Explanation: The term 'Hindi' originates from the Classical Persian word *Hindī*, meaning 'of or belonging to *Hind* (India)'. The Sanskrit word 'Hinduka' is not the direct origin of the term 'Hindi'.

Explanation: Hindi's linguistic lineage traces from Vedic Sanskrit through intermediate stages, specifically Shauraseni Prakrit and subsequently Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa, before developing into Old Hindi and then the modern Hindustani language.

Explanation: The emergence of Modern Hindi as a distinct literary language is generally placed in the 19th century, not the 18th century.

Explanation: John Gilchrist is recognized for his significant contributions to the study of the Hindustani language, including the authorship of important linguistic works.

Explanation: Hindi belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family, not the Dravidian language family. It is primarily associated with northern India.

Explanation: The term 'Hindi' derives from the Classical Persian word *Hindī*, which signifies 'of or belonging to India'.

Explanation: Shauraseni Prakrit is considered a direct ancestor of Hindi, having evolved from Vedic Sanskrit and subsequently developing into Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa.

Explanation: Modern Hindi began to emerge as a distinct literary language during the 19th century.

Explanation: John Gilchrist was a notable scholar of the Hindustani language and authored significant works, including 'An English-Hindustani Dictionary'.

Explanation: Hindi belongs to the Indo-Aryan group, which is a branch of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.

Explanation: Linguistically, Hindi and Urdu are considered standardized registers of the same language, Hindustani, and are largely mutually intelligible. While they differ in script (Devanagari for Hindi, Perso-Arabic for Urdu) and the extent of loanwords from Sanskrit/Persian respectively, their core grammatical structures and vocabulary are shared.

Explanation: Standard Hindi is indeed based on the Khariboli dialect, which is indigenous to the Ganges-Yamuna Doab region, encompassing areas around Delhi.

Explanation: Hindi and Urdu are recognized as standardized registers of the Hindustani language, sharing a common grammatical and lexical base.

Explanation: Standard Hindi is based on the Khariboli dialect, which is historically spoken in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab region.

Explanation: This statement is factually inaccurate. Hindi is primarily written using the Devanagari script, whereas Urdu is written using the Perso-Arabic script. While both are standardized registers of Hindustani, their scripts differ significantly.

Explanation: 'Tatsam' words in Hindi are those borrowed directly from Sanskrit with minimal or no sound changes, retaining their original form apart from case endings. Words undergoing significant sound changes are typically classified as 'Tadbhava'.

Explanation: 'Tadbhava' words are native Hindi words that have evolved from Sanskrit through intermediate Prakrit stages, undergoing phonological changes. Loanwords from Persian or Arabic are classified as 'Videshi'.

Explanation: 'Deshaj' words in Hindi are considered to be of local origin, often onomatopoeic or derived from non-Indo-Aryan languages indigenous to India. Loanwords from European languages are classified as 'Videshi'.

Explanation: Persian influence on Hindi vocabulary began much earlier, notably during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire periods, well before the 20th century.

Explanation: Sanskritization in Hindi refers to the process of replacing foreign loanwords, particularly Persian and Arabic ones, with terms derived from Sanskrit, aiming for a more Sanskrit-based vocabulary.

Explanation: The Devanagari script, used for writing Hindi, is written from left to right, not right to left.

Explanation: The Hunterian transliteration system is used for writing Hindi in the Latin script, not the Perso-Arabic script. Hindi is written in Devanagari, and Urdu in Perso-Arabic.

Explanation: Modern Standard Hindi, commonly referred to as Hindi, is written using the Devanagari script. This script is a key distinguishing feature from Urdu, which uses the Perso-Arabic script.

Explanation: Urdu is primarily written using the Perso-Arabic script.

Explanation: Tatsam words in Hindi are those borrowed directly from Sanskrit, retaining their original form with minimal alteration, primarily excluding case endings.

Explanation: Words like 'kām', which evolved from the Sanskrit word 'karma' through Prakrit, are classified as Tadbhava words in Hindi.

Explanation: The word 'qila' (fort), being borrowed from Persian, is categorized as a Videshi (foreign) word in Hindi.

Explanation: The process of replacing foreign loanwords in Hindi with Sanskrit-derived terms is known as Sanskritization.

Explanation: The Devanagari script, used for Hindi, is classified as an abugida, where consonant characters possess an inherent vowel that can be modified by diacritics.

Explanation: Historical records indicate that in 1881, Bihar adopted Hindi as its sole official language, replacing Urdu, not the other way around.

Explanation: While Hindi written in Devanagari script was adopted as the official language of the Republic of India on September 14, 1949, it was not designated as the *sole* official language; English continued to be used.

Explanation: Article 343 of the Indian Constitution designates Hindi in the Devanagari script as the official language of the Union, not English as the sole official language.

Explanation: The plan for Hindi to become the sole working language by 1965 was not successfully implemented without significant opposition, particularly from non-Hindi speaking regions.

Explanation: Hindi is not constitutionally recognized as an official language in all 28 states of India; its official status varies by state.

Explanation: The Indian constitution does not explicitly declare Hindi as the national language of India. This has been a subject of legal clarification, with courts noting its absence in the constitutional text.

Explanation: As per constitutional provisions, Hindi in the Devanagari script and English are recognized as the official languages of the Union Government of India.

Explanation: In 2010, the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India, as it is not explicitly designated as such in the constitution.

Explanation: The Central Hindi Directorate is indeed the governmental body tasked with the promotion, spread, and development of the Hindi language.

Explanation: In 1881, Bihar became the first Indian state to adopt Hindi as its sole official language.

Explanation: The Constituent Assembly of India adopted Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, as the official language of the Republic on September 14, 1949.

Explanation: Article 343 of the Indian Constitution designates Hindi in the Devanagari script as the official language of the Union.

Explanation: Article 351 of the Indian Constitution mandates the Union Government to promote the spread of Hindi and enrich its vocabulary, drawing from Hindustani and Sanskrit sources.

Explanation: Significant resistance from non-native Hindi speakers, especially in South India, prevented Hindi from becoming the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965, leading to the Official Languages Act of 1963.

Explanation: While Hindi is an official language in states like Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat, it is not listed as an official language in Tamil Nadu.

Explanation: Chandigarh is mentioned as a Union Territory where Hindi holds official language status.

Explanation: In 2010, the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India, as this status is not explicitly conferred upon it by the constitution.

Explanation: The official languages of the Union Government of India are Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, and English.

Explanation: The Central Hindi Directorate is identified as the organization responsible for regulating and promoting the development of the Hindi language.

Explanation: 'Chandrakanta', authored by Devaki Nandan Khatri, is widely acknowledged as the first authentic prose novel in modern Hindi literature.

Explanation: Munshi Premchand is primarily celebrated for his significant contributions to Hindi fiction, particularly for introducing realism, rather than for devotional poetry.

Explanation: The 'Dvivedi Yug' (1900-1918) in Hindi literature was characterized by the establishment of Standard Hindi in poetry and the broadening of thematic scope beyond traditional religious and romantic subjects.

Explanation: The 'Chāyāvād' movement in Hindi literature is primarily characterized by romanticism, idealism, and aestheticism, rather than realism and social reform.

Explanation: 'Uttar Ādhunik' indeed signifies the post-modernist period in Hindi literature, characterized by critical engagement with and often a critique of previous literary trends and styles.

Explanation: 'Prem Sagar', considered an early work of modern Hindi literature, was authored by Lallu Lal.

Explanation: 'Chandrakanta', authored by Devaki Nandan Khatri, is widely recognized as the first authentic prose novel in modern Hindi literature.

Explanation: Munshi Premchand is highly revered in Hindi fiction for his pioneering introduction of realism into prose literature.

Explanation: The literary period known as 'Dvivedi Yug' (1900-1918) in Hindi literature is named after the prominent figure Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi.

Explanation: The 'Chāyāvād' movement in Hindi literature, associated with writers like Jaishankar Prasad and Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', is best characterized by Romanticism.

Explanation: 'Uttar Ādhunik' signifies the post-modernist period in Hindi literature, marked by critical engagement with earlier styles and influences.

Explanation: The constitution of Fiji recognizes Standard Hindi as the official variant for all official purposes, not Fiji Hindi, due to the latter's lack of standardization.

Explanation: Hindi is spoken and understood by a significant population in Nepal, serving as both a first and second language for many.

Explanation: While Hindi is spoken by a large population in the UAE, it does not hold the status of the primary official court language in all emirates; its official recognition is limited in specific contexts.

Explanation: Haflong Hindi, a pidgin language, functions as a lingua franca in specific regions of Assam, India, facilitating communication among diverse linguistic groups.

Explanation: Many Pakistanis can understand Hindi because Urdu, Pakistan's national language, is a register of Hindustani, sharing a common base with Hindi. Additionally, the popularity of Indian media contributes to this mutual intelligibility.

Explanation: Hinglish refers to the informal use of Romanized Hindi, often mixed with English, particularly prevalent in online communication and popular culture, not a formal academic style.

Explanation: Contrary to this statement, the internet has facilitated the dissemination and increased the consumption of Hindi content, as evidenced by significant growth in its online presence.

Explanation: The Hindi translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights indeed conveys the principle that all human beings should conduct themselves towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Explanation: The constitution of Fiji recognizes Standard Hindi as the official variant for all official purposes, rather than Fiji Hindi, due to standardization issues.

Explanation: Many Pakistanis understand Hindi because Urdu, their national language, is a register of Hindustani, which shares a common base with Hindi. The widespread popularity of Indian media further enhances this mutual intelligibility.

Explanation: Hinglish refers to the informal phenomenon of using Romanized Hindi, frequently interspersed with English words and phrases, particularly prevalent in digital communication.

Explanation: A 2015 Google report indicated that internet usage led to a significant year-on-year increase in Hindi content consumption.

Explanation: The Hindi text of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.