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Huawei Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge

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Study Guide: Huawei Technologies: Corporate History, Innovation, and Geopolitical Challenges

Cheat Sheet:
Huawei Technologies: Corporate History, Innovation, and Geopolitical Challenges Study Guide

Founding and Early Growth (1987-2005)

Huawei Corporation was founded by Ren Zhengfei in Beijing in 1987.

Answer: False

Explanation: Huawei Corporation was founded by Ren Zhengfei in Shenzhen, not Beijing, in 1987.

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Huawei's initial business model focused on manufacturing its own advanced telecommunications network infrastructure from the outset.

Answer: False

Explanation: Huawei's initial business model involved reselling imported PBX switches and manufacturing phone switches, not immediately building advanced telecommunications network infrastructure.

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The name 'Huawei' translates to 'China is able' or 'splendid achievement,' originating from a slogan seen by its founder.

Answer: True

Explanation: According to its founder, Ren Zhengfei, the name 'Huawei' originates from the slogan 'Zhonghua youwei,' which translates to 'China has achievements,' 'splendid achievement,' or 'China is able.'

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Huawei's first major product breakthrough was a 5G mobile processor launched in 1993.

Answer: False

Explanation: Huawei's first major product breakthrough in 1993 was the C&C08 program-controlled telephone switch, not a 5G mobile processor.

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The Chinese government's policy in 1996 explicitly supported foreign telecommunications manufacturers over domestic ones.

Answer: False

Explanation: In 1996, the Chinese government adopted an explicit policy of supporting domestic telecommunications manufacturers and restricting access for foreign competitors.

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Where is Huawei Corporation primarily headquartered?

Answer: Longgang, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Explanation: Huawei Corporation is headquartered in Longgang, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.

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Who founded Huawei Corporation?

Answer: Ren Zhengfei

Explanation: Huawei Corporation was founded by Ren Zhengfei in 1987.

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Which of the following was Huawei's initial business focus after its founding?

Answer: Manufacturing phone switches

Explanation: Initially, Huawei's business focus was on manufacturing phone switches.

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What is the literal meaning of 'Hua' in the company name 'Huawei'?

Answer: China

Explanation: In the name Huawei, 'Hua' literally means China.

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What was Ren Zhengfei's initial vision for Huawei regarding foreign technologies?

Answer: To reverse engineer foreign technologies and build a domestic competitor.

Explanation: Ren Zhengfei's initial vision was to reverse engineer foreign technologies and develop a domestic Chinese telecommunications company to compete with imported technologies.

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What was Huawei's first major product breakthrough in 1993?

Answer: The C&C08 program-controlled telephone switch.

Explanation: Huawei's first major product breakthrough in 1993 was the C&C08 program-controlled telephone switch.

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What significant contract did Huawei secure with the People's Liberation Army in 1994?

Answer: To build the first national telecommunications network for the PLA.

Explanation: In 1994, Huawei secured a key contract to build the first national telecommunications network for the People's Liberation Army.

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International Expansion and Market Dominance (2005-2020)

In 2012, Huawei became the world's largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer, surpassing Ericsson.

Answer: True

Explanation: The source states that Huawei surpassed Ericsson in 2012 to become the world's largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer.

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Huawei's foreign contract orders first exceeded its domestic sales in 2010, marking its significant international expansion.

Answer: False

Explanation: Huawei's foreign contract orders first surpassed its domestic sales in 2005, not 2010.

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By 2020, Huawei had played a major role in building approximately 70% of Africa's 4G networks.

Answer: True

Explanation: The source confirms that by 2020, Huawei had played a major role in building approximately 70% of Africa's 4G networks.

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Huawei's RuralStar initiative uses satellite technology to provide internet access to remote areas.

Answer: False

Explanation: Huawei's RuralStar initiative utilizes solar-powered small cell base stations with wireless backhaul to extend mobile coverage to remote areas, not satellite technology.

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The PEACE Cable project, a fiber-optic cable system, went live in December 2022.

Answer: True

Explanation: The PEACE Cable project, a fiber-optic cable system developed in collaboration with Huawei, went live in December 2022.

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Huawei became the world's top smartphone seller in the first quarter of 2021, surpassing Apple.

Answer: False

Explanation: Huawei became the world's top smartphone seller in the second quarter of 2020, surpassing Samsung, not Apple in Q1 2021.

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Huawei's global growth in telecommunications equipment has been significantly driven by offering higher-priced, premium products.

Answer: False

Explanation: Huawei's global growth in telecommunications equipment has been largely driven by its strategy of offering competitive equipment at a lower price than rival firms.

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Huawei was first included in the Global Fortune 500 list in July 2010.

Answer: True

Explanation: Huawei was included in the Global Fortune 500 list for the first time in July 2010.

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Huawei's LEAP program in Africa focuses on providing agricultural technology training.

Answer: False

Explanation: Huawei's LEAP program in Africa focuses on providing IT training, certification courses, and employable digital skills, not agricultural technology training.

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In what year did Huawei surpass Ericsson to become the world's largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer?

Answer: 2012

Explanation: Huawei surpassed Ericsson to become the world's largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer in 2012.

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In what year did Huawei's foreign contract orders first exceed its domestic sales?

Answer: 2005

Explanation: Huawei's foreign contract orders first exceeded its domestic sales in 2005.

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When was Huawei first included in the Global Fortune 500 list?

Answer: July 2010

Explanation: Huawei was first included in the Global Fortune 500 list in July 2010.

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By 2020, what percentage of Africa's 4G networks had Huawei played a major role in building?

Answer: Approximately 70%

Explanation: By 2020, Huawei had played a major role in building approximately 70% of Africa's 4G networks.

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What technology does Huawei's RuralStar initiative primarily use to extend mobile coverage to remote areas?

Answer: Solar-powered small cell base stations

Explanation: Huawei's RuralStar initiative primarily uses solar-powered small cell base stations with wireless backhaul to extend mobile coverage to remote areas.

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In which quarter of 2020 did Huawei become the world's top smartphone seller, surpassing Samsung?

Answer: Second quarter

Explanation: Huawei became the world's top smartphone seller in the second quarter of 2020, surpassing Samsung.

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What is a key factor driving Huawei's global growth in the telecommunications equipment market?

Answer: Its strategy of offering competitive equipment at a lower price.

Explanation: A key factor in Huawei's global growth in telecommunications equipment has been its strategy of offering competitive products at a lower price than rivals.

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Corporate Governance and Financial Performance

Prior to 2019, Huawei consistently referred to itself as a private company.

Answer: False

Explanation: Prior to 2019, Huawei classified itself as a 'collective' entity and only began referring to itself as a 'private company' in 2019.

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Huawei's CEO, Ren Zhengfei, states that the company's corporate culture is aligned with the Chinese Communist Party's emphasis on serving the people.

Answer: True

Explanation: CEO Ren Zhengfei states that Huawei's corporate culture aligns with the Chinese Communist Party's emphasis on 'serving the people' and that its management philosophy is a commercial application of Maoism.

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In 2024, Huawei spent approximately 10% of its net sales on research and development.

Answer: False

Explanation: In 2024, Huawei spent approximately 22.4% of its net sales on research and development, not 10%.

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Huawei has R&D institutes exclusively within China and the United States.

Answer: False

Explanation: Huawei has numerous R&D institutes located in many countries worldwide, not exclusively in China and the United States.

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Huawei's largest customer for its telecommunications equipment is the Chinese government.

Answer: True

Explanation: The source states that Huawei's largest customer for its telecommunications equipment is the Chinese government.

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According to the source, who is Huawei's largest customer for its telecommunications equipment?

Answer: The Chinese government

Explanation: Huawei's largest customer for its telecommunications equipment is the Chinese government.

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How did Huawei classify itself prior to 2019?

Answer: As a collective entity

Explanation: Prior to 2019, Huawei classified itself as a 'collective' entity.

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What was Huawei's total revenue in 2024, approximately?

Answer: US$118.1 billion

Explanation: Huawei's total revenue in 2024 was approximately US$118.1 billion.

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In 2024, approximately what percentage of its net sales did Huawei spend on R&D?

Answer: 22.4%

Explanation: In 2024, Huawei spent approximately 22.4% of its net sales on research and development.

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Which of the following countries is NOT listed as having a Huawei R&D institute?

Answer: Brazil

Explanation: The provided source lists R&D institutes in numerous countries, but Brazil is not among them.

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Impact of US Sanctions and Strategic Resilience

International sanctions caused Huawei's revenues to increase by 32% in the third quarter of 2021.

Answer: False

Explanation: Heavy international sanctions led to a 32% drop in Huawei's revenues in the third quarter of 2021, not an increase.

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By mid-2024, HarmonyOS had become the most popular mobile operating system in China, surpassing Android.

Answer: False

Explanation: By mid-2024, HarmonyOS had become the second most popular mobile operating system in China, not the most popular, though it gained market share at Android's expense.

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Huawei developed its MetaERP system after being barred from using American ERP systems due to US sanctions.

Answer: True

Explanation: Huawei developed its proprietary MetaERP system in response to the US Entity List, which barred American software companies from supplying ERP systems to Huawei.

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In response to US sanctions, Huawei began stockpiling processors and components, spending $23.45 billion in 2019 alone.

Answer: True

Explanation: Prior to the September 2020 US sanctions deadline, Huawei entered 'survival mode' and extensively stockpiled components, spending $23.45 billion on this in 2019.

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The Kirin 9000s chip in the Huawei Mate 60 was manufactured by a US-based company using advanced 5-nanometer technology.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Kirin 9000s chip in the Huawei Mate 60 was manufactured in China by SMIC using its 7-nanometer N+2 process, not by a US-based company using 5-nanometer technology.

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HarmonyOS was initially developed as a primary operating system for Huawei's devices, not as a backup.

Answer: False

Explanation: HarmonyOS (initially HongMeng OS) was developed as a 'plan B' operating system in response to potential US sanctions, not as a primary operating system from the outset.

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What action did the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) take against Huawei in November 2022?

Answer: Banned sales or import of Huawei equipment in the US

Explanation: In November 2022, the FCC banned the sales or import of Huawei equipment in the US due to national security concerns.

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What was the impact of heavy international sanctions on Huawei's revenues in the third quarter of 2021?

Answer: A 32% drop

Explanation: Heavy international sanctions led to a 32% drop in Huawei's revenues in the third quarter of 2021.

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By mid-2024, HarmonyOS had achieved what market position in China's mobile operating system landscape?

Answer: It was the second most popular.

Explanation: By mid-2024, HarmonyOS had become the second most popular mobile operating system in China.

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What prompted Huawei to develop its proprietary MetaERP system?

Answer: The United States Entity List barred American software companies from supplying ERP systems.

Explanation: Huawei developed its MetaERP system after the US Entity List prevented American software companies from supplying ERP systems to the company.

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What was the significance of the Kirin 9000s chip in the Huawei Mate 60 smartphone?

Answer: It was manufactured in China by SMIC using its 7-nanometer N+2 process.

Explanation: The Kirin 9000s chip in the Huawei Mate 60 was significant because it was manufactured in China by SMIC using its 7-nanometer N+2 process, representing a technical achievement despite sanctions.

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What was the initial purpose of HarmonyOS (HongMeng OS) for Huawei?

Answer: To serve as a 'plan B' operating system in case of US sanctions.

Explanation: HarmonyOS was initially developed as a 'plan B' operating system in case Huawei was prevented from using Android or Windows due to US sanctions.

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Which of the following countries is NOT listed as having banned or restricted Huawei products?

Answer: Russia

Explanation: The source lists several countries that have banned or restricted Huawei products, but Russia is not among them.

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Global Accusations and Geopolitical Scrutiny

Symantec dissolved its joint venture with Huawei in 2012 because the partnership was not profitable enough.

Answer: False

Explanation: Symantec dissolved its joint venture with Huawei in 2012 due to fears that the partnership would prevent it from obtaining classified information about cyber threats from the United States government.

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The UK Parliament's Defence Committee concluded in 2020 that there was evidence of collusion between Huawei and the Chinese state.

Answer: True

Explanation: In October 2020, the UK Parliament's Defence Committee concluded that there was evidence of collusion between Huawei and the Chinese state and the Chinese Communist Party.

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China's arrest of two Canadian citizens after Meng Wanzhou's detention was widely seen as 'hostage diplomacy.'

Answer: True

Explanation: China's arrest of two Canadian citizens following the detention of Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou in Canada was widely viewed as 'hostage diplomacy' in retaliation.

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A 2012 White House-ordered security review found definitive evidence that Huawei spied for China.

Answer: False

Explanation: A 2012 White House-ordered security review found no evidence that Huawei spied for China, but it did note that security vulnerabilities in its products posed a greater threat.

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The Cisco Systems lawsuit against Huawei in 2003 was settled out of court after Huawei admitted to copying some of Cisco's router software.

Answer: True

Explanation: The intellectual property infringement lawsuit filed by Cisco Systems against Huawei in 2003 was settled out of court in 2004 after Huawei admitted to copying some of Cisco's router software.

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Huawei has been accused of providing technology used in the mass surveillance of Uyghurs in Xinjiang internment camps.

Answer: True

Explanation: Huawei has faced accusations of providing technology utilized in the mass surveillance and detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang internment camps, leading to US sanctions.

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The NSA infiltrated Huawei's network in 2009 to plant malware and disrupt its operations.

Answer: False

Explanation: The NSA infiltrated Huawei's network in 2009 primarily to obtain customer lists, internal documents, and emails, and to exploit the company's products for signals intelligence, not specifically to plant malware and disrupt operations.

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The Chinese public generally views Western actions against Huawei as justified due to national security concerns.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Chinese public generally views Western distrust and targeting of Huawei as unjustified, fostering strong public sentiment and support for the company.

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Which of the following is NOT a major accusation or concern Huawei has faced regarding its operations?

Answer: Excessive environmental pollution

Explanation: Major accusations against Huawei include intellectual property infringement, state influence, and links to mass surveillance, but not excessive environmental pollution.

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Why did Symantec dissolve its joint venture with Huawei in 2012?

Answer: Symantec feared it would prevent access to US government classified information.

Explanation: Symantec dissolved its joint venture with Huawei in 2012 due to concerns that the partnership would impede its access to US government classified information regarding cyber threats.

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What did the UK Parliament's Defence Committee conclude about Huawei in October 2020?

Answer: There was evidence of collusion between Huawei and the Chinese state.

Explanation: In October 2020, the UK Parliament's Defence Committee concluded that there was evidence of collusion between Huawei and the Chinese state and the Chinese Communist Party.

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What was the 'hostage diplomacy' incident related to Huawei's CFO Meng Wanzhou?

Answer: China arrested Canadian citizens in retaliation for Meng Wanzhou's detention.

Explanation: The 'hostage diplomacy' incident refers to China's arrest of two Canadian citizens in retaliation for the detention of Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou in Canada.

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What did a 2012 White House-ordered security review conclude about Huawei?

Answer: It found no evidence that Huawei spied for China, but noted security vulnerabilities.

Explanation: A 2012 White House-ordered security review found no evidence of Huawei spying for China, but identified security vulnerabilities in its products.

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What was the outcome of the intellectual property infringement lawsuit filed by Cisco Systems against Huawei in 2003?

Answer: The case was settled out of court after Huawei admitted to copying some of Cisco's software.

Explanation: The Cisco Systems lawsuit against Huawei for intellectual property infringement was settled out of court after Huawei admitted to copying some of Cisco's router software.

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What allegations have been made against Huawei concerning Xinjiang internment camps?

Answer: Providing technology used in mass surveillance and detention of Uyghurs.

Explanation: Huawei has been accused of providing technology used in the mass surveillance and detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang internment camps.

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What was the primary goal of the NSA's infiltration of Huawei's network in 2009?

Answer: To obtain Huawei's customer list and internal documents.

Explanation: The primary goal of the NSA's infiltration of Huawei's network in 2009 was to obtain customer lists, internal training documents, and access its central email archive.

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In March 2025, Huawei became the focus of a corruption investigation in Brussels, Belgium, involving allegations of what?

Answer: Bribery targeting the European Parliament.

Explanation: In March 2025, Huawei became the focus of a corruption investigation in Brussels concerning allegations of bribery targeting the European Parliament.

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How does the Chinese public generally perceive Western actions against Huawei?

Answer: As unjustified, leading to strong public support for Huawei.

Explanation: The Chinese public generally views Western actions against Huawei as unjustified, fostering strong public sentiment and support for the company.

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Product Diversification and Future Technologies

Huawei partnered with Leica Camera for its smartphone cameras from 2016 until 2020.

Answer: False

Explanation: Huawei partnered with Leica Camera from 2016, but this partnership concluded in May 2022, not 2020.

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The AITO brand is Huawei's budget-friendly electric vehicle (EV) brand.

Answer: False

Explanation: AITO is Huawei's premium electric vehicle (EV) brand, developed in cooperation with Seres, not a budget-friendly one.

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As of 2025, what is Huawei's market share in the Chinese smartphone market?

Answer: 18.1%

Explanation: As of 2025, Huawei holds an 18.1% market share, making it the largest smartphone vendor in China.

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What was the nature of Huawei's partnership with Leica Camera, which concluded in May 2022?

Answer: They co-engineered cameras for Huawei smartphones.

Explanation: Huawei partnered with Leica Camera to co-engineer cameras for its smartphones.

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What is the purpose of Huawei's upcoming Ascend 910C AI chip?

Answer: To compete with Nvidia's CUDA ecosystem for artificial intelligence.

Explanation: Huawei's Ascend 910C AI chip is designed to compete with Nvidia's CUDA ecosystem for artificial intelligence applications.

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As of 2022, what was Huawei's market share in the global solar inverter market?

Answer: 29%

Explanation: As of 2022, Huawei held a 29% market share in the global solar inverter market, making it the largest producer.

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