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The earliest inhabitants of the Quebec region, the Paleo-Indians, passed down their history through extensive written records.
Answer: False
Explanation: The earliest inhabitants of the Quebec region, theorized to be Paleo-Indians, preserved their history and cultural knowledge primarily through oral tradition, as extensive written records predating European contact are not known.
During Quebec's Archaic era, populations were characterized by frequent, long-distance migrations due to unstable environmental conditions.
Answer: False
Explanation: During Quebec's Archaic era (8000–1500 BC), environmental conditions stabilized, leading to less frequent, long-distance migrations and more seasonal movements for hunting and gathering.
Agriculture, including the cultivation of corn and beans, was fully mastered by Iroquoian peoples in the Saint Lawrence River valley by the 14th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: By the 14th century, Iroquoian peoples inhabiting the Saint Lawrence River valley had mastered agriculture, cultivating crops such as corn, squash, and beans.
The fall of Constantinople in the 15th century resulted in European trade routes to the Far East becoming less accessible and more costly.
Answer: True
Explanation: The fall of Constantinople in the 15th century disrupted established trade routes between Europe and the Far East, making them less accessible and more expensive for Western European nations.
Giovanni da Verrazzano's 1524 expedition successfully discovered the Northwest Passage to Cathay.
Answer: False
Explanation: Giovanni da Verrazzano's 1524 expedition, commissioned by France, explored the North American coast but did not discover the Northwest Passage to Cathay.
Jacques Cartier adopted the name 'Canada' based on the Indigenous word 'kanata,' which referred to a village or settlement.
Answer: True
Explanation: Jacques Cartier adopted the name 'Canada' after hearing Indigenous youths use the word 'kanata,' meaning 'village' or 'settlement,' to describe the area near Stadacona.
How did Indigenous groups in the Quebec region preserve their history before European contact?
Answer: Primarily through oral tradition
Explanation: Prior to European contact, Indigenous peoples in the Quebec region preserved their histories, cultural knowledge, and traditions predominantly through sophisticated oral traditions.
What characterized settlement patterns during Quebec's Archaic era (8000–1500 BC)?
Answer: Seasonal movements for hunting and gathering
Explanation: During Quebec's Archaic era, populations typically engaged in seasonal movements for hunting and gathering, adapting to environmental changes rather than establishing permanent large agricultural settlements.
Which group mastered agriculture, including crops like corn and beans, in the Saint Lawrence River valley by the 14th century?
Answer: The Iroquoians
Explanation: By the 14th century, Iroquoian peoples residing in the Saint Lawrence River valley had developed sophisticated agricultural practices, including the cultivation of corn, beans, and squash.
What event in the 15th century made European trade routes to the Far East more difficult and prompted exploration for alternatives?
Answer: The fall of the Byzantine Empire
Explanation: The fall of the Byzantine Empire, culminating in the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, significantly disrupted established European trade routes to the Far East, compelling exploration for new maritime passages.
Giovanni da Verrazzano's 1524 expedition, commissioned by France, had which significant outcome?
Answer: Establishment of the name 'New France'
Explanation: Although Giovanni da Verrazzano's 1524 expedition failed to find a westward passage to Asia, it explored the North American coastline and was instrumental in establishing the designation 'New France' for the region.
Jacques Cartier adopted the name 'Canada' based on an Indigenous word meaning:
Answer: Village
Explanation: Jacques Cartier adopted the name 'Canada' from the Indigenous word 'kanata,' which referred to a village or settlement.
During the period of New France, the region encompassing modern-day Quebec was predominantly characterized by its engagement in the fur trade, rather than being primarily recognized for agricultural output.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the period of New France, the region encompassing modern-day Quebec was predominantly characterized by its engagement in the fur trade, which was its primary industry, rather than being primarily recognized for agricultural output.
Quebec was known as Canada during the period of New France and served as a central hub overseeing dependencies like Acadia and Louisiana.
Answer: True
Explanation: During the period of New France (1534-1763), the region was known as Canada, and Quebec served as the primary colony and administrative center, overseeing dependencies such as Acadia and Louisiana.
France temporarily abandoned significant interest in North American colonization after Cartier's voyages due to the lack of discovered gold and diamonds.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following Cartier's voyages, France's interest in North American colonization waned due to the absence of precious metals like gold and diamonds, leading to a period of reduced investment.
The fur trade, particularly beaver pelts, was instrumental in reviving French interest in North America in the late 16th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: The burgeoning profitability of the fur trade, especially for beaver pelts, significantly revived French interest in North American colonization towards the end of the 16th century.
Samuel de Champlain's 1603 defense pact was primarily with Indigenous nations, not with English and Dutch settlers.
Answer: False
Explanation: Samuel de Champlain's 1603 defense pact was established with Indigenous groups such as the Innu and Micmacs, crucial for French colonial survival against British interests.
By the late 17th century, the majority of settlers in the Quebec region were engaged in agriculture, rather than primarily in the fur trade.
Answer: False
Explanation: By the late 17th century, while the fur trade was significant, the majority of settlers in the Quebec region were engaged in agriculture along the St. Lawrence Valley.
The Habitation in Quebec City, founded by Champlain, was designed primarily as a defensive settlement structure, not merely as a trading post.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Habitation in Quebec City, founded by Champlain in 1608, was designed as a fortified structure for defense against potential threats, serving as the initial settlement and trading post.
Early settlers in Quebec City faced minimal challenges, with ample local resources and easy supply lines from France.
Answer: False
Explanation: Early settlers in Quebec City faced considerable challenges, including harsh winters, supply difficulties from France, and disease, with many succumbing during the initial years.
The 'coureurs des bois' were primarily involved in the fur trade and exploration, not in establishing formal diplomatic relations with Indigenous nations.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'coureurs des bois' were primarily engaged in the fur trade and exploration, extending French influence into the hinterlands, rather than establishing formal diplomatic relations.
The Company of One Hundred Associates enforced a policy restricting settlement to Roman Catholics, not allowing individuals of any religious faith.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Company of One Hundred Associates enforced a policy that restricted settlement in New France exclusively to Roman Catholics.
Quebec was formally returned to France in 1632 following the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, despite the Kirke brothers' initial refusal to relinquish captured assets.
Answer: True
Explanation: After being captured by the Kirke brothers in 1629, Quebec was formally returned to France in 1632 through the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, despite initial English reluctance to cede captured territories.
The Company of One Hundred Associates failed to meet its mandate to settle 4,000 people in New France within 15 years.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Company of One Hundred Associates did not fulfill its charter obligation to settle 4,000 colonists within 15 years, prioritizing the fur trade over extensive settlement.
New France became a royal province under King Louis XIV in 1663, ending company rule and establishing the Sovereign Council.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1663, King Louis XIV transformed New France into a royal province, thereby ending the era of company administration and instituting the Sovereign Council of New France for governance.
The Governor-General and the Intendant were the sole administrators of New France, with the Bishop having no official role.
Answer: False
Explanation: The administration of New France as a royal province involved a triumvirate: the Governor-General, the Intendant, and the Bishop of Quebec, all holding significant official roles.
While Intendant Jean Talon implemented policies to encourage population growth, the sponsorship of 'les filles du roi' (the King's daughters) was a royal initiative, not solely Talon's.
Answer: False
Explanation: Intendant Jean Talon actively implemented policies to encourage population growth, including sponsoring young women known as 'les filles du roi' to marry settlers and promote family formation.
The Chevalier de Troyes' actions in 1686 expanded New France's territory by seizing English forts on Hudson Bay.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1686, the Chevalier de Troyes led an expedition that successfully seized three English forts on Hudson Bay, thereby expanding New France's territorial claims.
Catholic nuns, such as the Ursulines, played significant roles in education and healthcare, not solely focusing on missionary work among Indigenous populations with little involvement in other areas.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catholic nuns, including the Ursulines, were instrumental in establishing and operating educational institutions and healthcare facilities in colonial Quebec, alongside their missionary activities.
What was Quebec known as during the period of New France (1534-1763), and what were its principal dependencies?
Answer: Canada
Explanation: During the period of New France (1534-1763), the region encompassing modern-day Quebec was designated as Canada, serving as the primary colony and administrative hub overseeing dependencies such as Acadia and Louisiana.
What was the primary industry and central theme in Quebec's early history as Canada?
Answer: The fur trade
Explanation: The fur trade constituted the primary economic driver and a central theme throughout Quebec's early history as Canada during the New France period.
Why did France temporarily abandon significant interest in North American colonization after Cartier's voyages?
Answer: Lack of valuable resources like gold and diamonds
Explanation: France's initial lack of interest in extensive colonization following Cartier's voyages stemmed from the disappointment of not discovering valuable resources such as gold and diamonds.
What factor revived French interest in North American colonization towards the end of the 16th century?
Answer: The profitability of the fur trade
Explanation: The increasing economic value derived from the fur trade, particularly beaver pelts, was a primary catalyst for reviving French interest and investment in North American colonization by the late 16th century.
Samuel de Champlain's 1603 defense pact was crucial for French colonial survival because it allied them with:
Answer: Indigenous groups like the Innu and Micmacs
Explanation: Samuel de Champlain's 1603 alliance with Indigenous nations, including the Innu and Micmacs, provided essential support and strategic advantage for the nascent French colonial enterprise in North America.
By the end of the 17th century, what was the primary occupation of most settlers in the Quebec region?
Answer: Farmers
Explanation: By the close of the 17th century, the majority of settlers in the Quebec region were primarily engaged in agriculture, cultivating lands along the St. Lawrence River.
What was the main purpose of the 'Habitation' founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608?
Answer: To act as a defensive settlement structure
Explanation: The Habitation, established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608, served as the foundational settlement of Quebec City and was designed primarily as a fortified structure for defense.
Which group played a key role in exploring the hinterlands of New France and extending French influence?
Answer: Coureurs des bois
Explanation: The 'coureurs des bois,' independent traders and explorers, were instrumental in venturing into the vast interior of New France, establishing fur trade networks and extending French influence.
The Company of One Hundred Associates enforced a policy that restricted settlement to which religious group?
Answer: Roman Catholics
Explanation: The Company of One Hundred Associates implemented a policy stipulating that only Roman Catholics were permitted to settle in New France.
Quebec was captured by English privateers led by David Kirke in 1629 during which conflict?
Answer: The Anglo-French War (1627–1629)
Explanation: During the Anglo-French War (1627–1629), English privateers under David Kirke captured Quebec in 1629.
When New France became a royal province in 1663, who was the ruling monarch?
Answer: King Louis XIV
Explanation: In 1663, King Louis XIV assumed direct control over New France, transforming it into a royal province and reorganizing its governance structure.
Who constituted the governing triumvirate of New France as a royal province?
Answer: Governor-General, Intendant, and Bishop of Quebec
Explanation: The governance of New France as a royal province was managed by a council comprising the Governor-General, the Intendant, and the Bishop of Quebec.
What was the role of 'les filles du roi' (the King's daughters) in New France?
Answer: To marry settlers and encourage population growth
Explanation: 'Les filles du roi' were young women sponsored by the French crown to emigrate to New France with the primary purpose of marrying settlers and contributing to the colony's demographic growth.
Which explorer claimed lands along the Mississippi River for France in 1673, expanding New France?
Answer: Cavelier de La Salle
Explanation: Cavelier de La Salle explored the Mississippi River and claimed the surrounding territory for France in 1673, significantly extending the reach of New France.
What vital role did Catholic nuns, like the Ursulines, play in colonial Quebec society?
Answer: Providing education and nursing services
Explanation: Catholic religious orders, including the Ursulines, played a crucial role in colonial Quebec by establishing and operating essential educational institutions and healthcare services.
Following the Seven Years' War, Quebec was renamed Lower Canada directly after its transition into a British colony.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following the Seven Years' War and the Treaty of Paris (1763), Quebec was initially named the Province of Quebec. It was later renamed Lower Canada in 1791 under the Constitutional Act.
During the British colonial period, francophones in Quebec generally did not experience socio-economic dominance over anglophones.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the British colonial period, francophones in Quebec generally did not experience socio-economic dominance over anglophones; rather, anglophones often held dominance in key economic sectors.
Quebec's coat of arms features a lion to represent the French period and fleurs-de-lis to symbolize modern Canadian identity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Quebec's coat of arms features three fleurs-de-lis to represent the French period, a lion (often associated with British rule), and three maple leaves to symbolize modern Canadian identity.
The Great Peace of Montreal in the early 1700s primarily aimed to end the prolonged conflict known as the Beaver Wars and confirm alliances, rather than solely establishing trade agreements with the Iroquois Confederacy.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Great Peace of Montreal, concluded in 1701, primarily aimed to establish peace and confirm alliances between New France and numerous Indigenous nations, effectively ending the protracted Beaver Wars.
Following the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, France ceded Acadia and Plaisance Bay to Great Britain, but retained control over Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island).
Answer: True
Explanation: The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 resulted in France ceding Acadia and Plaisance Bay to Great Britain, while retaining control over Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island) and Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island).
In the mid-18th century, New France had a significantly smaller population than British North America.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the mid-18th century, British North America possessed a significantly larger population (over one million) compared to New France (approximately 60,000).
The British capture of Louisbourg in 1758 was strategically vital as it granted them control over the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.
Answer: True
Explanation: The capture of Louisbourg by the British in 1758 was strategically crucial because it provided them with control over the entrance to the St. Lawrence River, severely disrupting French supply lines.
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham resulted in a British victory, leading to the fall of Quebec City and the end of French rule.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759 resulted in a decisive British victory, leading to the surrender of Quebec City and marking a pivotal moment in the end of French colonial rule.
The Treaty of Paris (1763), signed at the conclusion of the Seven Years' War, formally ceded all of Canada, including New France, to Great Britain.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Treaty of Paris (1763) formally concluded the Seven Years' War and stipulated the cession of New France and all of Canada to Great Britain, thereby ending French colonial sovereignty in the territory.
The Royal Proclamation of 1763, issued by King George III, established the governmental framework for the newly acquired territory of Quebec.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Royal Proclamation of 1763 delineated the boundaries of the newly acquired territory of Quebec and established its initial governmental structure under British rule.
The Quebec Act of 1774 restored French civil law for private matters and guaranteed the practice of the Catholic faith, not Protestant faiths for all matters.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Quebec Act of 1774 restored French civil law for private matters and guaranteed the free exercise of the Catholic faith, while maintaining English common law for public administration.
During the American Revolutionary War, Quebec was a target for American forces seeking to liberate the French population from British rule, but the invasion ultimately failed.
Answer: True
Explanation: During the American Revolutionary War, Quebec was invaded by Continental Army forces aiming to rally French Canadians against British rule. However, the invasion was ultimately unsuccessful, with the Battle of Quebec marking a key defeat for the Americans.
The Treaty of Paris (1783) resulted in Quebec ceding territory in its southwest region to the newly formed United States, not gaining territory.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Treaty of Paris (1783), concluding the American Revolutionary War, resulted in the cession of territory from Quebec to the newly formed United States, notably defining the border along the Great Lakes.
After the Seven Years' War, what was the initial name given to Quebec under British rule?
Answer: Province of Quebec
Explanation: Following the conclusion of the Seven Years' War and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the territory formerly known as New France was organized as the Province of Quebec under British administration.
What issue significantly impacted francophones' socio-economic status during the British colonial period?
Answer: Dominance of anglophones in natural resources and industries
Explanation: During the British colonial period, francophones in Quebec often faced socio-economic disadvantages due to the dominance of anglophones in key sectors such as natural resources and industry.
Which symbol on Quebec's coat of arms represents the French colonial period?
Answer: Three fleurs-de-lis
Explanation: The three fleurs-de-lis on Quebec's coat of arms symbolize the French monarchy and the historical period of French colonial rule in the territory.
The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) resulted in France ceding which territory to Great Britain?
Answer: Acadia
Explanation: Under the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, France ceded Acadia, along with Plaisance Bay in Newfoundland, to Great Britain.
What significant population disparity existed between British North America and New France in the mid-18th century?
Answer: British North America had over ten times the population of New France.
Explanation: In the mid-18th century, British North America's population vastly outnumbered that of New France, with over one million inhabitants compared to approximately 60,000 in New France.
The British capture of Louisbourg in 1758 was strategically important primarily because it:
Answer: Gave them control over the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.
Explanation: The strategic capture of Louisbourg in 1758 provided the British with control over the entrance to the St. Lawrence River, significantly impeding French communication and supply lines to Quebec.
Who led the French forces during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759?
Answer: Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
Explanation: The French forces at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759 were commanded by Louis-Joseph de Montcalm.
Which treaty formally ceded New France to Great Britain, ending French colonial rule?
Answer: Treaty of Paris (1763)
Explanation: The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1763, formally concluded the Seven Years' War and resulted in France ceding its North American territories, including New France, to Great Britain.
The Quebec Act of 1774 aimed to secure the allegiance of French Canadians by doing which of the following?
Answer: Restoring French civil law for private matters and guaranteeing Catholic faith
Explanation: The Quebec Act of 1774 sought to secure the loyalty of the French Canadian population by restoring French civil law for private matters and guaranteeing the free practice of the Catholic religion.
What was the primary impact of the Treaty of Paris (1783) on Quebec's territory?
Answer: Cession of southwestern parts to the United States
Explanation: The Treaty of Paris (1783) resulted in the cession of territory from Quebec to the newly formed United States, particularly in the region south and west of the Great Lakes.
Lord Durham's 1839 report described the relationship between English and French Canadians as one of conflict, not harmonious cooperation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lord Durham's 1839 report characterized the relationship between English and French Canadians as deeply conflictual, famously describing it as 'two nations at war within one state'.
The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada primarily to accommodate Loyalist refugees who were unwilling to adopt the seigneurial system and French civil law.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada, largely to accommodate Loyalist refugees who sought to maintain British law and institutions, distinct from the seigneurial system and French civil law prevalent in Lower Canada.
Lower Canada experienced a significant political conflict between its elected Legislative Assembly, dominated by the francophone professional class, and the appointed Legislative and Executive branches.
Answer: True
Explanation: The period between 1791 and 1840 in Lower Canada was marked by intense political conflict between the elected Legislative Assembly, advocating for greater autonomy, and the appointed executive and legislative councils, which represented the colonial administration.
Charles-Michel de Salaberry, a native of Beauport, became a hero during the War of 1812 for leading Canadian troops to victory at the Battle of Chateauguay.
Answer: True
Explanation: Charles-Michel de Salaberry is celebrated for his command of Canadian militia forces, including Indigenous allies, in repelling a superior American invasion force at the Battle of Chateauguay during the War of 1812.
The '92 Resolutions' of 1834 represented a series of demands by the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, expressing a lack of confidence in the British monarchy and colonial administration.
Answer: False
Explanation: The '92 Resolutions' of 1834 articulated numerous grievances and demands from the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, reflecting significant dissatisfaction with the colonial government and a desire for greater political reform, rather than expressing confidence in the monarchy.
The Rebellion of the Patriotes in 1837 was primarily caused by demands for greater political autonomy and reform, not for increased British military presence.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Rebellion of the Patriotes in 1837 stemmed from deep-seated grievances concerning political representation, the dominance of the anglophone elite, and the desire for responsible government, not from a demand for increased British military presence.
The second Patriote rebellion in 1838 led to harsh punishments, including hangings and transportation to penal colonies, despite relatively few military engagements.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the second Patriote rebellion in 1838, authorities imposed severe reprisals, including executions and deportations to penal colonies, despite the limited scale of military conflict.
Lord Durham's report recommended uniting Upper and Lower Canada with the explicit goal of assimilating the French-Canadian population, not preserving its cultural influence.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lord Durham's report recommended uniting Upper and Lower Canada with the explicit objective of assimilating the French-Canadian population into the dominant British culture, not preserving its cultural influence.
The Act of Union 1840 united Upper Canada (now Canada West) and Lower Canada (now Canada East) into the Province of Canada. What was a key underlying objective?
Answer: True
Explanation: The Act of Union 1840 united Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, partly with the objective of weakening the political influence of the francophone population by making them a minority within the new political entity.
The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada partly because:
Answer: Loyalist refugees refused to adopt the French civil law system.
Explanation: The division into Upper and Lower Canada by the Constitutional Act of 1791 was partly necessitated by the influx of Loyalist refugees who wished to retain British legal and administrative systems, distinct from those in Lower Canada.
What characterized the political conflict in Lower Canada between 1791 and 1840?
Answer: Conflict between the elected Assembly and the appointed Legislative/Executive branches.
Explanation: The political landscape of Lower Canada from 1791 to 1840 was defined by persistent conflict between the elected Legislative Assembly, representing the francophone majority, and the appointed executive and legislative councils.
Charles-Michel de Salaberry is celebrated for his role in which military victory during the War of 1812?
Answer: Battle of Chateauguay
Explanation: Charles-Michel de Salaberry is renowned for his leadership in the decisive Canadian victory at the Battle of Chateauguay during the War of 1812, where his forces repelled a significantly larger American army.
What were the '92 Resolutions' presented in 1834 by the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada primarily expressing:
Answer: Demands for greater autonomy and reform
Explanation: The '92 Resolutions' of 1834 represented a comprehensive list of demands put forth by the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, articulating a strong desire for political reform and greater autonomy from British colonial rule.
Lord Durham's 1839 report recommended uniting Upper and Lower Canada with the goal of:
Answer: Assimilating the French-speaking population
Explanation: Lord Durham's influential report recommended the union of Upper and Lower Canada with the explicit aim of assimilating the French-speaking population into the dominant British North American culture.
The Act of Union 1840 united Canada West and Canada East into the Province of Canada. What was a key underlying objective?
Answer: To weaken the political influence of the francophone minority
Explanation: A primary objective behind the Act of Union 1840 was to diminish the political power of the francophone population by merging Lower Canada (Canada East) with Upper Canada (Canada West) into a single province where they constituted a minority.
The Rebellion Losses Bill of 1849, despite causing riots in Montreal, was significant because it:
Answer: Established the principle of responsible government
Explanation: The Rebellion Losses Bill of 1849, although controversial and leading to unrest, was a landmark piece of legislation that affirmed the principle of responsible government in the Province of Canada.
Equal representation for Canada East and Canada West, despite population differences, was a key factor contributing to political instability in the Province of Canada.
Answer: True
Explanation: The system of equal representation for Canada East and Canada West in the legislative assembly, despite disparities in population, created political deadlock and instability within the Province of Canada.
During the Province of Canada period, francophones began adopting the term 'French Canadian' in response to Loyalist and British immigrants using 'Canadian' for themselves.
Answer: True
Explanation: The emergence of the term 'French Canadian' for francophones occurred partly as a response to the adoption of 'Canadian' by Loyalist and British immigrants, signifying a growing distinction in ethnic and cultural identity.
François-Xavier Garneau's writings aimed to preserve French Canadian identity and consciousness, not to assimilate them into the dominant English culture.
Answer: False
Explanation: François-Xavier Garneau's historical writings were seminal in fostering French Canadian nationalism and preserving their collective consciousness against assimilationist pressures.
Between 1867 and 1914, the proportion of French-speaking Quebeckers consistently formed a majority, not decreased below 50%.
Answer: False
Explanation: From 1867 to 1914, French-speaking Quebeckers consistently constituted a majority of the province's population, peaking around 80% in 1881.
The 'Grande Hémorragie' (Great Bleeding) refers to the significant emigration of Quebec residents, driven by factors like limited land access and the lure of jobs in New England.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Grande Hémorragie' describes the substantial emigration of Quebeckers, particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, motivated by economic factors such as limited land availability and employment opportunities elsewhere, notably in New England.
Montreal's urban expansion around Confederation was fueled by migration from rural areas and abroad, making it Canada's financial center.
Answer: True
Explanation: Around the time of Canadian Confederation, Montreal experienced significant urban growth fueled by internal migration from rural Quebec and immigration from abroad, solidifying its position as Canada's primary financial and commercial hub.
Which factor contributed to political instability in the Province of Canada (1840-1867) due to unequal representation?
Answer: Equal representation for Canada East and Canada West
Explanation: The principle of equal representation for Canada East and Canada West, despite significant population differences, created political deadlock and instability throughout the duration of the Province of Canada.
François-Xavier Garneau's historical writings were significant for:
Answer: Preserving French Canadian collective consciousness against assimilation
Explanation: François-Xavier Garneau's seminal historical works were crucial in preserving and fostering a distinct French Canadian collective consciousness, serving as a bulwark against assimilationist pressures.
What demographic trend characterized Quebec between 1867 and 1914 regarding its French-speaking population?
Answer: It consistently formed a majority, peaking around 80% in 1881.
Explanation: Between 1867 and 1914, the French-speaking population constituted a consistent majority in Quebec, reaching its peak proportion of approximately 80% in 1881.