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Henry Benedict Stuart was the second Jacobite heir to publicly claim the thrones of Great Britain and Ireland, succeeding his father.
Answer: False
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart was the third and final Jacobite heir, not the second. He succeeded his brother, Charles Edward Stuart, in claiming the thrones, not his father directly.
Henry Benedict Stuart was born in London, England, in 1725.
Answer: False
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart was born in Rome, Papal States, in 1725, not London.
Henry Benedict Stuart's mother, Princess Maria Clementina Sobieska, was the granddaughter of the Polish King John III Sobieski.
Answer: True
Explanation: Princess Maria Clementina Sobieska, Henry Benedict Stuart's mother, was indeed the granddaughter of John III Sobieski, the King of Poland and Grand-Duke of Lithuania.
Henry Benedict Stuart was most widely known as the 'Duke of York,' a title granted by his father within the Jacobite peerage.
Answer: True
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's most recognized title was indeed 'Duke of York,' bestowed upon him by his father within the Jacobite peerage.
Pope Clement XIII baptized Henry Benedict Stuart on the day he was born.
Answer: False
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart was baptized by Pope Benedict XIII on his birth day, not Pope Clement XIII.
Henry Benedict Stuart was described as more extroverted and impulsive than his elder brother Charles.
Answer: False
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart was characterized as more introverted and cautious compared to his elder brother Charles, not more extroverted and impulsive.
Henry Benedict Stuart commanded a French Royal Army cross-channel invasion force during the Jacobite rising of 1745, which successfully landed in Britain.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Henry Benedict Stuart was in nominal command of a French Royal Army invasion force during the 1745 Jacobite rising, this force ultimately never departed from Dunkirk and thus did not land in Britain.
Henry Benedict Stuart returned to Italy in 1746 after the defeat at the Battle of Culloden.
Answer: True
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart returned to Italy in 1746, following the decisive defeat at the Battle of Culloden, which marked the end of the Jacobite rising.
Henry Benedict Stuart's elder brother Charles supported his ecclesiastical honors, believing they would strengthen the Stuart family's political aspirations.
Answer: False
Explanation: Charles Edward Stuart, Henry's elder brother, opposed his ecclesiastical honors, fearing they would intensify religious prejudice against the Stuart family and impede their claims to the British throne.
Henry Benedict Stuart was the last claimant to the British throne to practice 'touching' the sick for scrofula.
Answer: True
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart maintained the ancient royal practice of 'touching' the sick for scrofula, known as the 'King's Evil,' and was the last Jacobite claimant to do so.
Henry Benedict Stuart's coat of arms was differenced by a 'crescent argent' to denote his status as the second son.
Answer: True
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's coat of arms featured a 'crescent argent,' a traditional heraldic mark signifying his status as the second son.
Who was Henry Benedict Stuart's father, known to his opponents as 'the Old Pretender'?
Answer: James Francis Edward Stuart
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's father was James Francis Edward Stuart, who was widely known by his opponents as 'the Old Pretender'.
In what year and city was Henry Benedict Stuart born?
Answer: 1725, Rome
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart was born in Rome, Papal States, in 1725.
What was Henry Benedict Stuart's most widely recognized title, granted by his father within the Jacobite peerage?
Answer: Duke of York
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's most widely recognized title, granted by his father within the Jacobite peerage, was the 'Duke of York'.
Who baptized Henry Benedict Stuart on the day he was born?
Answer: Pope Benedict XIII
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart was baptized by Pope Benedict XIII on the very day of his birth.
How was Henry Benedict Stuart's personality described in comparison to his elder brother Charles?
Answer: More introverted and cautious
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart was described as more introverted and cautious in his approach to problems, contrasting with his elder brother Charles.
What role did Henry Benedict Stuart nominally command during the Jacobite rising of 1745?
Answer: A French Royal Army cross-channel invasion force
Explanation: During the 1745 Jacobite rising, Henry Benedict Stuart held nominal command of a French Royal Army cross-channel invasion force, though it never deployed.
When did Henry Benedict Stuart return to Italy after the defeat at the Battle of Culloden?
Answer: 1746
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart returned to Italy in 1746, following the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Culloden.
Why was Henry Benedict Stuart's elder brother Charles not in favor of his ecclesiastical honors?
Answer: He believed they would hinder their political aspirations by fueling religious prejudice.
Explanation: Charles Edward Stuart opposed Henry's ecclesiastical honors, fearing they would intensify religious prejudice against the Stuart family and impede their claims to the British throne.
What unique practice did Henry Benedict Stuart continue as the last claimant to the British throne?
Answer: "Touching" the sick for the "King's Evil"
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart was the last Jacobite claimant to uphold the traditional royal practice of 'touching' the sick, believed to cure the 'King's Evil' (scrofula).
What heraldic mark differenced Henry Benedict Stuart's coat of arms to reflect his status as the second son?
Answer: A 'crescent argent'
Explanation: To signify his status as the second son, Henry Benedict Stuart's coat of arms was differenced by a 'crescent argent,' a traditional heraldic device.
What was Henry Benedict Stuart's full birth name?
Answer: Henry Benedict Thomas Edward Maria Clement Francis Xavier Stuart
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's complete birth name was Henry Benedict Thomas Edward Maria Clement Francis Xavier Stuart.
What was the historical context of Henry Benedict Stuart's birth in 1725 regarding his grandfather, James II and VII?
Answer: It was 37 years after James II and VII lost the thrones of England and Scotland.
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's birth in 1725 occurred 37 years after his grandfather, James II and VII, had lost the thrones of England and Scotland, underscoring the family's long-standing exile.
What was the 'King's Evil' that Henry Benedict Stuart was believed to cure by touch?
Answer: Scrofula, a form of tuberculosis
Explanation: The 'King's Evil,' which Henry Benedict Stuart was believed to cure by touch, was the historical term for scrofula, a manifestation of tuberculosis.
Henry Benedict Stuart spent his entire life in the Papal States and eventually became the Dean of the College of Cardinals.
Answer: True
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart resided exclusively in the Papal States throughout his life and achieved the significant ecclesiastical position of Dean of the College of Cardinals.
Pope Benedict XIV created Henry Benedict Stuart a Cardinal-Deacon in 1747.
Answer: True
Explanation: Pope Benedict XIV indeed created Henry Benedict Stuart a Cardinal-Deacon in 1747, conferring the tonsure upon him.
Henry Benedict Stuart was ordained a priest in 1748, which his brother Charles hoped would lead to a politically advantageous marriage.
Answer: False
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart was ordained a priest in 1748, which dismayed his brother Charles, who had hoped Henry might still make a politically advantageous marriage, a possibility that the priesthood would preclude.
From 1751 until his death, Henry Benedict Stuart served as the Arch-Priest of St. Peter's Basilica.
Answer: True
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart held the significant position of Arch-Priest of St. Peter's Basilica from 1751 until his death in 1807.
Henry Benedict Stuart's income was primarily derived from his sinecure benefices in Mexico.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Henry Benedict Stuart did own territory in Mexico that contributed to his revenue, his substantial income was derived from numerous ecclesiastical preferments across Flanders, Spain, Naples, and France, in addition to sinecure benefices.
As Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Henry Benedict Stuart was responsible for electing the new Pope.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Camerlengo's responsibilities included administering College property and managing records, but the election of a new Pope is the collective duty of the College of Cardinals in a conclave, not a single office.
Henry Benedict Stuart participated in the 1758 papal conclave that elected Pope Clement XIII.
Answer: True
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart was an active participant in the 1758 papal conclave, which resulted in the election of Pope Clement XIII.
Henry Benedict Stuart's final major ecclesiastical appointment was as Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati.
Answer: False
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's final major ecclesiastical appointment was as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1803, which also conferred upon him the See of Ostia and Velletri, succeeding his long tenure as Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati.
Henry Benedict Stuart held the titular church of Santi XII Apostoli as a Cardinal Priest from December 1752.
Answer: True
Explanation: From December 1752, Henry Benedict Stuart held the titular church of Santi XII Apostoli as a Cardinal Priest.
Henry Benedict Stuart became the Sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1763.
Answer: False
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart became the Sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in March 1774, not 1763.
Henry Benedict Stuart participated in only two papal conclaves during his career.
Answer: False
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart participated in four papal conclaves during his extensive ecclesiastical career: 1758, 1769, 1774–75, and 1799–1800.
Who created Henry Benedict Stuart a Cardinal-Deacon in 1747?
Answer: Pope Benedict XIV
Explanation: Pope Benedict XIV conferred the tonsure upon Henry Benedict Stuart and created him a Cardinal-Deacon in 1747.
What significant ecclesiastical position did Henry Benedict Stuart hold from 1751 until his death in 1807?
Answer: Arch-Priest of St. Peter's Basilica
Explanation: From 1751 until his death in 1807, Henry Benedict Stuart served as the Arch-Priest of St. Peter's Basilica.
Which of the following was NOT a source of Henry Benedict Stuart's substantial income?
Answer: Royal grants from the British Crown
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's income was derived from various ecclesiastical preferments and properties, but not from royal grants by the British Crown, though he later received an annuity from George III which he considered a debt payment.
Which papal conclave did Henry Benedict Stuart participate in that elected Pope Clement XIII?
Answer: 1758
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart participated in the 1758 papal conclave, which ultimately elected Pope Clement XIII.
What was Henry Benedict Stuart's final major ecclesiastical appointment before his death?
Answer: Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's final major ecclesiastical appointment, made in 1803, was Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, a position that also included the See of Ostia and Velletri.
What was Henry Benedict Stuart's first titular church as a Cardinal Deacon?
Answer: Santa Maria in Portico (Campitelli)
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's initial titular church as a Cardinal Deacon was Santa Maria in Portico (Campitelli), assigned to him in 1747.
For how long did Henry Benedict Stuart serve as Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati?
Answer: Over four decades
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart served as Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati for an extensive period, spanning over four decades from 1761 to 1803.
Which of the following was NOT a responsibility of Henry Benedict Stuart as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals?
Answer: Electing the new Pope in a conclave
Explanation: As Camerlengo, Henry Benedict Stuart was responsible for administrative duties such as managing College property and records, but the election of a new Pope is a collective function of the College of Cardinals during a conclave.
In which year was Henry Benedict Stuart ordained a priest?
Answer: 1748
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart was ordained a priest on September 1, 1748.
Which of the following papal conclaves did Henry Benedict Stuart NOT participate in as a cardinal elector?
Answer: 1789
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart participated in the papal conclaves of 1758, 1769, 1774–75, and 1799–1800, but not in 1789.
Henry Benedict Stuart was known to Jacobites as Henry X and I after his brother's death.
Answer: False
Explanation: After his brother's death, Henry Benedict Stuart was known to Jacobites as Henry IX and I, not Henry X and I.
The Papacy recognized Henry Benedict Stuart as the lawful ruler of Great Britain and Ireland after his brother's death.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Papacy did not recognize Henry Benedict Stuart as the lawful ruler of Great Britain and Ireland; instead, they referred to him as the 'Cardinal Duke of York'.
Louis XV of France compensated Cardinal Stuart with abbeys for his assistance in the Jacobite rising of 1745.
Answer: False
Explanation: Louis XV compensated Cardinal Stuart with abbeys as a consequence of having to evict Henry's brother, Charles Edward Stuart, from France, rather than for Henry's assistance in the Jacobite rising.
The French Revolution significantly improved Henry Benedict Stuart's financial situation by granting him new benefices.
Answer: False
Explanation: The French Revolution severely impacted Henry Benedict Stuart's financial situation, causing him to lose French royal benefices and fall into poverty due to the seizure of his property.
Due to financial hardship, Henry Benedict Stuart sold the Stuart Sapphire.
Answer: True
Explanation: Facing severe financial hardship, Henry Benedict Stuart was compelled to sell the historic Stuart Sapphire.
Henry Benedict Stuart accepted the annuity from George III as an act of charity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart and his Jacobite supporters regarded the annuity from George III not as charity, but as a partial payment of money legally owed to him, specifically referencing his grandmother's English dowry.
Henry Benedict Stuart protested when the Vatican first referred to George III as the King of Great Britain and Ireland in 1792.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1792, Henry Benedict Stuart protested the Vatican's decision to refer to George III as the King of Great Britain and Ireland, viewing it as an insult to his family's claim.
The French Directory proposed making Henry Benedict Stuart 'King of the Irish' during the Irish Rebellion of 1798, a plan supported by Wolfe Tone.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the French Directory did propose making Henry Benedict Stuart 'King of the Irish' during the 1798 rebellion, this plan was ultimately vetoed by Wolfe Tone.
For what reason did Louis XV of France compensate Cardinal Stuart with the abbeys of Auchin and St. Amand?
Answer: For having to evict Henry's brother, Charles Edward Stuart, from France.
Explanation: Louis XV compensated Cardinal Stuart with abbeys as a consequence of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which necessitated the eviction of Henry's brother, Charles Edward Stuart, from France.
What valuable item was Henry Benedict Stuart forced to sell due to his financial hardship?
Answer: The Stuart Sapphire
Explanation: Due to severe financial hardship, Henry Benedict Stuart was compelled to sell the historically significant Stuart Sapphire.
In what year did the Vatican first refer to George III as the King of Great Britain and Ireland, prompting Henry's protest?
Answer: 1792
Explanation: In November 1792, the Vatican's recognition of George III as King of Great Britain and Ireland prompted a strong protest from Henry Benedict Stuart.
Who vetoed the French Directory's plan to make Henry Benedict Stuart 'King of the Irish' during the Irish Rebellion of 1798?
Answer: Wolfe Tone
Explanation: Wolfe Tone, the leader of the United Irishmen, vetoed the French Directory's proposal to install Henry Benedict Stuart as 'King of the Irish' during the 1798 rebellion.
Modern historians have definitively proven Henry Benedict Stuart was homosexual based on contemporary accounts.
Answer: False
Explanation: While some modern historians have speculated about Henry Benedict Stuart's sexuality based on contemporary accounts, there is no definitive proof of him being homosexual.
Henry Benedict Stuart's close attachment to his majordomo, Giovanni Lercari, caused serious tensions with his father.
Answer: True
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's deep affection for his majordomo, Giovanni Lercari, was a source of significant conflict with his father, James.
Pope Benedict XIV intervened to prevent a public scandal concerning Henry Benedict Stuart and Giovanni Lercari.
Answer: True
Explanation: Pope Benedict XIV intervened to avert a public scandal regarding Henry Benedict Stuart's relationship with Giovanni Lercari, leading to Lercari's departure from the household.
What was the nature of Henry Benedict Stuart's relationship with his majordomo, Giovanni Lercari, that caused tension with his father?
Answer: A close personal attachment that his father disapproved of.
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's unusually close personal attachment to his majordomo, Giovanni Lercari, was a significant source of tension and disapproval from his father.
Who intervened to avoid a public scandal concerning Henry Benedict Stuart and Giovanni Lercari?
Answer: Pope Benedict XIV
Explanation: Pope Benedict XIV intervened to prevent a public scandal regarding Henry Benedict Stuart's relationship with Giovanni Lercari, leading to a discreet resolution.
Who was Angelo Cesarini in relation to Henry Benedict Stuart in his later life?
Answer: A nobleman from Perugia with whom he became close and who received honors under his protection.
Explanation: Angelo Cesarini was a nobleman from Perugia who became a close companion to Henry Benedict Stuart in his later life, receiving various honors and eventually becoming a bishop under his patronage.
Henry Benedict Stuart died in Rome at the age of 82.
Answer: True
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart passed away in Frascati, Rome, at the age of 82.
Henry Benedict Stuart bequeathed the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom to King George III in his will.
Answer: False
Explanation: In his will, Henry Benedict Stuart bequeathed the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom to the Prince of Wales, who would later become King George IV, not directly to King George III.
The Monument to the Royal Stuarts in St. Peter's Basilica was designed by Michelangelo.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Monument to the Royal Stuarts in St. Peter's Basilica was designed by the celebrated sculptor Antonio Canova, not Michelangelo.
Where did Henry Benedict Stuart die on 13 July 1807?
Answer: Frascati, Rome
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart died in Frascati, a town near Rome, on July 13, 1807.
To whom did Henry Benedict Stuart bequeath the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom in his will?
Answer: The Prince of Wales (future George IV)
Explanation: In a symbolic gesture marking the end of the Jacobite cause, Henry Benedict Stuart bequeathed the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom to the Prince of Wales, who would later reign as King George IV.
Where are Henry Benedict Stuart and his immediate family members buried?
Answer: St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart, along with his father, mother, and brother, are interred in the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City.
Who designed the Monument to the Royal Stuarts in St. Peter's Basilica?
Answer: Antonio Canova
Explanation: The Monument to the Royal Stuarts in St. Peter's Basilica was designed by the celebrated neoclassical sculptor Antonio Canova.
Who contributed to the commissioning of the Royal Stuarts monument and later funded its restoration in the 20th century?
Answer: King George IV and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
Explanation: King George IV was among the subscribers for the monument's commissioning, and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother later funded its restoration in the 1940s.
What did Henry Benedict Stuart's will stipulate regarding his claimed British rights?
Answer: He was succeeded in all his claimed British rights by King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia.
Explanation: Henry Benedict Stuart's will stipulated that his claimed British rights would pass to his nearest blood-relative and friend, King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia.