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Callicles and Thrasymachus, characters in Plato's works, upheld conventional morality.
Answer: False
Explanation: Callicles and Thrasymachus, prominent characters within Plato's philosophical dialogues, challenged conventional morality, rather than upholding it.
Aristotle believed all vices were simply deviations from a virtuous mean, with no actions being inherently wrong.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Aristotle viewed many vices as deviations from a virtuous mean, he also identified certain actions, such as envy, murder, and theft, as being wrong in themselves.
Sigmund Freud believed religion universally supported morality and opposed immorality.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sigmund Freud concluded that religion, in every age, provided as much support for immorality as it did for morality, indicating a complex relationship.
Michel Foucault believed the modern world had successfully established a single, coherent moral framework.
Answer: False
Explanation: Michel Foucault argued that the modern world was unable to establish a single, coherent moral framework.
According to Foucault, emotivism is the philosophical view that moral statements represent objective truths, enabling coherent morality.
Answer: False
Explanation: According to Foucault, emotivism is the philosophical view that moral statements express emotions rather than objective truths, underpinning the modern world's difficulty in establishing coherent morality.
Early criticisms of psychoanalysis focused on its practitioners being overly moralistic and rigid.
Answer: False
Explanation: Early criticisms of psychoanalysis often focused on its practitioners being perceived as unscrupulous and associated with an 'immoral city,' rather than being overly moralistic.
Freud believed that achieving self-understanding regarding morality made individuals permanently immune to acting immorally, regardless of their personal standards.
Answer: True
Explanation: Freud believed that achieving self-understanding regarding morality made individuals permanently defended against the danger of immorality, even if their personal moral standards differed from the norm.
Friedrich Nietzsche used the term 'Immoralism' to describe his ethical philosophy, advocating for a rejection of traditional values.
Answer: True
Explanation: Friedrich Nietzsche indeed used the term 'Immoralism' to describe his ethical philosophy, which involved a re-evaluation or rejection of traditional values.
Stoic ethics and Kantian ethics are mentioned as historical schools of ethical thought.
Answer: True
Explanation: Stoic ethics and Kantian ethics are indeed mentioned as historical schools of ethical thought in the provided text.
Freud believed that individuals who achieved self-understanding were less likely to be immoral, even if their morals differed from the norm.
Answer: True
Explanation: Freud posited that individuals who achieved self-understanding regarding morality were permanently defended against the danger of immorality, irrespective of their personal standards.
Aristotle's view on vice included the idea that certain actions were inherently wrong, regardless of context.
Answer: True
Explanation: Aristotle identified certain actions, specifically envy, murder, and theft, as being wrong in themselves, independent of their relation to a virtuous mean.
Who were the ancient Greek figures mentioned as challenging conventional morality in Plato's dialogues?
Answer: Callicles and Thrasymachus
Explanation: Callicles and Thrasymachus, characters featured in Plato's dialogues such as Gorgias and Republic, are identified as figures who challenged conventional morality.
How did Aristotle primarily categorize many vices?
Answer: As excesses or deficits relative to virtue.
Explanation: Aristotle primarily categorized many vices as excesses or deficits relative to a particular virtue, conceptualizing virtue as a mean between two extremes.
What did Aristotle identify as being wrong in themselves, not just relative to a mean?
Answer: Envy, murder, and theft
Explanation: Aristotle identified certain actions, specifically envy, murder, and theft, as being wrong in themselves, independent of their relation to a virtuous mean.
What was Freud's conclusion regarding religion's support for morality and immorality?
Answer: Religion provided equal support for both morality and immorality across different eras.
Explanation: Freud concluded that religion, in every age, provided as much support for immorality as it did for morality.
Michel Foucault's perspective on modern morality is that:
Answer: It is unable to establish a coherent moral framework.
Explanation: Michel Foucault contended that the modern world was incapable of establishing a single, coherent moral framework.
What philosophical concept did Foucault link to the modern world's difficulty in establishing coherent morality?
Answer: Emotivism
Explanation: Foucault linked the modern world's difficulty in establishing coherent morality to the philosophical concept of emotivism, which posits that moral statements express emotions rather than objective truths.
What was a common criticism leveled against psychoanalysis in its early stages?
Answer: They were considered the product of an immoral city and unscrupulous minds.
Explanation: A common criticism leveled against psychoanalysis in its early stages was that it was considered the product of an immoral city and its practitioners were viewed as unscrupulous.
According to Freud, what protected individuals from the danger of immorality?
Answer: Achieving truth and self-understanding.
Explanation: According to Freud, achieving truth and self-understanding served to permanently defend individuals from the danger of immorality.
What did Friedrich Nietzsche call his own ethical philosophy?
Answer: Immoralism
Explanation: Friedrich Nietzsche referred to his own ethical philosophy as Immoralism.
What did Freud believe about religion's relationship with immorality?
Answer: Supported it as much as morality.
Explanation: Freud believed that religion, in every age, provided as much support for immorality as it did for morality.
Which historical school of ethical thought is mentioned?
Answer: Stoic ethics
Explanation: Stoic ethics is mentioned as a historical school of ethical thought in the provided text.
Max Weber observed that rational religions actively promoted physical forms of religious experience like dance and intoxication.
Answer: False
Explanation: Max Weber observed that rational religions were engaged in a long-term struggle against more physical forms of religious experience, such as those involving dance and intoxication, rather than actively promoting them.
Durkheim's analysis of primitive rites concluded they reinforced the distinction between licit and immoral behavior.
Answer: False
Explanation: Durkheim's analysis of primitive rites concluded that they often resulted in the abandonment of the distinction between licit and immoral behavior.
The coding of sexual behavior, establishing rules around it, has been absent in human societies throughout history.
Answer: False
Explanation: The coding of sexual behavior, meaning the establishment of rules and norms around it, has been a consistent feature present in human societies throughout history.
Societies have historically ignored breaches of sexual norms, referred to as sexual immorality.
Answer: False
Explanation: Societies have historically managed breaches of sexual norms, referred to as sexual immorality, through various formal and informal social control mechanisms, rather than ignoring them.
Interdictions and taboos regarding sexual behavior were significantly less severe in primitive societies compared to traditional agrarian ones.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text suggests that interdictions and taboos regarding sexual behavior in primitive societies were arguably no less severe than those found in traditional agrarian societies.
The last three centuries have seen a consistent tightening of societal restrictions on sexual behavior due to modernization.
Answer: False
Explanation: The last three centuries, marked by intense urbanization, commercialization, and modernization, have led to a breakdown of pre-modern restrictions on sexual behavior, resulting in more fractured codes.
The meaning of sexual immorality has remained constant and unchanged despite societal shifts.
Answer: False
Explanation: The meaning of sexual immorality has been drastically redefined over time and has not remained constant despite societal shifts, although boundaries remain policed.
Infidelity and incest are the only two sexual practices universally condemned across all cultures throughout history.
Answer: False
Explanation: Infidelity and incest are identified as the two sexual practices that have historically faced almost universal disdain across different cultures.
Max Weber observed a conflict between rational religions and what other type of religious experience?
Answer: More physical forms involving dance and intoxication
Explanation: Max Weber observed that rational religions were engaged in a long-term struggle against more physical forms of religious experience, such as those involving dance and intoxication.
What did Durkheim observe about the outcome of many primitive rites?
Answer: They often resulted in the abandonment of the distinction between licit and immoral behavior.
Explanation: Durkheim pointed out that many primitive rites culminated in the abandonment of the distinction between licit and immoral behavior.
Historically, what aspect of human behavior has been consistently regulated across societies?
Answer: Sexual behavior
Explanation: The coding of sexual behavior, which involves establishing rules and norms around it, has been consistently regulated across human societies throughout history.
Compared to traditional agrarian societies, how did the severity of taboos in primitive societies generally compare, according to the text?
Answer: Arguably no less severe.
Explanation: The text suggests that interdictions and taboos regarding sexual behavior in primitive societies were arguably no less severe than those found in traditional agrarian societies.
What major societal shifts in the last three centuries have altered traditional sexual restrictions?
Answer: Intense urbanization, commercialization, and modernization.
Explanation: Intense urbanization, commercialization, and modernization over the last three centuries have significantly altered and broken down traditional societal restrictions on sexual behavior.
Which two sexual practices have historically faced almost universal disdain across different cultures?
Answer: Infidelity and incest
Explanation: Infidelity within a monogamous, romantic relationship and incest between immediate family members are identified as the two sexual practices that have historically faced almost universal disdain across different cultures.
What does the source suggest about the boundaries of publicly acceptable sexual behavior recently?
Answer: They remain highly charged and policed, despite redefinition.
Explanation: Despite redefinition, the source suggests that the boundaries of publicly acceptable sexual behavior remain highly charged and policed.
In Abrahamic religions like Islam, Judaism, and Christianity, the primary concept for understanding immorality is 'heresy'.
Answer: False
Explanation: Within Abrahamic religions such as Islam, Judaism, and Christianity, the primary concept for understanding immorality is 'sin', not 'heresy'.
The concept of 'sin' is central to understanding immorality in Buddhism and Taoism.
Answer: False
Explanation: The provided text identifies 'sin' as the central concept for understanding immorality specifically within Abrahamic religions (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity), and does not extend this to Buddhism and Taoism.
What is the central concept for understanding immorality in Islam, Judaism, and Christianity?
Answer: Sin
Explanation: In Islam, Judaism, and Christianity, the central concept for understanding immorality is 'sin'.
John Ciardi praised the book Naked Lunch for its depiction of a moral ascent.
Answer: False
Explanation: John Ciardi acclaimed the book *Naked Lunch* not for a moral ascent, but as a 'monumentally moral descent into the hell of addiction'.
T. E. Lawrence, when faced with ambiguity, chose to define Meleager as an immoral poet rather than an immortal one.
Answer: False
Explanation: T. E. Lawrence, when faced with ambiguity regarding Meleager, admitted he understood immorality but not immortality, leaving the choice to the proofreader and implying he did not define Meleager as immoral.
In De Quincey's work, the progression on a downward path starts with minor offenses like procrastination and incivility.
Answer: False
Explanation: In De Quincey's work, the progression on a downward path illustrates an inverted hierarchy where severe acts like murder can lead to lesser offenses such as procrastination and incivility, not the other way around.
The book Naked Lunch was described by John Ciardi as a moral triumph over addiction.
Answer: False
Explanation: John Ciardi acclaimed the book *Naked Lunch* not for a moral triumph, but as a 'monumentally moral descent into the hell of addiction'.
T.E. Lawrence's response regarding Meleager implies he considered 'immortal' a more understandable concept than 'immoral'.
Answer: False
Explanation: T.E. Lawrence's response regarding Meleager implies he understood immorality but not immortality, indicating 'immoral' was the more understandable concept to him in that context.
De Quincey's hierarchy suggests that procrastination is a more severe offense than murder.
Answer: False
Explanation: De Quincey's hierarchy suggests an inverted progression where severe acts like murder can lead to lesser offenses such as procrastination, not the other way around.
How did John Ciardi describe William S. Burroughs' book *Naked Lunch*?
Answer: A monumentally moral descent into the hell of addiction.
Explanation: John Ciardi described William S. Burroughs' book *Naked Lunch* as a 'monumentally moral descent into the hell of addiction'.
In the anecdote about Meleager, what did T. E. Lawrence admit about his understanding?
Answer: He understood immorality but not immortality.
Explanation: In the anecdote about Meleager, T. E. Lawrence admitted that he understood immorality but could not judge immortality, indicating a limitation in his grasp of the latter concept.
What does De Quincey's concept of a "downward path" in *On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts* illustrate?
Answer: An inverted progression where severe acts can lead to lesser ones.
Explanation: De Quincey's concept of a 'downward path' illustrates an inverted progression where engaging in severe acts, such as murder, can lead to a desensitization and engagement in lesser wrongdoings like procrastination and incivility.
Modernism has sometimes been associated with a deliberate rejection or exploration of traditional moral standards, termed a 'cult of immorality'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text states that modernism has sometimes been associated with a deliberate rejection or exploration of traditional moral standards, a phenomenon termed a 'cult of immorality'.
The phrase 'cult of immorality' is associated with which cultural movement?
Answer: Modernism
Explanation: The phrase 'cult of immorality' is associated with the cultural movement of Modernism, suggesting a tendency to explore or challenge traditional moral standards.