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Isma'il Pasha ruled Egypt and Sudan from 1863 to 1879, continuing his grandfather Muhammad Ali Pasha's modernization vision.
Answer: True
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha, grandson of Muhammad Ali Pasha, ruled Egypt and Sudan from 1863 to 1879, continuing his grandfather's modernization agenda.
Isma'il Pasha believed Egypt should remain exclusively tied to its African heritage and resist European influence.
Answer: False
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha viewed Egypt as increasingly part of Europe as well as Africa, advocating for the adoption of European systems and modernization.
The title of Khedive, obtained by Isma'il Pasha in 1867, allowed succession through any male descendant, not just direct heirs.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 1867 firman granted Isma'il Pasha the title of Khedive and established succession through direct descendants (father to son), not any male descendant.
Yacoub Cattaui served as Isma'il Pasha's Minister of War and advised him on military strategy.
Answer: False
Explanation: Yacoub Cattaui served as Isma'il Pasha's Minister of Finance and was a close advisor, not Minister of War.
Isma'il Pasha replaced Arabic with Ottoman Turkish as the official language of administration in Egypt.
Answer: False
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha replaced Ottoman Turkish with Arabic as the official language of administration to assert Egypt's independence and foster national identity.
Isma'il Pasha's mother, Hoshiyar Qadin, was the sister of Sultan Abdülaziz's father.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hoshiyar Qadin was the sister of Sultan Abdülaziz's mother, Pertevniyal Sultan, making Isma'il Pasha the Sultan's cousin.
The change in succession law secured by Isma'il Pasha ensured the title passed from brother to brother, aligning with Ottoman tradition.
Answer: False
Explanation: The succession law change secured by Isma'il Pasha established father-to-son succession, deviating from the previous brother-to-brother tradition.
Isma'il Pasha's missions abroad during his youth were primarily to negotiate trade agreements with European powers.
Answer: False
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's youth missions abroad were primarily diplomatic and educational, undertaken by his uncle Sa'id Pasha, rather than focused on trade agreements.
The "firman" secured in 1867 primarily granted Isma'il Pasha increased military authority within Egypt.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 1867 firman primarily granted Isma'il Pasha the title of Khedive and established father-to-son succession, rather than increased military authority.
Isma'il Pasha's primary motivation for modernization was to align Egypt with Ottoman traditions and strengthen ties with Istanbul.
Answer: False
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's modernization efforts were aimed at aligning Egypt with European standards and fostering economic development, moving towards greater autonomy from the Ottoman Empire.
Isma'il Pasha's reign saw the establishment of mixed courts, which were popular among the Egyptian and Sudanese populations for upholding local judicial authority.
Answer: False
Explanation: The mixed courts established during Isma'il Pasha's rule granted extraterritorial privileges to Europeans, undermining local judicial authority and thus were unpopular among Egyptians and Sudanese.
Isma'il Pasha's visits to Britain in 1867 and 1869 were aimed at securing British military support against the Ottoman Empire.
Answer: False
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's visits to Britain were part of his strategy to enhance his international standing and present Egypt to foreign sovereigns and the public, not specifically to secure military support against the Ottomans.
Who was Isma'il Pasha and what was his relationship to Muhammad Ali Pasha?
Answer: He was the grandson of Muhammad Ali Pasha and served as Khedive.
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha was the grandson of Muhammad Ali Pasha and ruled Egypt and Sudan as Khedive from 1863 to 1879.
What was Isma'il Pasha's view on Egypt's future identity and alignment?
Answer: He saw Egypt as becoming part of Europe as well as Africa, advocating for adoption of European systems.
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha articulated a vision of Egypt as part of both Europe and Africa, advocating for the adoption of European systems and modernization.
What significant change did the 1867 firman grant Isma'il Pasha regarding his title and succession?
Answer: It recognized him as Khedive and established father-to-son succession.
Explanation: The 1867 firman recognized Isma'il Pasha as Khedive and established the exclusive right for the title to be passed down from father to son.
What was the significance of replacing Ottoman Turkish with Arabic in Egyptian administration?
Answer: It was a move to assert Egypt's independence and foster national identity.
Explanation: Replacing Ottoman Turkish with Arabic as the administrative language was a significant step towards asserting Egypt's independence and fostering a distinct national identity.
Isma'il Pasha's mother, Hoshiyar Qadin, was related to Sultan Abdülaziz because she was:
Answer: The sister of Abdülaziz's mother, Pertevniyal Sultan.
Explanation: Hoshiyar Qadin, Isma'il Pasha's mother, was the sister of Pertevniyal Sultan, who was the mother of Sultan Abdülaziz, making them cousins.
The change in succession law secured by Isma'il Pasha in 1867 primarily affected:
Answer: The transfer of the Khedive title within his family.
Explanation: The change in succession law secured by Isma'il Pasha in 1867 established that the Khedive title would pass from father to son, altering the dynastic succession.
How did Isma'il Pasha's reign contribute to Egypt's relationship with the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: It saw Isma'il Pasha securing greater autonomy, moving Egypt towards de facto independence.
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's reign saw him secure greater autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, particularly through obtaining the title of Khedive and altering succession laws, moving Egypt towards de facto independence.
During Isma'il Pasha's reign, Egypt saw significant infrastructure development, including the construction of over 8,000 miles of irrigation canals and 5,000 miles of telegraph lines.
Answer: True
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's reign was marked by extensive infrastructure projects, including approximately 8,000 miles of irrigation canals and 5,000 miles of telegraph lines.
Isma'il Pasha significantly expanded educational opportunities by increasing the education budget and founding a national library in 1871.
Answer: True
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's educational reforms included a tenfold increase in the education budget, the establishment of new schools, and the founding of a national library in 1871.
Which of the following was NOT a major infrastructure project undertaken during Isma'il Pasha's reign?
Answer: Establishment of a modern navy with ironclad warships.
Explanation: While Isma'il Pasha pursued extensive infrastructure development, the establishment of a modern navy with ironclad warships is not listed as a primary project in the provided information.
Which of the following was a key educational reform implemented by Isma'il Pasha?
Answer: Resuming the practice of sending students abroad to Europe for study.
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's educational reforms included resuming the practice of sending students abroad to Europe for further study, fostering a Western-trained elite.
What was the impact of Isma'il Pasha's reforms on the European population in Cairo?
Answer: It caused the creation of a new western-style quarter in Cairo, attracting over 100,000 Europeans.
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's modernization efforts led to the development of a new western-style quarter in Cairo, attracting a large European population.
What was the primary goal of Isma'il Pasha's railroad building project?
Answer: To facilitate transportation, economic development, and connectivity.
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's railroad building project aimed to modernize transportation and facilitate economic development and connectivity within Egypt and Sudan.
What was the approximate total length of telegraph lines built during Isma'il Pasha's reign?
Answer: 5,000 miles
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's administration oversaw the construction of approximately 5,000 miles of telegraph lines.
Isma'il Pasha's modernization efforts led to a decrease in Egypt's national debt, making the country financially stable.
Answer: False
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's ambitious modernization efforts and spending significantly increased Egypt's national debt, leading to financial instability.
The "Caisse de la Dette" was established to manage Egypt's foreign investments and ensure profitable returns.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Caisse de la Dette was established to manage Egypt's national debt and oversee its repayment, not foreign investments.
The massive national debt incurred during Isma'il Pasha's reign had no bearing on his eventual deposition.
Answer: False
Explanation: The massive national debt made Egypt vulnerable to European creditors and was a significant factor contributing to the international pressure that led to Isma'il Pasha's deposition.
How did Egypt's national debt change during Isma'il Pasha's rule?
Answer: It grew from approximately £3 million to between £90 million and £100 million.
Explanation: Egypt's national debt dramatically increased during Isma'il Pasha's reign, growing from approximately £3 million to £90-100 million.
What key role did Yacoub Cattaui play during Isma'il Pasha's reign?
Answer: He served as Minister of Finance and a close advisor.
Explanation: Yacoub Cattaui served as Isma'il Pasha's Minister of Finance and was a close advisor, playing a significant role in financial matters and providing backing for projects.
What was the primary function of the "Caisse de la Dette" established in Egypt?
Answer: To manage Egypt's national debt and oversee its repayment.
Explanation: The Caisse de la Dette was established to manage Egypt's national debt and oversee its repayment, leading to increased European intervention.
What was the approximate annual treasury revenue of Egypt during Isma'il Pasha's reign?
Answer: £8 million
Explanation: During Isma'il Pasha's reign, Egypt's annual treasury revenue was approximately £8 million.
Isma'il Pasha sold Egypt's shares in the Suez Canal Company to the British government in 1875 to alleviate financial crisis.
Answer: True
Explanation: Facing a financial crisis in 1875, Isma'il Pasha sold Egypt's shares in the Suez Canal Company to the British government.
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 was celebrated with a modest ceremony, featuring a performance of Verdi's opera Aida.
Answer: False
Explanation: The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 was marked by an unprecedentedly grand festival, which included the premiere of Verdi's opera Aida.
The 1875 sale of Suez Canal shares to the British government led to a decrease in European intervention in Egypt's affairs.
Answer: False
Explanation: The sale of Suez Canal shares to Britain in 1875, intended to alleviate financial crisis, paradoxically led to increased European intervention in Egypt's affairs.
What action did Isma'il Pasha take in 1875 to address Egypt's financial crisis?
Answer: He sold Egypt's shares in the Suez Canal Company to the British government.
Explanation: To address the financial crisis, Isma'il Pasha sold Egypt's shares in the Suez Canal Company to the British government in 1875.
What notable cultural event occurred during the 1869 Suez Canal opening festival?
Answer: The first performance of Verdi's opera Aida.
Explanation: The grand festival celebrating the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 included the premiere of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida.
The Convention of Constantinople, mentioned in relation to the Suez Canal, primarily established:
Answer: Rules for the canal's use.
Explanation: The Convention of Constantinople established international rules governing the use of the Suez Canal.
Isma'il Pasha successfully expanded Egypt's territory into the Ethiopian highlands after defeating Emperor Yohannes IV in battle.
Answer: False
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's attempts to expand into Ethiopia were met with significant military defeats, notably at the Battles of Gundet and Gura, preventing territorial gains in the highlands.
The Red Sea territories developed by Isma'il Pasha's administration, such as Massawa, were later incorporated into the Italian colony of Eritrea.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Red Sea territories developed under Isma'il Pasha's administration, including Massawa, were subsequently incorporated into the Italian colony of Eritrea.
Isma'il Pasha's jurisdiction over the Somali Coast lasted until 1895, when it was ceded to France.
Answer: False
Explanation: Egypt's jurisdiction over the Somali Coast lasted until 1884, when it was ceded to Britain due to internal difficulties faced by the Egyptian government.
Isma'il Pasha's administration made no efforts to curb slave trading, focusing solely on infrastructure development.
Answer: False
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's administration made efforts to curb slave trading, receiving advice and support for these initiatives.
The Battle of Gura in March 1876 resulted in a victory for Isma'il Pasha's forces, allowing further expansion into Ethiopia.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Battle of Gura in March 1876 resulted in a significant defeat for Isma'il Pasha's army against Ethiopian forces.
What was the outcome of Isma'il Pasha's military campaigns against Ethiopia?
Answer: Egyptian armies suffered significant defeats at the Battles of Gundet and Gura.
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha's military campaigns against Ethiopia resulted in significant defeats for the Egyptian armies at the Battles of Gundet (1875) and Gura (1876).
What happened to the Red Sea territories, such as Massawa, developed during Isma'il Pasha's rule?
Answer: They were taken over by the Italians and formed the basis for Eritrea.
Explanation: The Red Sea territories developed by Isma'il Pasha's administration, including Massawa, were later incorporated into the Italian colony of Eritrea.
Why were Egypt's possessions on the Somali Coast ceded to Britain in 1884?
Answer: Due to internal difficulties faced by the Egyptian government.
Explanation: Egypt's possessions on the Somali Coast were ceded to Britain in 1884 due to internal difficulties faced by the Egyptian government at that time.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Gura in March 1876 for Isma'il Pasha's son, Hassan?
Answer: He was captured by Ethiopian forces.
Explanation: During the Battle of Gura in March 1876, Isma'il Pasha's son, Hassan, was captured by Ethiopian forces and later released after a ransom was paid.
Isma'il Pasha actively suppressed the Urabi Revolt, leading to his deposition by the Ottoman Sultan.
Answer: False
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha did not actively suppress the Urabi Revolt; his concessions to the movement contributed to the pressure for his deposition.
Isma'il Pasha was deposed in 1879 by the British and French governments directly, without Ottoman involvement.
Answer: False
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha was deposed by the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II, but this action was taken at the insistence of the British and French governments.
After his deposition, Isma'il Pasha retired to his palace in Cairo and lived freely until his death.
Answer: False
Explanation: After his deposition, Isma'il Pasha went into exile in Italy and later lived as a state prisoner in Constantinople until his death.
The assembly of delegates established in 1866 was intended from its inception to hold significant political and economic power.
Answer: False
Explanation: The assembly of delegates, established in 1866, was initially intended as a purely advisory body, though it gradually gained significant influence.
Britain and France insisted on reinstating their ministers in Egypt in May 1879 to reduce European influence in the country.
Answer: False
Explanation: Britain and France insisted on reinstating their ministers in May 1879 to increase, not reduce, their influence and control over Egyptian affairs, particularly in response to the Urabi Revolt.
How did Isma'il Pasha respond to the Urabi Revolt?
Answer: He largely did not oppose the revolt and conceded to Urabi's demands.
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha largely did not oppose the Urabi Revolt and conceded to its demands, a stance that contributed to the pressure for his deposition.
Who ultimately deposed Isma'il Pasha, and under whose influence was this action taken?
Answer: The British and French governments, acting through the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II.
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha was deposed by the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II, acting under the insistence of the British and French governments.
Where did Isma'il Pasha spend his final years after being deposed?
Answer: In Naples, Italy, and later as a state prisoner in Constantinople.
Explanation: After his deposition, Isma'il Pasha lived in exile in Naples, Italy, and later as a state prisoner in Constantinople until his death.
What was the initial purpose of the assembly of delegates established in 1866?
Answer: To serve as a purely advisory body on governmental affairs.
Explanation: The assembly of delegates, established in 1866, was initially intended to function solely as an advisory body on governmental affairs.
What was the stated reason for Britain and France insisting on the reinstatement of their ministers in Egypt in May 1879?
Answer: To ensure Egypt's financial stability and control.
Explanation: Britain and France insisted on reinstating their ministers in May 1879 to maintain their influence and control over Egyptian government affairs, citing concerns over financial stability and the Urabi Revolt.
What was the significance of Isma'il Pasha's burial place?
Answer: It was in the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, Egypt.
Explanation: Isma'il Pasha was buried in the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, Egypt, a significant location within his former realm.
The assembly of delegates persuaded Isma'il Pasha in 1876 to reinstate a law that allowed:
Answer: Land ownership and tax privileges for those paying six years of land tax in advance.
Explanation: In 1876, the assembly of delegates successfully persuaded Isma'il Pasha to reinstate a law offering land ownership and tax privileges to those who paid six years of land tax in advance.