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Hazels are exclusively evergreen trees native to tropical regions, distinguishing them from other temperate flora.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hazels are deciduous trees and shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, not evergreen trees of tropical regions.
The fruit of the hazel plant is widely recognized as the hazelnut, which is an edible nut.
Answer: True
Explanation: The fruit of the hazel plant is indeed known as the hazelnut, and it is an edible nut.
Hazel leaves are characterized by their complex, lobed structure and smooth, entire margins.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hazel leaves are simple and rounded with double-serrate margins, not complex, lobed, or smooth-margined.
Hazel plants are monoecious, meaning they bear both male and female flowers on the same plant, with male catkins being significantly larger than the female flowers.
Answer: True
Explanation: Hazel plants are monoecious, bearing both male and female flowers on the same plant, with male catkins being considerably larger than the female flowers.
Hazel fruits are typically large, exceeding 5 centimeters in length, and are always fully exposed without any protective covering.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hazel nuts are typically 1-2.5 centimeters long and are partially or fully enclosed by a leafy involucre, not large and fully exposed.
The *Corylus* genus consistently comprises exactly 15 species across all botanical classifications worldwide.
Answer: False
Explanation: The *Corylus* genus comprises approximately 14-18 species, with some botanical classifications recognizing up to 20 species, indicating no consistent exact number.
The Chilean hazel (*Gevuina avellana*) is a true hazel and belongs to the *Corylus* genus.
Answer: False
Explanation: Despite its common name, the Chilean hazel (*Gevuina avellana*) is not a true hazel and does not belong to the *Corylus* genus.
The female flower of the common hazel is typically large and prominently displayed on the plant.
Answer: False
Explanation: The female flower of the common hazel is typically much smaller and largely hidden within the buds, with only its bright-red styles prominently visible.
Hazels are primarily found in arid desert environments.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hazels are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, thriving in climates with distinct seasons, not arid desert environments.
The scientific genus name for hazels is *Betulaceae*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The scientific genus name for hazels is *Corylus*; *Betulaceae* is the family to which they typically belong.
Carl Linnaeus is credited with the scientific classification of the *Corylus* genus.
Answer: True
Explanation: Carl Linnaeus is indeed credited with the scientific classification of the *Corylus* genus.
*Corylus maxima* is the type species for the *Corylus* genus.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Corylus avellana* is the type species for the *Corylus* genus, not *Corylus maxima*.
The genus *Lopima* is a recognized synonym for *Corylus*.
Answer: True
Explanation: The genus *Lopima* is indeed a recognized synonym for *Corylus*.
The female flowers of hazel plants are easily visible and protrude significantly from the buds.
Answer: False
Explanation: The female flowers of hazel plants are typically much smaller and largely hidden within the buds, with only their bright-red, 1-3 millimeter-long styles being visible.
Which botanical family do hazels typically belong to?
Answer: Betulaceae
Explanation: Hazels (genus *Corylus*) are typically classified within the birch family, Betulaceae.
What is the common name for the fruit produced by the hazel plant?
Answer: Hazelnut
Explanation: The fruit produced by the hazel plant is commonly known as the hazelnut.
What distinctive feature characterizes the margins of hazel leaves?
Answer: Double-serrate
Explanation: Hazel leaves are characterized by their double-serrate margins, meaning the edges of the leaves have small teeth that are themselves toothed.
When do hazel flowers typically emerge?
Answer: Very early in spring, before the leaves appear
Explanation: Hazel flowers typically emerge very early in spring, prior to the appearance of the leaves.
What is the typical length range for male hazel flowers (catkins)?
Answer: 5–12 centimeters
Explanation: Male hazel flowers, or catkins, typically measure between 5 and 12 centimeters in length.
What structure partially or fully encloses hazel nuts?
Answer: An involucre
Explanation: Hazel nuts are partially or fully enclosed by a leafy husk-like structure known as an involucre.
How many species does World Flora Online recognize within the *Corylus* genus?
Answer: 17 species
Explanation: World Flora Online recognizes 17 species within the *Corylus* genus, though other classifications may vary.
Is the Chilean hazel (*Gevuina avellana*) botanically related to the *Corylus* genus?
Answer: No, despite its common name.
Explanation: Despite sharing a common name, the Chilean hazel (*Gevuina avellana*) is not botanically related to the *Corylus* genus, which comprises true hazels.
What is the general habitat of hazel plants?
Answer: Temperate Northern Hemisphere
Explanation: Hazel plants are generally native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
Who is credited with the scientific classification of the *Corylus* genus?
Answer: Carl Linnaeus
Explanation: Carl Linnaeus is credited with the scientific classification of the *Corylus* genus.
What is the type species for the *Corylus* genus?
Answer: *Corylus avellana*
Explanation: *Corylus avellana* is recognized as the type species for the *Corylus* genus.
What is a recognized synonym for the *Corylus* genus?
Answer: *Lopima*
Explanation: *Lopima* is a recognized synonym for the *Corylus* genus.
What is the length of the bright-red styles visible on female hazel flowers?
Answer: 1-3 millimeters
Explanation: The bright-red styles visible on female hazel flowers are typically 1-3 millimeters in length.
The primary method for identifying different hazel species relies solely on the color of their bark.
Answer: False
Explanation: Identification of hazel species primarily relies on the shape and structure of the involucre and the plant's growth habit, not solely on bark color.
Hazel species with nuts encased by a soft, leafy involucre typically grow as single-stemmed trees reaching 20-35 meters tall.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hazel species with nuts encased by a soft, leafy involucre typically grow as multiple-stemmed, suckering shrubs reaching up to 12 meters tall, while single-stemmed trees with stiff, spiny involucres reach 20-35 meters.
*Corylus avellana* and *Corylus americana* are examples of hazel species with a short involucre, roughly the same length as the nut.
Answer: True
Explanation: *Corylus avellana* and *Corylus americana* are indeed examples of hazel species characterized by a short involucre, approximately the same length as the nut.
The filbert (*Corylus maxima*) is known for having an involucre that is significantly shorter than the nut.
Answer: False
Explanation: The filbert (*Corylus maxima*) is known for having an involucre that is significantly longer than the nut, typically at least twice its length, forming a 'beak'.
*Corylus colurna* (Turkish hazel) is a single-stemmed tree species characterized by moderately spiny involucres and glandular hairs.
Answer: True
Explanation: *Corylus colurna*, or Turkish hazel, is accurately described as a single-stemmed tree species with moderately spiny involucres and glandular hairs.
*Corylus ferox* is notable for its densely spiny involucre, which bears a resemblance to a chestnut burr.
Answer: True
Explanation: *Corylus ferox* is indeed notable for its densely spiny involucre, which strikingly resembles a chestnut burr.
Hazel hybrids are rare and only occur between species within the same specific section of the genus.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hazel hybrids are known to exist and can occur between species from different sections of the genus, not exclusively within the same section.
Hazel species that grow as multiple-stemmed, suckering shrubs typically reach heights of 20-35 meters.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hazel species that grow as multiple-stemmed, suckering shrubs typically reach a maximum height of 12 meters, while single-stemmed trees reach 20-35 meters.
Single-stemmed hazel trees can grow to a height of 20–35 meters.
Answer: True
Explanation: Single-stemmed hazel trees are indeed capable of growing to a height of 20–35 meters.
The common name for *Corylus maxima* is American hazel.
Answer: False
Explanation: The common name for *Corylus maxima* is filbert, while American hazel refers to *Corylus americana*.
*Corylus avellana* is commonly known as the common hazel or European hazel.
Answer: True
Explanation: *Corylus avellana* is indeed commonly known as the common hazel or European hazel.
The common name for *Corylus cornuta* is Turkish hazel.
Answer: False
Explanation: The common name for *Corylus cornuta* is beaked hazel, while Turkish hazel refers to *Corylus colurna*.
The common name for *Corylus ferox* is Asian hazel.
Answer: False
Explanation: The common name for *Corylus ferox* is Himalayan hazel, whereas Asian hazel refers to *Corylus heterophylla*.
Which two features are crucial for identifying different hazel species?
Answer: Involucre shape/structure and growth habit
Explanation: The shape and structure of the involucre surrounding the nut, along with the plant's growth habit, are crucial features for identifying different hazel species.
Which characteristic defines hazel species that typically grow as multiple-stemmed, suckering shrubs?
Answer: Nuts encased by a soft, leafy involucre
Explanation: Hazel species that typically grow as multiple-stemmed, suckering shrubs are defined by having their nuts encased by a soft, leafy involucre.
Which of the following hazel species has a short involucre, roughly the same length as the nut?
Answer: *Corylus avellana*
Explanation: *Corylus avellana* is one of the hazel species characterized by a short involucre, which is roughly the same length as the nut.
Which hazel species is known for having an involucre that is at least twice the length of the nut, forming a 'beak'?
Answer: *Corylus maxima*
Explanation: *Corylus maxima* is known for its involucre being at least twice the length of the nut, forming a distinctive 'beak'.
Which of these is a single-stemmed hazel tree species with moderately spiny involucres and glandular hairs?
Answer: *Corylus colurna*
Explanation: *Corylus colurna* is a single-stemmed hazel tree species characterized by moderately spiny involucres and glandular hairs.
Which hazel species is distinguished by a densely spiny involucre resembling a chestnut burr?
Answer: *Corylus ferox*
Explanation: *Corylus ferox* is distinguished by its densely spiny involucre, which bears a notable resemblance to a chestnut burr.
What is true about hazel hybrids?
Answer: They can occur between species from different sections of the genus.
Explanation: Hazel hybrids are known to occur, even between species from different sections of the genus, such as *Corylus × colurnoides*.
What is the typical maximum height for hazel species that grow as multiple-stemmed, suckering shrubs?
Answer: Up to 12 meters
Explanation: Hazel species that grow as multiple-stemmed, suckering shrubs typically reach a maximum height of up to 12 meters.
What is the common name for *Corylus maxima*?
Answer: Filbert
Explanation: The common name for *Corylus maxima* is filbert.
What is the common name for *Corylus americana*?
Answer: American hazel
Explanation: The common name for *Corylus americana* is American hazel.
What is the common name for *Corylus cornuta*?
Answer: Beaked hazel
Explanation: The common name for *Corylus cornuta* is beaked hazel, referring to its distinctive long involucre.
What is the common name for *Corylus colurna*?
Answer: Turkish hazel
Explanation: The common name for *Corylus colurna* is Turkish hazel.
What is the common name for *Corylus ferox*?
Answer: Himalayan hazel
Explanation: The common name for *Corylus ferox* is Himalayan hazel, reflecting its native region.
What is the common name for *Corylus heterophylla*?
Answer: Asian hazel
Explanation: The common name for *Corylus heterophylla* is Asian hazel.
What is the typical height range for hazel species that grow as single-stemmed trees?
Answer: 20–35 meters
Explanation: Hazel species that grow as single-stemmed trees typically reach a height range of 20–35 meters.
Hazels form mutualistic relationships with a limited number of fungal species, typically fewer than five.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hazels form mutualistic relationships with at least 21 species of fungi, not a limited number fewer than five.
In the UK, only one specific species of moth is known to specialize in feeding on hazel trees.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the UK, five species of moth are known to specialize in feeding on hazel trees, not just one.
Red deer, dormice, and red squirrels are among the animals known to consume hazelnuts.
Answer: True
Explanation: Red deer, dormice, and red squirrels are indeed among the animals that consume hazelnuts.
Hazel plants serve as food sources for the larvae of various species of Lepidoptera.
Answer: True
Explanation: Hazel plants are indeed a food source for the larvae of various species of Lepidoptera, including specialized moths.
How many species of fungi are hazels known to engage in mutualistic relationships with?
Answer: At least 21
Explanation: Hazels are known to engage in mutualistic relationships with at least 21 species of fungi.
Which of the following animals is NOT mentioned as consuming hazelnuts?
Answer: Badgers
Explanation: The provided source mentions red deer, dormice, and red squirrels as consumers of hazelnuts, but not badgers.
Which order of insects includes larvae that feed on hazel plants?
Answer: Lepidoptera
Explanation: The larvae of various species of Lepidoptera, an order including moths and butterflies, are known to feed on hazel plants.
Which rare fungus is known to have hazel as one of only two host plants?
Answer: *Hypocreopsis rhododendri*
Explanation: The rare fungus *Hypocreopsis rhododendri* is known to have hazel as one of only two host plants.
All hazel species are of major commercial importance for their edible nuts.
Answer: False
Explanation: While all hazel nuts are edible, only *Corylus avellana* and *Corylus maxima* are of major commercial importance for nut production; other species are not.
*Corylus avellana* 'Contorta' is an ornamental cultivar known for its straight, upright growth habit.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Corylus avellana* 'Contorta' is an ornamental cultivar known for its distinctive gnarled and twisted stems, not a straight, upright growth habit.
Hazel wood is traditionally used for making wattle, baskets, and frames for coracle boats.
Answer: True
Explanation: Hazel wood is traditionally used for various crafts, including wattle, baskets, and frames for coracle boats.
Coppicing hazel trees involves pruning only the top branches to encourage fruit production.
Answer: False
Explanation: Coppicing hazel trees involves cutting them back to ground level to encourage the growth of multiple new shoots for regular harvests of wood, not pruning top branches for fruit production.
*Corylus avellana* 'Pendula' is known for its gnarled, twisted stems.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Corylus avellana* 'Pendula' is known for its weeping branches, whereas *Corylus avellana* 'Contorta' is characterized by gnarled, twisted stems.
The practice of coppicing hazel trees for hurdle making often follows a specific seven-year cycle.
Answer: True
Explanation: The practice of coppicing hazel trees for hurdle making is indeed often conducted on a specific seven-year cycle to ensure regular harvests of suitable materials.
Which hazel species is most widely cultivated for commercial nut production?
Answer: *Corylus avellana*
Explanation: *Corylus avellana* (common hazel) is the most widely cultivated species for commercial nut production.
What is the distinctive feature of the ornamental cultivar *C. avellana* 'Contorta'?
Answer: Gnarled, twisted stems
Explanation: The ornamental cultivar *Corylus avellana* 'Contorta' is distinctively known for its gnarled, twisted stems, earning it the name 'Corkscrew hazel'.
What traditional craft material is made from hazel wood for fences or walls?
Answer: Wattle
Explanation: Wattle, a woven lattice used for fences or walls, is a traditional craft material made from hazel wood.
What is the purpose of coppicing hazel trees?
Answer: To encourage growth of multiple new shoots for regular harvests
Explanation: The purpose of coppicing hazel trees is to cut them back to ground level, thereby encouraging the growth of multiple new shoots for regular harvests of wood.
Which ornamental cultivar of hazel is known for its purple leaves?
Answer: *C. maxima* 'Purpurea'
Explanation: *Corylus maxima* 'Purpurea' is an ornamental cultivar of hazel specifically known for its distinctive purple leaves.
Which of the following is NOT a traditional use for hazel wood mentioned in the source?
Answer: Furniture construction
Explanation: The source mentions wattle, baskets, and coracle boat frames as traditional uses for hazel wood, but not furniture construction.
Which hazel species is also known as 'Harry Lauder's walking stick'?
Answer: *Corylus avellana* 'Contorta'
Explanation: *Corylus avellana* 'Contorta' is popularly known as 'Harry Lauder's walking stick' due to its distinctive gnarled and twisted stems.
The earliest hazel fossils date back to the Cenozoic era, suggesting a relatively recent evolutionary origin.
Answer: False
Explanation: The earliest hazel fossils date back to the Cretaceous period, indicating a much more ancient evolutionary origin than the Cenozoic era.
The oldest confirmed fossil hazel species, *Corylus johnsonii*, was discovered in Cretaceous-age rocks in Europe.
Answer: False
Explanation: The oldest confirmed fossil hazel species, *Corylus johnsonii*, was discovered in Ypresian-age rocks in Ferry County, Washington, not in Europe.
The Celts believed that consuming hazelnuts would grant them physical strength and eternal youth.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Celts believed that consuming hazelnuts would impart wisdom and inspiration, not physical strength and eternal youth.
In the Celtic myth of the Salmon of Wisdom, Fionn Mac Cumhail gained wisdom by intentionally eating the entire sacred salmon.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the Celtic myth, Fionn Mac Cumhail gained wisdom by instinctively sucking his thumb after burning it on the cooking salmon, not by intentionally eating the entire fish.
Grimms' Fairy Tales suggest that hazel branches offer protection against snakes and other ground-crawling creatures.
Answer: True
Explanation: Grimms' Fairy Tales, specifically 'The Hazel Branch,' indeed suggest that hazel branches provide effective protection against snakes and other ground-crawling creatures.
The Russian 'Oreshnik' missile is named after a type of oak tree.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Russian 'Oreshnik' missile is named after the hazel tree, as 'Oreshnik' is the Russian word for 'Hazel tree,' not an oak tree.
The Celtic myth of the Salmon of Wisdom involves nine hazel trees dropping nuts into a sacred river.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Celtic myth of the Salmon of Wisdom involves nine hazel trees dropping nuts into a sacred pool, not a river.
To which geological period do the earliest hazel fossils date back?
Answer: Cretaceous period
Explanation: The earliest hazel fossils date back to the Cretaceous period, indicating their ancient lineage.
Where was the oldest confirmed fossil hazel species, *Corylus johnsonii*, discovered?
Answer: Ferry County, Washington
Explanation: The oldest confirmed fossil hazel species, *Corylus johnsonii*, was discovered in the Ypresian-age rocks of Ferry County, Washington.
What spiritual quality did the Celts believe hazelnuts imparted?
Answer: Wisdom and inspiration
Explanation: The Celts held a belief that consuming hazelnuts would impart wisdom and inspiration.
In the Celtic myth of the Salmon of Wisdom, how did Fionn Mac Cumhail gain wisdom?
Answer: By instinctively sucking his thumb after burning it on the cooking salmon.
Explanation: Fionn Mac Cumhail gained wisdom in the Celtic myth by instinctively sucking his thumb after burning it on the cooking salmon, thereby absorbing the fish's wisdom.
According to Grimms' Fairy Tales, what do hazel branches offer protection against?
Answer: Snakes and other ground-crawling creatures
Explanation: According to Grimms' Fairy Tales, hazel branches are believed to offer the most effective protection against snakes and other ground-crawling creatures.
Hazel pollen is a common allergen and can be identified by its granular exines with three distinct pores under 600x magnification.
Answer: True
Explanation: Hazel pollen is indeed a common allergen, identifiable by its granular exines and three conspicuous pores when viewed at 600x magnification.
The gallery image 'Form (Farges' hazel)' illustrates the specific leaf shape of *Corylus fargesii*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The gallery image 'Form (Farges' hazel)' illustrates the characteristic growth habit or overall shape of the tree, not its specific leaf shape.
The gallery image 'Male catkins (common hazel)' depicts the female reproductive structures of the common hazel.
Answer: False
Explanation: The gallery image 'Male catkins (common hazel)' depicts the male reproductive structures, which are elongated, pendulous clusters of flowers, not the female structures.
The Turkish hazel's gallery image specifically highlights its leaves and the distinctive spiny husks enclosing its nuts.
Answer: True
Explanation: The gallery image of the Turkish hazel specifically highlights its leaves and the distinctive spiny husks that enclose its nuts.
The gallery image simply titled 'Hazelnuts' shows a collection of the edible nuts produced by hazel trees.
Answer: True
Explanation: The gallery image titled 'Hazelnuts' accurately presents a collection of the edible nuts produced by hazel trees.
Autofluorescence microscopy is used in one gallery image to provide a close-up view of a male hazelnut flower.
Answer: True
Explanation: One of the gallery images indeed utilizes autofluorescence microscopy to provide a detailed close-up view of a male hazelnut flower.
At what magnification can hazel pollen be identified by its granular exines with three conspicuous pores?
Answer: 600x magnification
Explanation: Hazel pollen can be identified by its granular exines with three conspicuous pores when viewed under 600x magnification.
What does the gallery image 'Form (Farges' hazel)' illustrate?
Answer: The characteristic growth habit or overall shape of a Farges' hazel tree
Explanation: The gallery image titled 'Form (Farges' hazel)' illustrates the characteristic growth habit or overall shape of a Farges' hazel tree.
What is highlighted in the gallery image 'Female flower (common hazel)'?
Answer: The bright-red styles protruding from the bud
Explanation: The gallery image 'Female flower (common hazel)' highlights the bright-red styles that protrude from the bud, which are the only visible parts of the small female flower.
What specific features of the Turkish hazel are emphasized in its gallery image?
Answer: Its leaves and the distinctive spiny husks enclosing the nuts
Explanation: The gallery image of the Turkish hazel emphasizes its leaves and the distinctive spiny husks that enclose its nuts.
What advanced imaging technique is used to show a male hazelnut flower in one of the gallery images?
Answer: Autofluorescence microscopy
Explanation: Autofluorescence microscopy is the advanced imaging technique used in one gallery image to provide a close-up view of a male hazelnut flower.