Explanation: Homage was a formal ceremony where a vassal pledged submission to a lord, and investiture was the symbolic grant of their new position, as detailed in the source.

Explanation: The term 'homage' originates from Medieval Latin, *hominaticum*, meaning 'pertaining to a man,' not Ancient Greek.

Explanation: Fealty implied *lesser* obligations than homage, and could be sworn to multiple overlords, whereas homage was typically reserved for a single liege lord.

Explanation: The source indicates that the ceremony of homage is likely derived from the earlier ceremony of recommendation.

Explanation: The bond between a lord and vassal was modeled after the relationship between a son and a father, not siblings.

Explanation: Investiture referred to the symbolic title to a vassal's new position received from their lord, or the formal act of granting a fief, not the lord kneeling before the vassal.

Explanation: Feudalism was indeed a medieval European political and social system based on the exchange of land for service or labor, with homage being a central element.

Explanation: Fealty involved *lesser* obligations than homage and could be sworn to multiple overlords, unlike homage which was typically for a single liege lord.

Explanation: The primary purpose of the homage ceremony was to establish a vassal's pledge of reverence and submission to a feudal lord, making the vassal 'his man'.

Explanation: The word 'homage' originates from Medieval Latin, specifically from *hominaticum*, meaning 'pertaining to a man'.

Explanation: Homage could only be performed to a single liege lord, signifying a paramount personal commitment, whereas fealty could be sworn to many different overlords for various land holdings.

Explanation: The ceremony of homage is likely derived from the ceremony of recommendation, a practice in use since the early Middle Ages.

Explanation: The bond of mutual obligation between a lord and vassal was often modeled after the relationship between a son and a father.

Explanation: Investiture refers to the symbolic title to a vassal's new position received from their lord, or the formal act by which the lord granted a fief or office.

Explanation: Homage was a key component of feudalism, the medieval European political and social system where land was exchanged for service or labor.

Explanation: Fealty is an oath of allegiance sworn by a vassal to their lord, signifying loyalty, with lesser obligations than homage, and could be sworn to multiple overlords.

Explanation: The source describes the vassal kneeling and placing palms together, with the lord placing his hands over theirs, as a key physical action in the homage ceremony.

Explanation: The *osculum* symbolized friendship and the personal bond between the chief and subordinate, not absolute submission and silence.

Explanation: A lord's primary obligations under homage included providing protection, assistance, and upkeep for his vassal, often through granting rights over land.

Explanation: The source confirms that vassals owed their lord obedience, devotion, counsel, and aid, which included military provisions or attendance at the lord's council.

Explanation: During the homage ceremony, the vassal would typically kneel and place their palms together, with the lord placing his hands over theirs, symbolizing submission and acceptance.

Explanation: The *osculum* symbolized friendship and the personal bond being forged between the chief and subordinate.

Explanation: Under the bond of homage, the lord promised to provide protection, assistance, and provision for the vassal's upkeep, often by granting rights over land.

Explanation: As part of the homage bond, a vassal owed obedience, devotion, counsel, and aid, especially military service or presence at the lord's council.

Explanation: Manorialism was indeed an economic and social system where land was organized into self-sufficient estates managed by a lord.

Explanation: A fief was a grant of land or rights made by a *lord to a vassal* in exchange for service, not the other way around.

Explanation: Knight-service was a feudal duty where a vassal was obligated to provide a certain number of knights or military service to their lord.

Explanation: Scutage was a payment made by a *vassal to their lord* in lieu of military service, not by the lord to the vassal.

Explanation: Socage was a form of feudal land tenure where a tenant held land in exchange for fixed, non-military service, such as agricultural labor or rent.

Explanation: Allodial title referred to land ownership that was *free and clear* of any feudal obligations or superior lord, representing absolute ownership.

Explanation: Crown land was indeed land directly owned by the monarch or the state, not subject to the same feudal grants and obligations as other territories.

Explanation: An ecclesiastical fief was a grant of land or rights held by a church official or religious institution under feudal tenure.

Explanation: Feoffment was the legal act of granting a fief, typically land, to a vassal, often involving a formal ceremony.

Explanation: A Lord of the manor owned or held a manor and exercised judicial and administrative authority over its tenants, not primarily spiritual leadership.

Explanation: A manorial court was a *local court* held by the lord of a manor to administer justice among his tenants, not a royal court for major criminal cases.

Explanation: The demesne was indeed the land within a manor kept by the lord for his own use and benefit, typically worked by his serfs or hired laborers.

Explanation: Glebe land was land belonging to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice, intended to provide income for the clergyman, not for the lord's hunting grounds.

Explanation: Tallage was a tax or levy imposed by a feudal lord on his tenants, particularly *unfree tenants or serfs*, and was often an arbitrary payment, not necessarily a fixed annual payment for military protection.

Explanation: Manorialism was an economic and social system closely related to feudalism, involving the management of land and labor on self-sufficient estates.

Explanation: A fief was a grant of land or rights made by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and other obligations.

Explanation: Knight-service was the obligation of a vassal to provide a certain number of knights or military service to their lord.

Explanation: Scutage was a payment made by a vassal to their lord in lieu of actual military service.

Explanation: Socage was a form of feudal land tenure where land was held in exchange for a fixed, non-military service, such as agricultural labor or rent.

Explanation: Allodial title referred to land owned outright, free of feudal obligations and a superior lord, unlike fiefs which were held in exchange for service.

Explanation: Crown land was land directly owned by the monarch or the state, not subject to feudal grants, forming a direct source of royal power and income.

Explanation: An ecclesiastical fief was a grant of land or rights held by a church official or religious institution under feudal tenure.

Explanation: Feoffment was the legal act of granting a fief, typically land, to a vassal, often involving a formal ceremony.

Explanation: A Lord of the manor owned or held a manor and exercised judicial and administrative authority over its tenants, managing the estate and maintaining order.

Explanation: A manorial court was a local court held by the lord of a manor to administer justice among his tenants and manage manorial affairs.

Explanation: The demesne was the land within a manor kept by the lord for his own direct use and benefit, typically worked by his serfs or hired laborers.

Explanation: Glebe land was land belonging to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice, intended to provide income for the clergyman.

Explanation: Tallage was a tax or levy imposed by a feudal lord on his tenants, particularly unfree tenants or serfs, often an arbitrary payment.

Explanation: A vassal was defined as a person who held land from a feudal lord and pledged allegiance and service in return.

Explanation: A lord's role in the feudal system was to hold authority over land and people, granting fiefs, not primarily to perform agricultural labor.

Explanation: A liege lord was the primary lord to whom a vassal owed their *most important and undivided* loyalty, distinguishing them from other overlords.

Explanation: Subinfeudation was the practice of a *vassal granting a portion of their fief to another, lesser vassal*, creating a hierarchical chain, not a lord reclaiming fiefs.

Explanation: A feoffee was the person *to whom* a fief was granted, making them the recipient, not the grantor.

Explanation: Seignory refers to the rights and authority of a feudal lord over his lands and tenants, encompassing his jurisdiction and privileges.

Explanation: An appanage was a grant made to a *younger son or junior family member* for maintenance and status, often *without* granting full sovereignty.

Explanation: In medieval times, 'affinity' referred to a broader network of followers, retainers, and allies bound by personal loyalty and service, not exclusively blood relatives.

Explanation: Feudal maintenance was the financial or provisionary support a *lord provided to his retainers or vassals*, not the other way around.

Explanation: Livery referred to the distinctive uniforms, badges, or emblems worn by a lord's retainers, serving as a visible sign of their allegiance.

Explanation: An overlord was a lord who held authority over other lords (vassals) who, in turn, held land from him, illustrating the hierarchical nature of feudalism.

Explanation: Peasants were the agricultural laborers who formed the majority of the population, often bound by obligations to a lord, and were typically not wealthy landowners.

Explanation: Serfdom was a condition where peasants were *tied to the land* and *not free to leave the manor* without the lord's permission, while owing labor and services.

Explanation: A free tenant held land from a lord but possessed more personal freedom and legal rights than a serf, including the ability to leave the manor.

Explanation: A vassal was a person who held land from a feudal lord and pledged allegiance and service in return.

Explanation: A lord held authority over land and people, granting fiefs in exchange for loyalty and service, and was at the top of the feudal hierarchy beneath the monarch.

Explanation: A liege lord was the primary lord to whom a vassal owed their most important and undivided loyalty and military service.

Explanation: Subinfeudation was the practice of a vassal granting a fief to another, lesser vassal, creating a hierarchical chain of feudal relationships.

Explanation: A feoffee was the person to whom a fief was granted by a lord.

Explanation: Seignory refers to the rights and authority of a feudal lord over his lands and tenants, encompassing his jurisdiction and privileges.

Explanation: An appanage was a grant of land or revenue made by a sovereign to a younger son or junior family member for their maintenance and status.

Explanation: Affinity referred to a network of followers, retainers, and allies bound to a lord by personal loyalty and service, beyond formal feudal tenure.

Explanation: Feudal maintenance was the financial or provisionary support a lord provided to his retainers or vassals to ensure their upkeep and loyalty.

Explanation: Livery signified the distinctive uniforms, badges, or emblems worn by a lord's retainers, indicating their allegiance and connection to a noble household.

Explanation: An overlord was a lord who held authority over other lords (vassals) who, in turn, held land from him, illustrating the hierarchical nature of feudalism.

Explanation: Peasants were the agricultural laborers who formed the majority of the population in medieval society, often bound by obligations to a lord.

Explanation: Serfdom was a condition of modified slavery where peasants were tied to the land and owed labor and services to a lord, without freedom to leave the manor.

Explanation: A free tenant held land from a lord but had more personal freedom and legal rights than a serf, including the ability to leave the manor.

Explanation: Feudal fragmentation describes the political *decentralization* of power, where authority was dispersed among numerous lords and vassals, weakening central royal power.

Explanation: Bastard feudalism was a system where lords maintained private armies through contracts and money payments, rather than relying solely on traditional land grants and homage.

Explanation: Feudal fragmentation refers to the political decentralization where power was dispersed among numerous lords and vassals, often weakening central royal power.

Explanation: Bastard feudalism was a system where lords maintained private armies through contracts and money payments rather than solely land grants, leading to increased private warfare.

Explanation: Angevin monarchs were sovereign in England but *not* for their French holdings, for which Capetian kings claimed homage.

Explanation: Henry II indeed added the qualification 'for the lands I hold overseas' to his homage oath to the French king, limiting its scope to his continental possessions.

Explanation: After King John lost Normandy, English magnates with dual holdings were forced to choose allegiance, often leading them to abandon their *French* possessions, not their English ones.

Explanation: Robert de Beaumont and William Marshal agreed to perform homage to Philip II for their Norman lands *conditionally*, specifically if King John had not recovered Normandy within a year and a day.

Explanation: William Marshal eventually fell out of favor with King John due to his efforts to make peace with the French king and retain his lands.

Explanation: The conflict between French monarchs and Angevin kings over homage obligations persisted throughout the 13th century, characterized by ongoing disputes.

Explanation: Edward I prepared to provide service from Gascony, but *not* England, as he had not done homage for his English lands, and his Gascon subjects resisted.

Explanation: Edward I did add the qualification 'according to the terms of the peace made between our ancestors' when performing homage to Philip IV in 1286.

Explanation: Conflict arose because Angevin monarchs were sovereign in England but owed homage for their French holdings to the Capetian kings, leading to disputes over their obligations.

Explanation: Henry II added the qualification 'for the lands I hold overseas' to his homage oath, limiting its scope to his continental possessions.

Explanation: After King John lost Normandy, English magnates with lands on both sides of the Channel had to choose between loyalty to King John and securing their continental holdings under the French king.

Explanation: They agreed to perform homage to Philip for their Norman lands if King John had not recovered them within a year and a day.

Explanation: William Marshal eventually fell out of favor with King John due to his efforts to make peace with the French king and retain his lands.

Explanation: The conflict persisted throughout the 13th century with ongoing disputes over homage obligations for English kings' French territories.

Explanation: Edward I had to provide service from Gascony, but not England, as he had not done homage for his English lands, and his Gascon subjects resisted.

Explanation: The image 'Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci' from the Bayeux Tapestry illustrates Harold Godwinson's oath to William, Duke of Normandy, a significant historical event.