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Study Guide: The Evolution of Handguns: History and Technology

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The Evolution of Handguns: History and Technology Study Guide

Early Firearms and Ignition Technologies

The oldest known bronze barrel handgun, the Heilongjiang hand cannon, originated in Europe.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Heilongjiang hand cannon, recognized as the oldest known bronze barrel handgun, originated in China, the birthplace of gunpowder and early firearms.

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The Heilongjiang hand cannon measures approximately 13.4 inches in length and weighs nearly 8 pounds.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Heilongjiang hand cannon measures 34 cm (13.4 inches) in length and weighs 3.55 kg (approximately 7.83 pounds), with specific chamber and barrel diameters noted.

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The 'Yoshi' on early hand cannons was a mechanism for aiming the weapon.

Answer: False

Explanation: The 'Yoshi' was not an aiming mechanism; it referred to the bulbous base at the breech of early hand cannons, which functioned as the gunpowder chamber designed to withstand explosive forces.

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The Joseon dynasty's 1432 innovation, the se-chongtong, allowed for rapid barrel changes to facilitate subsequent shots.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, the se-chongtong, introduced by the Joseon dynasty in 1432, incorporated an 'iron tong-handle' ('cheolheumja') mechanism that enabled swift barrel replacement, thereby facilitating rapid follow-up shots.

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The se-chongtong had a maximum fatal range comparable to modern pistols.

Answer: False

Explanation: The se-chongtong had a maximum fatal range of approximately 200 footsteps (about 250 meters), which is significantly less than the effective range of most modern pistols.

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The matchlock mechanism, appearing in Europe in the mid-15th century, was the first system for firing hand-held firearms.

Answer: True

Explanation: Indeed, the matchlock mechanism, which emerged in Europe around the mid-15th century, holds historical significance as the inaugural ignition system developed for the effective firing of hand-held firearms.

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The wheellock mechanism was simpler and cheaper to manufacture than the matchlock.

Answer: False

Explanation: No, the wheellock mechanism was characterized by its complexity in manufacturing, rendering it comparatively more expensive than the matchlock and other contemporary ignition systems.

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A wheellock generates sparks by striking flint against steel.

Answer: False

Explanation: A wheellock generates sparks through the friction created by spinning a steel wheel against pyrite, not by striking flint against steel.

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The flintlock mechanism, introduced in the early 17th century, quickly replaced earlier ignition systems like the matchlock and wheellock.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, the flintlock mechanism, which appeared in the early 17th century, proved highly effective and rapidly superseded earlier ignition technologies, including the matchlock and wheellock.

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English duelling pistols were primarily known for their external ornamentation and simple mechanisms.

Answer: False

Explanation: English duelling pistols were distinguished by their high reliability, water resistance, and accuracy. While their external decoration was often understated, their internal mechanisms were crafted with considerable skill.

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The caplock mechanism, developed in the early 19th century, utilized a flint striking a steel frizzen for ignition.

Answer: False

Explanation: No, the caplock mechanism, developed in the early 19th century, utilized a percussion cap struck by a hammer for ignition, rather than the flint-and-steel system characteristic of the flintlock.

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Reverend Alexander John Forsyth developed the percussion system to prevent birds from being alerted by flintlock smoke.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, Reverend Alexander John Forsyth's initial work on the percussion system was motivated by the desire to eliminate the warning given to game birds by the smoke emitted from a flintlock's priming pan.

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Caplock mechanisms offered improved reliability and weather resistance compared to flintlocks.

Answer: True

Explanation: Indeed, caplock mechanisms provided significant advantages over flintlocks, including enhanced reliability and superior resistance to adverse weather conditions, prompting widespread conversion of older firearms.

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Where did firearms originate, and what is the oldest known bronze barrel handgun mentioned?

Answer: China; the Heilongjiang hand cannon.

Explanation: Firearms originated in China, the birthplace of gunpowder. The Heilongjiang hand cannon, dating to 1288, is identified as the oldest known bronze barrel handgun.

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What was the 'Yoshi' on early hand cannons?

Answer: The bulbous base serving as the gunpowder chamber.

Explanation: The 'Yoshi' was not an aiming mechanism; it referred to the bulbous base at the breech of early hand cannons, which functioned as the gunpowder chamber designed to withstand explosive forces.

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What innovation did the Joseon dynasty introduce in 1432 with the 'se-chongtong'?

Answer: A mechanism allowing for quick barrel changes.

Explanation: The se-chongtong, introduced by the Joseon dynasty in 1432, incorporated an 'iron tong-handle' ('cheolheumja') mechanism that enabled swift barrel replacement, thereby facilitating rapid follow-up shots.

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When did the matchlock mechanism first appear in Europe, and what was its historical significance?

Answer: Mid-15th century; first mechanism for firing a hand-held firearm.

Explanation: The matchlock mechanism, which emerged in Europe around the mid-15th century, holds historical significance as the inaugural ignition system developed for the effective firing of hand-held firearms.

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What was a primary advantage of the wheellock mechanism over the earlier matchlock?

Answer: It was instantly ready to fire.

Explanation: The wheellock offered the advantage of being instantly ready to fire, even with one hand, unlike the matchlock which required careful preparation of a burning cord and often two hands to operate.

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How did the wheellock mechanism generate sparks?

Answer: By spinning a steel wheel against pyrite.

Explanation: A wheellock generates sparks through the friction created by spinning a steel wheel against pyrite, not by striking flint against steel.

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What was a significant drawback of wheellock firearms?

Answer: They were complex and expensive to manufacture.

Explanation: The wheellock mechanism was characterized by its complexity in manufacturing, rendering it comparatively more expensive than the matchlock and other contemporary ignition systems.

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What ignition mechanism rapidly replaced the matchlock and wheellock in the early 17th century?

Answer: Flintlock

Explanation: The flintlock mechanism, which appeared in the early 17th century, proved highly effective and rapidly superseded earlier ignition technologies, including the matchlock and wheellock.

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Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with English duelling pistols?

Answer: External ornamentation

Explanation: English duelling pistols were distinguished by their high reliability, water resistance, and accuracy. While their external decoration was often understated, their internal mechanisms were crafted with considerable skill.

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What type of ignition system did the caplock mechanism utilize?

Answer: A percussion cap struck by a hammer.

Explanation: The caplock mechanism, or percussion lock, utilized a percussion cap struck by a hammer for ignition, superseding the flint-and-steel method of the flintlock.

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What problem was Reverend Alexander John Forsyth trying to solve with his initial percussion ignition system?

Answer: Birds being startled by the smoke from a flintlock's powder pan.

Explanation: Reverend Alexander John Forsyth's initial work on the percussion system was motivated by the desire to eliminate the warning given to game birds by the smoke emitted from a flintlock's priming pan.

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Which of the following was a key improvement of the caplock mechanism over the flintlock?

Answer: It was significantly more reliable.

Explanation: Caplock mechanisms provided significant advantages over flintlocks, including enhanced reliability and superior resistance to adverse weather conditions, prompting widespread conversion of older firearms.

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The Evolution of Revolvers

Samuel Colt's 1836 patent introduced a firearm capable of firing multiple shots sequentially, significantly enhancing handgun utility.

Answer: True

Explanation: Samuel Colt's 1836 patent marked a pivotal moment with the introduction of the Colt Paterson, recognized as the first practical, mass-produced revolver. Its capacity for rapid, sequential firing of multiple shots substantially augmented the functional utility of handguns.

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Before mass production, handguns were commonly viewed as inexpensive, utilitarian tools for everyday use.

Answer: False

Explanation: Before the era of widespread commercial manufacturing, handguns were frequently regarded as status symbols, rather than common utilitarian items, owing to their limited practical utility and comparatively high cost relative to contemporary long guns.

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The Colt Paterson, patented in 1836, was the first revolver to incorporate a reloading lever.

Answer: False

Explanation: The initial Colt Paterson revolvers did not feature a reloading lever. This mechanism, along with a capping window, was introduced in later models starting in 1839 to streamline the reloading process.

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The Colt Walker revolver was a collaboration between Captain Samuel Hamilton Walker and Samuel Colt.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Colt Walker revolver, developed in 1846, was indeed a collaborative effort between Captain Samuel Hamilton Walker and the renowned firearms inventor Samuel Colt.

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The Colt 1851 Navy Revolver was heavier than the Colt Dragoon Revolvers of the same era.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Colt 1851 Navy Revolver was notably lighter than the contemporary Colt Dragoon Revolvers, which were derived from the larger Walker Colt models.

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The Smith & Wesson Model 1 achieved commercial success by being the first revolver to use metallic rimfire cartridges.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Smith & Wesson Model 1 achieved considerable commercial success primarily because it was the first revolver to effectively employ metallic rimfire cartridges, a significant advancement over earlier methods.

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The Smith & Wesson Model 3 featured automatic ejection of spent cases when its cylinder was opened.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, the Smith & Wesson Model 3, a prominent top-break revolver, was designed with an automatic ejection system that cleared spent cartridges when the cylinder was opened.

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The Colt Single Action Army (SAA) was known as 'The Gun That Won the West'.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, the Colt Single Action Army (SAA), also referred to as the Peacemaker or M1873, earned the enduring moniker 'The Gun That Won the West' due to its widespread adoption and iconic status.

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Colt's Model 1889 revolver was the first to feature a double-action mechanism with a side-loading cylinder.

Answer: False

Explanation: No, the Colt Model 1889 introduced the first truly modern double-action revolver with a 'swing-out' cylinder, which was an advancement over previous side-loading or top-break designs.

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The 'Magnum Era' of handguns was enabled by advancements in metallic cartridges and smokeless powder.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, the advent of the metallic cartridge and the development of smokeless powder were crucial technological advancements that facilitated the creation of more powerful handgun cartridges, thereby ushering in the 'Magnum Era'.

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The Smith & Wesson Model 27, released in 1935, marked the beginning of the 'Magnum Era' as the first .357 Magnum revolver.

Answer: True

Explanation: The release of the Smith & Wesson Model 27 (originally the Registered Magnum) in 1935, as the first revolver chambered for the .357 Magnum cartridge, is widely recognized as the commencement of the 'Magnum Era'.

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The Smith & Wesson Model 19 was a larger, heavier .357 Magnum revolver compared to the original Model 27.

Answer: False

Explanation: No, the Smith & Wesson Model 19, introduced in 1955, was designed on the K-frame, making it notably smaller and lighter than the earlier Model 27 .357 Magnum revolvers.

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What significant contribution did Samuel Colt make in 1836 related to handguns?

Answer: He patented the first practical, mass-produced revolver (Colt Paterson).

Explanation: Samuel Colt's 1836 patent marked a pivotal moment with the introduction of the Colt Paterson, recognized as the first practical, mass-produced revolver, which significantly enhanced handgun utility through its capacity for rapid, sequential firing of multiple shots.

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The Colt Paterson revolvers, starting from 1839, incorporated which improvement for easier reloading?

Answer: A reloading lever and capping window.

Explanation: The initial Colt Paterson revolvers did not feature a reloading lever. This mechanism, along with a capping window, was introduced in later models starting in 1839 to streamline the reloading process.

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What distinguished the Smith & Wesson Model 1 from earlier revolvers?

Answer: It was the first commercially successful revolver using metallic rimfire cartridges.

Explanation: The Smith & Wesson Model 1 achieved considerable commercial success primarily because it was the first revolver to effectively employ metallic rimfire cartridges, a significant advancement over earlier methods.

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The Colt Single Action Army (SAA) earned the nickname 'The Gun That Won the West' and was adopted as the standard U.S. military sidearm until when?

Answer: 1892

Explanation: The Colt Single Action Army (SAA), also referred to as the Peacemaker or M1873, was adopted as the standard U.S. military service revolver until 1892. It became a famous piece of Americana, known as 'The Gun That Won the West'.

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What innovation did Colt introduce with the Model 1889 revolver?

Answer: The first modern double-action revolver with a 'swing-out' cylinder.

Explanation: No, the Colt Model 1889 introduced the first truly modern double-action revolver with a 'swing-out' cylinder, which was an advancement over previous side-loading or top-break designs.

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What technological advancements paved the way for the 'Magnum Era' of handguns?

Answer: The metallic cartridge and smokeless powder.

Explanation: The advent of the metallic cartridge and the development of smokeless powder were crucial technological advancements that facilitated the creation of more powerful handgun cartridges, thereby ushering in the 'Magnum Era'.

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Which handgun is identified as the first chambered for .357 Magnum, initiating the 'Magnum Era'?

Answer: Smith & Wesson Registered Magnum (Model 27)

Explanation: The Smith & Wesson Registered Magnum, subsequently designated the Model 27, released in 1935, holds the distinction of being the first revolver chambered for the .357 Magnum cartridge, marking the commencement of the 'Magnum Era'.

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What made the Smith & Wesson Model 19 significant in the Magnum Era?

Answer: It was built on the K-frame, making it smaller and lighter.

Explanation: The Smith & Wesson Model 19, introduced in 1955, was designed on the K-frame, making it notably smaller and lighter than the earlier Model 27 .357 Magnum revolvers.

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The Development of Semi-Automatic Pistols

The Mauser C96 was the first successful semi-automatic pistol designed for military cavalry use.

Answer: False

Explanation: While the Mauser C96 was a pioneering semi-automatic pistol, its primary distinction lies in being the first mass-produced and commercially successful example of its type, rather than being exclusively designed for military cavalry.

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The Mauser C96 featured a detachable 10-round magazine and a distinctive 'broom handle' grip.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Mauser C96 was characterized by an integral 10-round magazine and a distinctive grip shape that earned it the nickname 'broomhandle'.

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The Luger pistol is also known as the Pistole Parabellum in the United States.

Answer: False

Explanation: No, the common designation in the United States for the firearm known as the Pistole Parabellum is the Luger pistol.

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Georg Luger patented his pistol design as an improvement upon the Borchardt Automatic Pistol.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, Georg Luger's design for the Luger pistol was patented as a significant improvement upon the earlier Borchardt Automatic Pistol.

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The Colt Model 1911, designed by John Browning, served as the standard U.S. military sidearm for over 70 years.

Answer: True

Explanation: Affirmative, the Colt Model 1911, a design by John Browning, served as the standard-issue sidearm for the U.S. Armed Forces for an extended period, from 1911 until 1986, spanning over seven decades.

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The Walther PP series pistols were revolutionary for being the first fully automatic handguns.

Answer: False

Explanation: No, the Walther PP series pistols were revolutionary not for being fully automatic, but for being among the earliest successful double-action, blowback-operated, semi-automatic handguns, noted for their reliability and concealability.

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The Browning Hi Power pistol was notable for its high magazine capacity, nearly double that of contemporary designs.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, the Browning Hi Power was indeed notable for its high magazine capacity, typically holding 13 rounds, which represented a significant increase compared to many contemporary pistol designs of its era.

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The Smith & Wesson Model 59 was the first standard double-action pistol with a high-capacity staggered magazine.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, the Smith & Wesson Model 59, introduced in 1971, is recognized as the first standard production double-action pistol to feature a high-capacity staggered magazine, holding 14 rounds.

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The Beretta 92FS, designated M9, replaced the M1911A1 as the standard U.S. military sidearm in 1985.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, the Beretta 92FS, adopted by the U.S. military as the M9, officially replaced the M1911A1 as the standard service sidearm in 1985.

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The Glock 17's significance lies primarily in its traditional all-steel construction and heavy recoil.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Glock 17's significance stems from its revolutionary polymer frame construction, exceptional reliability, and safety features, which led to its widespread adoption, particularly in law enforcement.

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The FN Five-seveN pistol is known for its ability to penetrate body armor with specialized ammunition.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, the FN Five-seveN pistol is recognized for its capability to penetrate certain types of body armor when utilizing specialized ammunition, a feature stemming from its design and intended role.

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Early machine pistols like the Luger P08 and Mauser C96 versions were introduced during World War II.

Answer: False

Explanation: Early machine pistol variants of the Luger P08 and Mauser C96, along with others like the Steyr M1912/P16, were developed and introduced during World War I, not World War II.

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What made the Mauser C96 significant in the history of semi-automatic pistols?

Answer: It was the first mass-produced and commercially successful semi-automatic pistol.

Explanation: The Mauser C96, introduced in 1896, holds the distinction of being the first mass-produced and commercially successful semi-automatic pistol, utilizing the recoil energy of a fired shot to reload the next round.

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The Pistole Parabellum is more commonly known by what name in the United States?

Answer: The Luger pistol

Explanation: The common designation in the United States for the firearm known as the Pistole Parabellum is the Luger pistol.

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Who designed the Colt Model 1911, which became the standard U.S. military sidearm for decades?

Answer: John Browning

Explanation: The Colt Model 1911, a design by John Browning, served as the standard-issue sidearm for the U.S. Armed Forces for an extended period, from 1911 until 1986, spanning over seven decades.

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What was revolutionary about the Walther PP series of pistols introduced in 1929?

Answer: They were among the first successful double-action, blowback-operated, semi-automatic pistols.

Explanation: The Walther PP series pistols were revolutionary not for being fully automatic, but for being among the earliest successful double-action, blowback-operated, semi-automatic handguns, noted for their reliability and concealability.

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The Browning Hi Power pistol's name alluded to its high magazine capacity, which was nearly double that of contemporary designs. How many rounds did it typically hold?

Answer: 13 rounds

Explanation: Yes, the Browning Hi Power was indeed notable for its high magazine capacity, typically holding 13 rounds, which represented a significant increase compared to many contemporary pistol designs of its era.

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What was a notable feature of the Smith & Wesson Model 59, introduced in 1971?

Answer: It was the first standard double-action pistol with a high-capacity staggered magazine.

Explanation: Yes, the Smith & Wesson Model 59, introduced in 1971, is recognized as the first standard production double-action pistol to feature a high-capacity staggered magazine, holding 14 rounds.

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Which pistol replaced the M1911A1 as the standard U.S. military sidearm in 1985?

Answer: Beretta 92FS (M9)

Explanation: Yes, the Beretta 92FS, adopted by the U.S. military as the M9, officially replaced the M1911A1 as the standard service sidearm in 1985.

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What was a primary reason for the Glock 17's significant impact on the handgun market?

Answer: Its revolutionary polymer frame, reliability, and safety features.

Explanation: The Glock 17's profound impact on the handgun market, particularly within law enforcement, stemmed from its revolutionary polymer frame construction, exceptional reliability, and safety features, leading to its widespread global adoption.

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Specialized Handgun Types and Key Innovations

The Heckler & Koch VP70 was the first pistol to feature a polymer frame, preceding the Glock by over a decade.

Answer: True

Explanation: Yes, the Heckler & Koch VP70, introduced in 1970, holds the distinction of being the first pistol to incorporate a polymer frame, predating the Glock by over a decade. It also offered select-fire capability when fitted with an optional stock.

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The designation 'VP' in the Heckler & Koch VP70 stands for 'Very Powerful'.

Answer: False

Explanation: No, the designation 'VP' in the Heckler & Koch VP70 stands for 'Volkspistole,' a German term translating to 'People's Pistol'.

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A derringer is a type of large rifle designed for long-range shooting.

Answer: False

Explanation: No, a derringer is a type of compact pocket pistol, historically characterized by its small size and often single-shot capacity, not a large rifle.

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The Remington Model 95 was an early, single-shot muzzleloading derringer.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Remington Model 95 was not a single-shot muzzleloader; it was an over-under, double-barreled derringer that utilized metallic cartridges, making it an early example of this technology.

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How were handguns often viewed before the era of commercial mass production?

Answer: As status symbols due to their cost and limited utility.

Explanation: Before the era of widespread commercial manufacturing, handguns were frequently regarded as status symbols, rather than common utilitarian items, owing to their limited practical utility and comparatively high cost relative to contemporary long guns.

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What made the Heckler & Koch VP70 a revolutionary firearm upon its introduction?

Answer: It was the first pistol with a polymer frame.

Explanation: The Heckler & Koch VP70, introduced in 1970, was revolutionary primarily for being the first pistol to incorporate a polymer frame, predating the Glock by over a decade. It also offered select-fire capability when fitted with an optional stock.

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What does the designation 'VP' stand for in the Heckler & Koch VP70?

Answer: Volkspistole (People's Pistol)

Explanation: No, the designation 'VP' in the Heckler & Koch VP70 stands for 'Volkspistole,' a German term translating to 'People's Pistol'.

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What is a defining characteristic of a machine pistol?

Answer: It is capable of fully automatic or selective fire.

Explanation: No, a machine pistol is generally defined as a handgun capable of firing in fully automatic or selective-fire modes, distinguishing it from standard semi-automatic pistols.

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