perceived the theology as overly focused on human works and merit, obscuring God's unmerited grace.
Explanation: The Reformation reacted against late medieval Catholic theology, perceiving it as overly focused on human works and merit, obscuring God's unmerited grace.
What is the role of the sacraments in Lutheran theology regarding grace?
Answer: They are considered necessary instruments for conveying God's grace.
Explanation: In Lutheran theology, sacraments are considered necessary instruments for conveying God's grace.
What does the term 'spiritual bankruptcy' signify in the Lutheran understanding of salvation?
Answer: Humans acknowledge their complete inability to save themselves, highlighting the necessity of God's grace.
Explanation: 'Spiritual bankruptcy' in Lutheran theology signifies the acknowledgment of human inability to save oneself, highlighting the necessity of God's grace.
What is the distinction between common grace and irresistible grace in Calvinist theology?
Answer: Common grace is God's general favor to all humanity, while irresistible grace is specific saving grace for the elect.
Explanation: Common grace in Calvinism is God's general favor to all humanity, while irresistible grace is specific saving grace for the elect.
John Wesley considered the Eucharist to be a minor channel through which divine grace is conveyed.
Answer: False
Explanation: John Wesley described the Eucharist as the 'grand channel' through which divine grace is conveyed, indicating its significant importance, not minor status.
Arminians believe that God's grace cooperates with an individual's free will, allowing them to accept or reject it.
Answer: True
Explanation: Arminian theology posits that God's grace cooperates with an individual's free will, enabling them to accept or reject it in the process of salvation.
Prevenient grace, in Arminian and Wesleyan theology, is a grace that can only be received after regeneration.
Answer: False
Explanation: Prevenient grace, in Arminian and Wesleyan theology, is an enabling grace that precedes regeneration and can be resisted, not received only after it.
Arminianism denies divine foreknowledge to preserve the concept of human free will.
Answer: False
Explanation: Arminianism affirms divine foreknowledge and reconciles it with human free will by asserting predestination is based on foreknowledge, not a deterministic decree.
Wesleyan theology distinguishes between prevenient grace, justifying grace, and sustaining grace.
Answer: True
Explanation: Wesleyan theology distinguishes between prevenient grace (enabling), justifying grace (leading to regeneration), and sustaining grace (aiding perseverance).
In some Protestant traditions, sacraments were de-emphasized and referred to as 'ordinances,' limiting their perceived effect.
Answer: True
Explanation: In some Protestant traditions, sacraments were de-emphasized, often called 'ordinances,' with their effect limited compared to the view held by Luther and Calvin.
The Churches of Christ believe that grace is exclusively a divine substance bestowed through sacraments alone.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Churches of Christ believe grace operates through faith and obedience within God's plan of salvation, not exclusively through sacraments.
Ephesians 2:8 is central to the Churches of Christ understanding of grace as God's gift operating through faith.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ephesians 2:8, emphasizing salvation by grace through faith as God's gift, is central to the Churches of Christ's understanding of grace.
Arminian theology posits that prevenient grace is a grace that cannot be resisted by individuals.
Answer: False
Explanation: Arminian theology posits that prevenient grace is a grace that *can* be resisted by individuals, enabling them to choose to accept or reject salvation.
For the Churches of Christ, the 'means of grace' are understood as rituals that earn salvation independently of faith.
Answer: False
Explanation: For the Churches of Christ, 'means of grace' are understood as components of God's plan of salvation received through faith and obedience, not rituals that earn salvation independently.
John Wesley described which sacrament as the 'grand channel' for receiving divine grace?
Answer: The Eucharist
Explanation: John Wesley described the Eucharist as the 'grand channel' for receiving divine grace.
How do Arminians understand the interaction between God's grace and human free will?
Answer: God's grace cooperates with an individual's free will, which can accept or reject it.
Explanation: Arminians believe God's grace cooperates with an individual's free will, which can accept or reject it in the process of salvation.
What is 'prevenient grace' in Arminian and Wesleyan theology?
Answer: An enabling grace that precedes regeneration and can be resisted.
Explanation: Prevenient grace in Arminian and Wesleyan theology is an enabling grace that precedes regeneration and can be resisted.
How does Arminianism reconcile divine foreknowledge with human free will?
Answer: By asserting that predestination is based on God's foreknowledge, not a deterministic decree.
Explanation: Arminianism reconciles divine foreknowledge with human free will by asserting predestination is based on God's foreknowledge, not a deterministic decree.
Which three types of divine grace are distinguished in Wesleyan theology?
Answer: Prevenient, Justifying, and Sustaining grace.
Explanation: Wesleyan theology distinguishes between prevenient grace, justifying grace, and sustaining grace.
What shift occurred in the Protestant understanding of sacraments compared to Luther and Calvin?
Answer: Sacraments were de-emphasized and often referred to as 'ordinances,' with limited effect.
Explanation: In some Protestant traditions, sacraments were de-emphasized and referred to as 'ordinances,' with their effect limited compared to the views of Luther and Calvin.
For the Churches of Christ, what is considered the 'plan of salvation' itself?
Answer: The gospel message and faith, including Jesus' life, death, and resurrection.
Explanation: For the Churches of Christ, the 'plan of salvation' is understood as the gospel message and faith, encompassing Jesus' life, death, and resurrection.
What is the Arminian understanding of 'prevenient grace' and its effect on human will?
Answer: It is a grace universally extended that enables individuals to respond, affirming human free will.
Explanation: Arminian 'prevenient grace' is universally extended, enabling individuals to respond and affirming human free will in salvation.
What is the core difference between Calvinist and Arminian views on the nature of God's grace?
Answer: Calvinism sees grace as irresistible, while Arminianism sees it as resistible.
Explanation: The core difference is that Calvinism views grace as irresistible, while Arminianism views it as resistible.
What is the role of 'means of grace' in the Churches of Christ perspective?
Answer: They are components of God's plan of salvation received through faith and obedience.
Explanation: For the Churches of Christ, 'means of grace' are components of God's plan of salvation received through faith and obedience.
What is the Arminian view on the role of God's initiative in salvation?
Answer: God's initiative is limited to offering grace that can be freely rejected.
Explanation: Arminian view: God's initiative is limited to offering grace that can be freely rejected.