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The Ikkō-shū, translating to 'single-minded school,' is often characterized as a distinct Buddhist sect that emerged independently in the fifteenth century.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Ikkō-shū, meaning 'single-minded school,' is indeed recognized as a distinct Buddhist sect that originated in the fifteenth century.
Ikkō Shunjō, the progenitor of the original Ikkō-shū, was affiliated with the Chinzei branch of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical accounts confirm that Ikkō Shunjō, the founder of the original Ikkō-shū, was a disciple within the Chinzei branch of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism.
The original Ikkō-shū was initially described as an obscure Pure Land movement, rather than a prominent or widely recognized sect.
Answer: True
Explanation: Early descriptions characterize the original Ikkō-shū as an obscure group of Pure Land proponents, distinguishing it from major, established sects of the time.
The literal translation of 'Ikkō-shū' is 'single-minded school,' not 'One True Path'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Japanese term 'Ikkō-shū' literally translates to 'single-minded school'.
The military-political establishment actively suppressed, rather than supported, the Nembutsu practice during the period of the original Ikkō-shū's emergence.
Answer: True
Explanation: Contrary to supporting it, the ruling powers began to suppress the Nembutsu practice, creating challenges for emerging Buddhist groups like the original Ikkō-shū.
The description of the early Ikkō-shū as an 'obscure band' suggests it was a nascent and relatively uninfluential group at its inception, contrary to being well-established.
Answer: True
Explanation: Characterizing the early Ikkō-shū as an 'obscure band' implies it was a small and not widely recognized movement at its origin.
The original Ikkō-shū, a distinct Buddhist sect, was established in the fifteenth century by its founder, Ikkō Shunjō.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical consensus places the founding of the original Ikkō-shū in the fifteenth century, with Ikkō Shunjō identified as its progenitor.
What is the literal translation of the Japanese term 'Ikkō-shū'?
Answer: The Single-Minded School
Explanation: The Japanese term 'Ikkō-shū' literally translates to 'single-minded school'.
Who founded the original Ikkō-shū, and in which century was this sect established?
Answer: Ikkō Shunjō, in the fifteenth century
Explanation: The original Ikkō-shū was founded by Ikkō Shunjō during the fifteenth century.
To which Buddhist tradition was Ikkō Shunjō, the founder of the original Ikkō-shū, affiliated?
Answer: The Chinzei branch of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism
Explanation: Ikkō Shunjō, the founder of the original Ikkō-shū, was a disciple affiliated with the Chinzei branch of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism.
How was the original Ikkō-shū initially characterized in comparison to other Pure Land movements of its era?
Answer: As an obscure group
Explanation: The original Ikkō-shū was initially described as an obscure group within the broader landscape of Pure Land Buddhism.
The suppression of Nembutsu practice by the ruling establishment prompted many adherents of the original Ikkō-shū to migrate to the more established Jōdo Shinshū sect.
Answer: True
Explanation: The crackdown on Nembutsu practice by authorities led many followers of the original Ikkō-shū to seek refuge and affiliation within the more prominent Jōdo Shinshū sect.
Rennyo, a pivotal figure in Jōdo Shinshū, utilized his pastoral letters, known as Ofumi, to clarify the sect's identity, rather than officially renaming it 'Ikkō-shū'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Rennyo's pastoral letters (Ofumi) served to clarify the sect's name as Jōdo Shinshū and its doctrinal tenets, rather than to rename it 'Ikkō-shū'.
Rennyo explained that the appellation 'Ikkō-shū' arose from his followers' exclusive reliance on Amida Buddha for salvation, embodying the principle of 'single-mindedness'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Rennyo articulated that the term 'Ikkō-shū' reflected the followers' singular devotion and reliance on Amida Buddha for salvation.
Rennyo actively sought to distance his followers from the antinomian behavior historically associated with the original Ikkō sect.
Answer: True
Explanation: Rennyo made deliberate efforts to differentiate his followers from the antinomian tendencies attributed to the original Ikkō sect.
Rennyo's strategic efforts to clarify the sect's nomenclature and doctrinal emphasis were instrumental in unifying followers and managing its public perception.
Answer: True
Explanation: Rennyo's leadership involved clarifying the sect's identity and name, which aided in consolidating its followers and shaping its public image.
The designation 'Ikkō-shū' eventually became associated with Jōdo Shinshū primarily as a consequence of followers migrating from the original sect to Jōdo Shinshū.
Answer: True
Explanation: The migration of adherents from the original Ikkō-shū to Jōdo Shinshū led to the name 'Ikkō-shū' becoming colloquially linked with the latter, more prominent sect.
What historical development significantly contributed to the decline of the original Ikkō-shū and the subsequent migration of its adherents?
Answer: The suppression of Nembutsu practice by the establishment
Explanation: The suppression of Nembutsu practice by the ruling establishment was a key factor leading to the decline of the original Ikkō-shū and the migration of its followers.
According to the provided information, what is the primary reason the name 'Ikkō-shū' became associated with Jōdo Shinshū?
Answer: Followers migrated from the original Ikkō-shū to Jōdo Shinshū, causing the name association.
Explanation: The association of the name 'Ikkō-shū' with Jōdo Shinshū primarily arose from the migration of adherents from the original sect to Jōdo Shinshū.
What was Rennyo's specific role and contribution regarding the nomenclature 'Ikkō-shū'?
Answer: He clarified the meaning of 'Ikkō' while distancing his sect from the original Ikkō-shū's behavior.
Explanation: Rennyo played a crucial role in clarifying the meaning of 'Ikkō' and distinguishing his Jōdo Shinshū sect from the perceived negative behaviors of the original Ikkō sect.
What were the appellations for Rennyo's pastoral letters, and what crucial clarification did they provide concerning the sect's official name?
Answer: Ofumi (Gobunsho); they stated the sect's actual name was Jōdo Shinshū.
Explanation: Rennyo's pastoral letters, known as Ofumi or Gobunsho, clarified that the sect's official name was Jōdo Shinshū, not Ikkō-shū.
What specific category of behavior did Rennyo explicitly endeavor to distance his followers from?
Answer: The antinomian behavior of the original Ikkō sect
Explanation: Rennyo explicitly sought to distance his followers from the antinomian behavior historically associated with the original Ikkō sect.
Which statement accurately delineates the historical relationship between the original Ikkō-shū and Jōdo Shinshū as presented in the source material?
Answer: The original Ikkō-shū was a militant offshoot of Jōdo Shinshū, and later its name became associated with Jōdo Shinshū due to follower migration.
Explanation: The source material indicates that the original Ikkō-shū was a militant offshoot of Jōdo Shinshū, and its name later became associated with Jōdo Shinshū due to the migration of followers.
How did Rennyo strategically manage the perception of his Jōdo Shinshū sect concerning the nomenclature 'Ikkō-shū'?
Answer: By emphasizing the official name 'Jōdo Shinshū' and clarifying the positive meaning of 'single-mindedness'.
Explanation: Rennyo strategically managed perceptions by reinforcing the official name 'Jōdo Shinshū' and positively reinterpreting the concept of 'single-mindedness' associated with 'Ikkō-shū'.
The Amida pietist movement, notably Jōdo Shinshū, furnished ideological underpinnings for uprisings against the feudal system prevalent in Japan.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Amida pietist movement, including Jōdo Shinshū, provided a significant ideological basis for resistance against the feudal structure in Japan.
The Ikkō-ikki revolts were not solely motivated by religious doctrine; they also encompassed significant sociopolitical grievances.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical analysis indicates that the Ikkō-ikki revolts stemmed from a complex interplay of religious motivations and sociopolitical grievances, not solely religious doctrine.
The Ikkō-ikki revolts primarily occurred during the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, not the Heian period.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Ikkō-ikki revolts, significant sociopolitical events, took place predominantly in the late 15th and 16th centuries, a period distinct from the Heian era.
The application of 'liberation theology' to the Ikkō-ikki revolts suggests the movement addressed not only spiritual enlightenment but also sociopolitical liberation from oppression.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'liberation theology' implies that the religious ideology of the Ikkō-ikki movement provided justification for challenging social and political subjugation, extending beyond purely spiritual concerns.
The Ikkō-ikki revolts are characterized as uprisings ideologically supported by which specific religious movement?
Answer: Amida pietist movement (Jōdo Shinshū)
Explanation: The Ikkō-ikki revolts received ideological support from the Amida pietist movement, particularly Jōdo Shinshū.
Against which societal structure were the Ikkō-ikki revolts primarily directed?
Answer: The feudal system
Explanation: The Ikkō-ikki revolts represented a significant challenge directed against the prevailing feudal system in Japan.
For what reasons might the theoretical framework of 'liberation theology' be considered applicable to the ideology underpinning the Ikkō-ikki revolts?
Answer: It provided a religious justification for challenging social and political oppression.
Explanation: The ideology supporting the Ikkō-ikki revolts can be viewed through the lens of 'liberation theology' due to its provision of religious justification for challenging social and political oppression.
The escalating influence of Jōdo Shinshū, amplified by the Ikkō-ikki revolts, rendered its heavily fortified temples prime targets for suppression by ruling powers.
Answer: True
Explanation: The growing power and political involvement of Jōdo Shinshū, particularly through the Ikkō-ikki revolts, led to its fortified temple complexes becoming focal points of suppression by feudal authorities.
Oda Nobunaga's military campaigns resulted in the destruction of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji fortress, but the Nagashima fortress was also targeted and destroyed.
Answer: True
Explanation: Oda Nobunaga's forces systematically destroyed both the Ishiyama Hongan-ji and the Nagashima fortress-temples, which were strongholds of the Ikkō movement.
The razing of the Nagashima fortress in 1574 led to an estimated death toll exceeding 20,000 individuals.
Answer: True
Explanation: The assault on Nagashima in 1574 resulted in a catastrophic loss of life, with estimates suggesting over 20,000 people perished.
Contrary to being the shortest, the siege of Ishiyama Hongan-ji was one of the longest in Japanese history, concluding after a protracted period.
Answer: True
Explanation: The siege of Ishiyama Hongan-ji was notably protracted, lasting for an extended duration and marking one of the longest sieges in Japanese historical records.
Osaka Castle was constructed on the site formerly occupied by the Ishiyama Hongan-ji fortress, not the Nagashima fortress.
Answer: True
Explanation: The historical site of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji fortress was later chosen as the location for the construction of Osaka Castle.
Subsequent to the fall of Nagashima, Oda Nobunaga issued a brutal directive for the extermination of all men and women affiliated with the Ikkō sect within Echizen Province.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the destruction of Nagashima, Oda Nobunaga ordered a systematic purge, resulting in the killing of all men and women belonging to the Ikkō sect in Echizen Province.
Neither the Ishiyama Hongan-ji nor the Nagashima fortress-temples were successfully defended; both were ultimately captured and destroyed by Oda Nobunaga's forces.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical records confirm that both the Ishiyama Hongan-ji and Nagashima fortress-temples fell to Oda Nobunaga's military campaigns, indicating they were not successfully defended.
The destruction of Ikkō-shū fortress-temples unequivocally demonstrated the ruling powers' concerted efforts to suppress influential religious groups that challenged their authority.
Answer: True
Explanation: The systematic destruction of these major Ikkō-shū centers served as a clear demonstration of the ruling powers' intent to dismantle religious organizations posing a challenge to their authority.
The site of Ishiyama Hongan-ji holds historical significance today not as an active Ikkō-shū temple, but as the location where Osaka Castle was later constructed.
Answer: True
Explanation: While Ishiyama Hongan-ji was a significant fortress-temple, its historical importance today is primarily linked to its site being redeveloped for Osaka Castle.
Which preeminent military and political figure orchestrated the campaigns leading to the destruction of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji and Nagashima fortress-temples?
Answer: Oda Nobunaga
Explanation: Oda Nobunaga, a powerful figure of the Sengoku period, led the military campaigns that resulted in the destruction of these major Ikkō-shū strongholds.
The destruction of the Nagashima fortress in 1574 resulted in an estimated death toll of approximately how many individuals?
Answer: 20,000
Explanation: The assault on Nagashima in 1574 led to a devastating loss of life, with estimates placing the number of deaths at approximately 20,000.
What significant historical development transpired at the site of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji subsequent to its destruction?
Answer: It became the site for the construction of Osaka Castle.
Explanation: Following the destruction of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji fortress, the site was chosen for the construction of Osaka Castle by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
What was the ultimate outcome of the protracted siege of Ishiyama Hongan-ji?
Answer: It surrendered in 1580 after the longest siege in Japanese history.
Explanation: The siege of Ishiyama Hongan-ji concluded with the fortress's surrender in 1580, marking it as one of the longest sieges recorded in Japanese history.
Following the subjugation of Nagashima, what exceptionally brutal directive did Oda Nobunaga issue concerning the Ikkō sect adherents in Echizen Province?
Answer: To kill every man and woman belonging to the sect.
Explanation: After the fall of Nagashima, Oda Nobunaga commanded a ruthless extermination of all men and women associated with the Ikkō sect in Echizen Province.
What was the direct consequence for the Jōdo Shinshū sect's fortified temples resulting from the Ikkō-ikki revolts and the sect's increasing influence?
Answer: The sect's fortified temples became targets for suppression.
Explanation: The growing power and political engagement of Jōdo Shinshū, fueled by the Ikkō-ikki revolts, led to its heavily fortified temples becoming primary targets for suppression by ruling authorities.
The fundamental conflict between Oda Nobunaga and the Ikkō-shū movement was primarily centered on which core issue?
Answer: Control of territory and suppression of potentially destabilizing religious-political power.
Explanation: Oda Nobunaga's campaigns against the Ikkō-shū were fundamentally driven by the need to consolidate territorial control and neutralize powerful religious entities that challenged his authority.
The practice of *kakure nenbutsu* emerged not for open practice, but as a clandestine method for Ikkō-shū Buddhists to continue their faith in secrecy following periods of intense persecution.
Answer: True
Explanation: The practice known as *kakure nenbutsu* signifies the continuation of Buddhist practices in secret by followers who were hiding from persecution.
In Japanese religious nomenclature, the suffix '-shū' typically signifies a school, sect, or group, rather than a specific ritual or ceremony.
Answer: True
Explanation: The suffix '-shū' in Japanese religious terminology commonly denotes a distinct school, sect, or organized group within a larger religious tradition.
The recitation of the Nembutsu, the invocation of Amida Buddha's name, served as a central practice for both the original Ikkō-shū and Jōdo Shinshū.
Answer: True
Explanation: The practice of reciting the Nembutsu, a core element of Pure Land Buddhism, was fundamental to both the original Ikkō-shū and the Jōdo Shinshū.
In the context of Ikkō-shū, 'single-mindedness' refers to the exclusive reliance on Amida Buddha for salvation, not the mastery of multiple Buddhist disciplines.
Answer: True
Explanation: The concept of 'single-mindedness' within Ikkō-shū pertains to the singular focus on Amida Buddha for liberation, not the comprehensive study of various Buddhist disciplines.
In the context of religious behavior, 'antinomian' implies a disregard for, or freedom from, moral laws, not strict adherence.
Answer: True
Explanation: Antinomianism, in religious contexts, suggests a belief that moral laws are not binding, often associated with a perceived freedom from conventional ethical constraints.
Rennyo employed the concept of 'single-mindedness' to delineate followers' exclusive reliance upon which specific salvific entity?
Answer: Amida Buddha
Explanation: Rennyo used the concept of 'single-mindedness' to describe the exclusive reliance of followers on Amida Buddha for salvation.
What specific term denotes the practice adopted by Ikkō-shū Buddhists who concealed themselves to evade persecution?
Answer: Kakure nenbutsu
Explanation: The practice of *kakure nenbutsu* refers to the clandestine recitation of the Nembutsu by Ikkō-shū followers who practiced their faith in hiding to avoid persecution.
Within Japanese religious nomenclature, what does the suffix '-shū' typically signify?
Answer: A school, sect, or group
Explanation: In Japanese religious contexts, the suffix '-shū' generally denotes a school, sect, or organized group within a religious tradition.
In the context of religious discourse, what does the term 'antinomian' signify regarding ethical and legalistic adherence?
Answer: Disregard for moral or ethical laws
Explanation: The term 'antinomian' signifies a belief system that posits freedom from or disregard for established moral and legal codes.
What does the historical phenomenon of *kakure nenbutsu* indicate regarding the Ikkō-shū followers' persistence after the period of intense persecution?
Answer: That their faith persisted secretly despite suppression.
Explanation: The existence of *kakure nenbutsu* demonstrates that Ikkō-shū followers maintained their religious practices covertly, ensuring the persistence of their faith even under severe persecution.
Which statement most accurately encapsulates the historical complexity and evolution of the term 'Ikkō-shū'?
Answer: Its meaning evolved from an obscure sect founder to encompass a prominent Buddhist movement.
Explanation: The term 'Ikkō-shū' has a complex history, evolving from its association with an obscure founder to becoming linked with broader Buddhist movements and historical events.