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Islam was introduced to China exclusively through overland routes via the Silk Road.
Answer: False
Explanation: Islam was introduced to China through both overland routes via the Silk Road and maritime routes from the southeast.
The Silk Road was instrumental in spreading Islam into China between the 7th and 10th centuries.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Silk Road facilitated the spread of Islam into China from the 7th to the 10th centuries through trade and cultural exchange.
Traditional accounts credit Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas with introducing Islam to China, arriving around 637 CE.
Answer: True
Explanation: Traditional accounts state that Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas arrived in China around 637 CE, contributing to the introduction of Islam.
Modern secular historians confirm that Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas personally visited China multiple times.
Answer: False
Explanation: Modern secular historians generally find no evidence that Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas personally visited China.
The Great Mosque of Xi'an is widely considered the first mosque built in China.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou is traditionally considered the first mosque built in China.
The Guangzhou massacre of 879 CE led to increased government persecution of Muslims.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Guangzhou massacre may have contributed to the government's relative indifference towards Muslims during subsequent persecutions, rather than increased persecution.
The Battle of Talas in 751 CE resulted in a Tang Dynasty victory, expanding their influence westward.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Battle of Talas in 751 CE resulted in an Abbasid Caliphate victory, marking the end of Tang Dynasty's westward expansion.
During the Song Dynasty, Muslims held key positions in the import and export industry, including the Director General of Shipping.
Answer: True
Explanation: Muslims played a significant role in the Song Dynasty's import and export industry, with the position of Director General of Shipping consistently held by a Muslim.
During the Song Dynasty, Islam was referred to as 'Huihui Jiao' from the beginning.
Answer: False
Explanation: Initially, Islam was called 'Dashi fa' (law of the Arabs) during the Song Dynasty, later being renamed 'Huihui Jiao' (Religion of the Huihui).
The term 'Huihui Jiao' replaced the earlier name 'Dashi fa' for Islam in China.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'Huihui Jiao' replaced the earlier term 'Dashi fa' for Islam in China during the Song Dynasty.
According to traditional accounts, when did the first Muslim missionaries reportedly arrive in China?
Answer: As early as 616-618 CE.
Explanation: Traditional accounts suggest the first Muslim missionaries arrived in China as early as 616-618 CE.
Which two primary routes facilitated the introduction of Islam into China?
Answer: Maritime routes from the southeast and overland routes from the west.
Explanation: Islam was introduced to China primarily via maritime routes from the southeast and overland routes from the west, including the Silk Road.
What event marked the end of Tang Dynasty's westward expansion and led to Muslim control over Transoxiana?
Answer: The Battle of Talas in 751 CE.
Explanation: The Battle of Talas in 751 CE resulted in an Abbasid victory, ending Tang Dynasty's westward expansion and leading to Muslim control over Transoxiana.
Which mosque is traditionally considered the first in China?
Answer: The Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou
Explanation: The Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou is traditionally considered the first mosque built in China.
What significant economic role did Muslims play during the Song Dynasty?
Answer: Holding the position of Director General of Shipping and leading import/export.
Explanation: During the Song Dynasty, Muslims were significantly involved in the import and export industry, holding the position of Director General of Shipping.
How did the name 'Islam' in China evolve during the Song Dynasty, according to the text?
Answer: It changed from 'Dashi fa' to 'Huihui Jiao' by Prince Amir Sayyid "Su-fei-er".
Explanation: During the Song Dynasty, the name for Islam evolved from 'Dashi fa' to 'Huihui Jiao' under Prince Amir Sayyid "Su-fei-er".
The Guangzhou massacre in 879 CE primarily resulted in the deaths of which group?
Answer: Foreigners, predominantly Arabs and Persians
Explanation: The Guangzhou massacre in 879 CE resulted in the deaths of approximately 120,000 to 200,000 foreigners, predominantly Arabs and Persians.
What does the source suggest about the historical arrival of Muslim diplomats and merchants in Tang Dynasty China?
Answer: They arrived within decades of the Muslim era, according to secular historians.
Explanation: Secular historians suggest that Muslim diplomats and merchants began arriving in Tang Dynasty China within decades of the Muslim era.
The Yuan Dynasty, founded by Mongols, generally suppressed Muslim influence and status in China.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Yuan Dynasty, founded by Mongols, generally elevated the status of Muslims, granting them significant roles in administration and finance.
Genghis Khan mandated the public performance of Islamic rituals like halal butchering during the Yuan Dynasty.
Answer: False
Explanation: Genghis Khan and his successors prohibited certain Islamic practices, such as halal butchering and circumcision, compelling Muslims to perform them in secret.
Muslims played a crucial role in the military founding of the Ming Dynasty, with several serving as trusted generals.
Answer: True
Explanation: Muslim generals were instrumental in the founding of the Ming Dynasty, with six of the Hongwu Emperor's most trusted generals reportedly being Muslim.
Zheng He, the famous Ming explorer, was not Muslim.
Answer: False
Explanation: Zheng He, the renowned Ming Dynasty explorer and admiral, was a Muslim.
Nanjing was a significant center for Islamic studies during the Ming Dynasty, offering more freedom than other religions.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nanjing became an important center for Islamic studies during the Ming Dynasty, and Muslims in Beijing enjoyed relative freedom of worship.
The Qing Dynasty actively suppressed all Muslim sects equally without favoring any.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Qing Dynasty often favored loyalist Muslim sects, such as the Khafiya, in suppressing rival sects like the Jahriyya.
Muslim generals were not significantly involved in the founding of the Ming Dynasty.
Answer: False
Explanation: Muslim generals played a crucial and significant role in the military founding of the Ming Dynasty.
Zheng He's voyages demonstrated China's engagement with the wider world during the Ming Dynasty.
Answer: True
Explanation: Zheng He's extensive maritime voyages showcased China's engagement with the wider world during the Ming Dynasty.
The Mongol conquest led to a decline in cultural exchange between China and Western Asia regarding Islam.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Mongol conquest facilitated unprecedented cultural exchange between China and Western Asia, including aspects related to Islam.
What was a key characteristic of the Yuan Dynasty's policy towards Muslims?
Answer: Granting elevated status and roles to Muslims due to Mongol minority status.
Explanation: The Yuan Dynasty granted elevated status and roles to Muslims, as the Mongol rulers were themselves a minority.
Which famous Ming Dynasty figure, known for leading major maritime expeditions, was a Muslim?
Answer: Zheng He
Explanation: Zheng He, the renowned Ming Dynasty admiral and explorer, was a Muslim.
How did Ming Dynasty policies influence the assimilation of Muslims?
Answer: Leading to assimilation by adopting Chinese language, names, culture, and Chinese-style mosque architecture.
Explanation: Ming Dynasty policies led to assimilation, with Muslims adopting Chinese language, names, culture, and Chinese-style mosque architecture.
What was a notable aspect of Islamic education in Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty?
Answer: Nanjing became an important center for Islamic studies.
Explanation: Nanjing emerged as a significant center for Islamic studies during the Ming Dynasty.
How did the Qing Dynasty manage internal conflicts between Muslim sects like the Khafiya and Jahriyya?
Answer: By supporting loyalist sects (Khafiya) to suppress rival sects (Jahriyya).
Explanation: The Qing Dynasty often supported loyalist Muslim sects, such as the Khafiya, to suppress rival sects like the Jahriyya.
What historical role did Muslim generals play in the founding of the Ming Dynasty?
Answer: They were among the founder's most trusted generals, aiding in military campaigns.
Explanation: Muslim generals were among the founder's most trusted commanders and played a crucial role in military campaigns during the founding of the Ming Dynasty.
The Yuan Dynasty's policy towards Muslims was influenced by:
Answer: The Mongol rulers being a minority themselves and elevating foreign groups.
Explanation: The Yuan Dynasty's policy towards Muslims was influenced by the Mongol rulers, who, as a minority, elevated foreign groups, including Muslims.
What restrictions did Genghis Khan and his successors place on Islamic practices?
Answer: Prohibition of halal butchering and circumcision, forcing secret practice.
Explanation: Genghis Khan and his successors prohibited Islamic practices like halal butchering and circumcision, forcing them to be performed in secret.
The estimated number of Muslims in China is less than 1% of the total population.
Answer: False
Explanation: Estimates suggest Muslims constitute approximately 1.8% of China's total population, which is more than 1%.
Xinjiang is the only region in China with a significant Muslim population.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Xinjiang has a significant Muslim population, other regions like Ningxia, Gansu, and Qinghai also have substantial Muslim communities.
All of China's 55 officially recognized minority peoples are predominantly Muslim.
Answer: False
Explanation: Out of China's 55 officially recognized minority groups, only ten are predominantly Muslim.
The 'Quran Belt' refers to regions in China with a high concentration of Muslim populations, bordering Central Asia.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Quran Belt' is a term used for predominantly Muslim regions in China, particularly in the northwest bordering Central Asia, Tibet, and Mongolia.
The 2000 census reported approximately 40 million Muslims in China.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 2000 census reported approximately 20.3 million members of Muslim nationalities, with other estimates varying but generally lower than 40 million.
The Hui people constituted the largest Muslim ethnic group in China according to the 2000 census.
Answer: True
Explanation: According to the 2000 census, the Hui people were the largest Muslim ethnic group in China, followed by the Uyghurs.
The 'Quran Belt' is located primarily in eastern China along the coast.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Quran Belt' is located primarily in the northwest of China, bordering Central Asia, Tibet, and Mongolia.
What percentage of China's total population is estimated to be Muslim?
Answer: Less than 2 percent.
Explanation: Estimates suggest that Muslims constitute less than 2 percent of China's total population.
Besides Xinjiang, which other provinces are mentioned as having substantial Muslim populations?
Answer: Ningxia, Gansu, and Qinghai.
Explanation: Besides Xinjiang, Ningxia, Gansu, and Qinghai provinces are mentioned as having substantial Muslim populations.
How many of China's 55 officially recognized minority groups are predominantly Muslim?
Answer: Ten
Explanation: Ten of China's 55 officially recognized minority groups are predominantly Muslim.
What does the term 'Quran Belt' refer to in China?
Answer: Predominantly Muslim regions bordering Central Asia, Tibet, and Mongolia.
Explanation: The 'Quran Belt' refers to predominantly Muslim regions in China, located in the northwest bordering Central Asia, Tibet, and Mongolia.
Based on the 2000 census, which was the second largest Muslim ethnic group in China?
Answer: Uyghurs
Explanation: According to the 2000 census, the Uyghurs were the second largest Muslim ethnic group in China, following the Hui.
During the Ming Dynasty, mosque architecture began to adopt traditional Chinese styles.
Answer: True
Explanation: During the Ming Dynasty, as Muslims assimilated, mosque architecture began to incorporate traditional Chinese styles.
Han Kitab literature synthesized Islamic beliefs with Buddhist principles.
Answer: False
Explanation: Han Kitab literature synthesized Islamic beliefs with Confucian philosophy and ethics, not Buddhist principles.
Bajiquan and Piguazhang are martial arts styles associated with Hui Muslims.
Answer: True
Explanation: Bajiquan and Piguazhang are among the Chinese martial arts styles associated with the Hui people.
Sini calligraphy is characterized by thin, flowing strokes similar to Arabic script.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sini calligraphy is characterized by thick, tapered strokes, resembling Chinese calligraphy, rather than thin, flowing strokes.
Xiao'erjing is a method of writing Chinese languages using the Latin alphabet.
Answer: False
Explanation: Xiao'erjing is a method of writing Sinitic languages (like Mandarin) using the Arabic script, not the Latin alphabet.
Mosques in western China typically follow traditional Chinese architectural styles, while eastern mosques resemble Middle Eastern ones.
Answer: False
Explanation: Mosques in western China often resemble Middle Eastern styles, while eastern mosques tend to adopt traditional Chinese architectural styles.
During the Ming Dynasty, Islam in China remained doctrinally separate from Confucianism and Taoism.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the Ming Dynasty, Islam in China began to synthesize with Confucianism and Taoism, influencing its doctrinal expression.
The Han Kitab literature primarily used the Arabic script to convey Islamic teachings.
Answer: False
Explanation: Han Kitab literature was written in Chinese, using Chinese characters, to convey Islamic teachings.
Xiao'erjing involves writing Arabic using Chinese characters.
Answer: False
Explanation: Xiao'erjing involves writing Sinitic languages (like Mandarin) using the Arabic script, not the other way around.
The tradition of female imams (ahong) in China is primarily found among the Han Chinese population.
Answer: False
Explanation: The tradition of female imams (ahong) is primarily found among the Hui Muslim population, not the Han Chinese.
What was the primary characteristic of Han Kitab literature?
Answer: It synthesized Islamic beliefs with Confucianism.
Explanation: Han Kitab literature was characterized by its synthesis of Islamic beliefs with Confucian philosophy and ethics.
What is Sini calligraphy?
Answer: A Chinese Islamic calligraphic style for Arabic script with thick, tapered strokes.
Explanation: Sini calligraphy is a Chinese Islamic calligraphic style for Arabic script, distinguished by thick, tapered strokes.
What unique practice does Xiao'erjing represent?
Answer: Writing Sinitic languages (like Mandarin) using the Arabic script.
Explanation: Xiao'erjing represents the practice of writing Sinitic languages, such as Mandarin dialects, using the Arabic script.
How does Islamic architecture typically differ between western and eastern China?
Answer: Western mosques use domes and minarets; eastern mosques resemble temples/pagodas.
Explanation: Mosques in western China often feature Middle Eastern elements like domes and minarets, while eastern mosques tend to adopt traditional Chinese architectural styles resembling temples or pagodas.
Which of the following is NOT a Sinitic language mentioned as being written using Xiao'erjing?
Answer: Uyghur language
Explanation: Xiao'erjing is used for writing Sinitic languages like Mandarin dialects, Dungan, and Salar, but not typically for Uyghur, which uses its own script.
What is the significance of the 'Han Kitab' in Chinese Islamic history?
Answer: It is a collection of Chinese Islamic texts from the Qing Dynasty synthesizing Islam with Confucianism.
Explanation: The Han Kitab is significant as a collection of Chinese Islamic texts from the Qing Dynasty that synthesized Islam with Confucianism.
Muslim Ming loyalists actively supported the Qing Dynasty's invasion in 1644.
Answer: False
Explanation: Muslim Ming loyalists revolted against the Qing Dynasty's invasion in 1644, seeking to restore the Ming prince.
The Dungan Revolt occurred during the Qing Dynasty and involved multiple regions including Xinjiang.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Dungan Revolt was a major Muslim uprising during the Qing Dynasty, affecting regions such as Xinjiang, Shaanxi, and Gansu.
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Muslims largely remained neutral.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Muslims, particularly the Hui, actively fought against Japan and suffered significant casualties and mosque destruction.
The Cultural Revolution led to increased religious freedom for Muslims in China.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Cultural Revolution led to severe repression of religious practices, including the attack on places of worship.
Policies towards Muslims began to relax significantly after the end of the Cultural Revolution and Deng Xiaoping's reforms.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the Cultural Revolution and Deng Xiaoping's reforms, policies towards Muslims began to relax, allowing for greater religious and cultural freedoms.
China officially denies the existence of ethnic separatist movements in Xinjiang.
Answer: False
Explanation: China acknowledges and actively combats ethnic separatist movements, particularly concerning the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
The Islamic Association of China was established independently by Muslim community leaders.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Islamic Association of China was established by the government, not independently by community leaders.
Muslims in China are permitted to perform the Hajj pilgrimage.
Answer: True
Explanation: Muslim communities in China have been granted permission to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.
Historical tensions between Hui and Uyghur Muslims are primarily due to recent economic competition.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historical tensions between Hui and Uyghur Muslims stem from deeper historical roots, including past dominance and suppression of revolts, rather than solely recent economic competition.
The Chinese government refers to the Xinjiang internment camps as 'Vocational Education and Training Centers'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Chinese government officially refers to the facilities in Xinjiang, where Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities have been detained, as 'Vocational Education and Training Centers'.
Reports suggest that Hui Muslims face stricter religious controls than Uyghurs in Xinjiang.
Answer: False
Explanation: Reports suggest that Uyghurs in Xinjiang face stricter religious controls than Hui Muslims, who generally experience more freedoms.
Tensions between Tibetans and Muslims in Tibet are a recent phenomenon post-2000.
Answer: False
Explanation: Tensions between Tibetans and Muslims in Tibet have historical roots predating the year 2000.
China officially supports groups like the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM).
Answer: False
Explanation: China officially opposes and combats groups like the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM).
A 2020 report indicated that a significant majority of mosques in Xinjiang were destroyed or damaged.
Answer: True
Explanation: A 2020 report indicated that approximately 65% of mosques in Xinjiang were destroyed or damaged since 2017.
Chinese state-run media supported Charlie Hebdo's right to publish cartoons insulting Muhammad.
Answer: False
Explanation: Chinese state-run media criticized Charlie Hebdo and advocated for limiting speech that insults religious figures.
Who led Muslim Ming loyalists in revolting against the Qing Dynasty's invasion in 1646?
Answer: Milayin and Ding Guodong
Explanation: Milayin and Ding Guodong led Muslim Ming loyalists in revolting against the Qing Dynasty in 1646.
Which of the following was NOT listed as a major Muslim revolt during the Qing Dynasty?
Answer: The Taiping Rebellion
Explanation: The Milayin rebellion, the Jahriyya revolt, and the Dungan Revolt are listed as major Muslim revolts during the Qing Dynasty; the Taiping Rebellion is not.
What impact did the Second Sino-Japanese War have on Chinese Muslims?
Answer: Japanese forces destroyed mosques and caused casualties, but Hui Muslims actively fought against Japan.
Explanation: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Muslims suffered mosque destruction and casualties, while many actively fought against Japan.
What major event during the Cultural Revolution significantly impacted Hui Muslims?
Answer: The Shadian incident, a large-scale ethnic rebellion.
Explanation: The Shadian incident in 1975 was a notable large-scale ethnic rebellion by Hui Muslims during the Cultural Revolution.
Which of the following is a reported concern regarding Uyghurs in Xinjiang?
Answer: The operation of 're-education' camps and restrictions on religious practices.
Explanation: Reported concerns regarding Uyghurs in Xinjiang include the operation of 're-education' camps and significant restrictions on religious practices.
What is the stated purpose of the government-established Islamic Association of China?
Answer: To provide authoritative interpretations of Islamic creed and vet clerics' sermons.
Explanation: The Islamic Association of China aims to provide authoritative interpretations of Islamic creed and vet clerics' sermons.
Which historical event contributed to historical friction between Hui and Uyghur Muslims?
Answer: The suppression of Uyghur revolts by Hui forces and past Hui dominance.
Explanation: Historical friction between Hui and Uyghur Muslims is linked to past Hui dominance and the suppression of Uyghur revolts by Hui forces.
What did the Chinese government's response to the Charlie Hebdo shooting in 2015 reveal about its stance on blasphemy?
Answer: Criticism of the magazine and advocacy for limiting speech that insults religious figures.
Explanation: The Chinese government's response to the Charlie Hebdo shooting criticized the magazine and advocated for limiting speech that insults religious figures.
According to a 2020 report, what proportion of Xinjiang's mosques were reportedly destroyed or damaged since 2017?
Answer: About 65%
Explanation: A 2020 report indicated that approximately 65% of mosques in Xinjiang were destroyed or damaged since 2017.
Which of the following is a reported difference in religious freedom between Hui and Uyghur Muslims?
Answer: Hui state employees are generally allowed to fast, and Hui find it easier to get passports for Hajj compared to Uyghurs.
Explanation: Reports indicate that Hui Muslims generally experience more religious freedoms, such as state employees being allowed to fast and easier passport acquisition for Hajj, compared to Uyghurs.