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Study Guide: Jambudvipa: A Comparative Study of its Cosmological and Geopolitical Significance

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Jambudvipa: A Comparative Study of its Cosmological and Geopolitical Significance Study Guide

Jambudvipa: Etymology and Historical Context

Jambudvīpa is primarily known in ancient Indian sources as a name for the territory of the Indian Subcontinent.

Answer: True

Explanation: Ancient Indian sources frequently use Jambudvīpa to refer to the territory of the Indian Subcontinent.

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The term Jambudvīpa originates from the ancient Indian cosmogony concept of dvīpa, meaning 'mountain range'.

Answer: False

Explanation: The term Jambudvīpa originates from the concept of dvīpa, which translates to 'island' or 'continent', not 'mountain range'.

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Emperor Ashoka used the term Jambudvīpa to denote his empire during the fifth century BCE.

Answer: False

Explanation: Emperor Ashoka used the term Jambudvīpa to represent his empire during the third century BCE, not the fifth century BCE.

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Kannada inscriptions from the tenth century CE also employed the term Jambudvīpa to describe Ancient India.

Answer: True

Explanation: Kannada inscriptions from the tenth century CE utilized the term Jambudvīpa to refer to Ancient India.

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The literal meaning of Jambudvīpa is 'the land of mango trees'.

Answer: False

Explanation: The literal meaning of Jambudvīpa is 'the land of jambu trees,' referring to the Syzygium cumini tree.

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In ancient Indian sources, what is Jambudvīpa primarily known as?

Answer: The territory of the Indian Subcontinent

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From what ancient Indian cosmogony concept does the term Jambudvīpa originate?

Answer: dvīpa, meaning 'island' or 'continent'

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Which historical figure used the term Jambudvīpa to represent his empire during the third century BCE?

Answer: Emperor Ashoka

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What is the literal translation of the word Jambudvīpa?

Answer: 'The land of jambu trees'

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Puranic Cosmography of Jambudvipa

Puranic cosmography describes the world as being divided into five concentric island continents.

Answer: False

Explanation: Puranic cosmography describes the world as divided into seven concentric island continents, not five.

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Jambudvipa is the outermost concentric island in the Puranic scheme.

Answer: False

Explanation: Jambudvipa is the innermost concentric island in the Puranic cosmological scheme.

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The seven intermediate oceans in Puranic cosmography consist of salt-water, sugarcane juice, wine, ghee, yogurt, milk, and water.

Answer: True

Explanation: Puranic descriptions confirm that the seven intermediate oceans are composed of salt-water, sugarcane juice, wine, ghee, yogurt, milk, and water.

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The Lokaloka mountain range separates the known world from the celestial realms.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Lokaloka mountain range delineates the known world from the dark void beyond, not from celestial realms.

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According to the Viṣṇupurāṇa, the fruits of the jambu tree on Jambudvipa are as large as horses.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Viṣṇupurāṇa describes the fruits of the jambu tree as being as large as Asian elephants, not horses.

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The river formed from the juice of the jambu fruits is called the Jambunadi and provides water for Jambudvipa's inhabitants.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Jambunadi, or 'Jambu River,' is indeed formed from the juice of the jambu fruits and serves as a water source for the inhabitants of Jambudvipa.

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Jambudvipa is described as comprising seven zones (varsha) and six significant mountains (parvata).

Answer: False

Explanation: Jambudvipa is described as comprising nine varsha (zones) and eight significant parvata (mountains).

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The Markandeya Purana portrays Jambudvipa as being uniformly flat across its entire expanse.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Markandeya Purana characterizes Jambudvipa as depressed on its southern and northern sides, with an elevated and broad central region, not uniformly flat.

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The elevated region in the middle of Jambudvipa is named Ila-vrta or Meruvarsha, with Mount Meru at its center.

Answer: True

Explanation: The central elevated region of Jambudvipa is indeed named Ila-vrta or Meruvarsha, and the golden Mount Meru is located at its very center.

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The city of Brahma, Brahmapuri, is located on the summit of Mount Meru and is surrounded by cities of other deities.

Answer: True

Explanation: Brahmapuri, the city of Brahma, is situated on the summit of Mount Meru and is encircled by eight other cities belonging to Indra and seven other Devatas.

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The Markandeya Purana and Brahmanda Purana depict Jambudvipa as being divided into four regions resembling a square, with Mount Meru at one corner.

Answer: False

Explanation: These Puranas depict Jambudvipa as divided into four vast regions resembling the four petals of a lotus, with Mount Meru at the center, not a square with Meru at a corner.

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The Akasha Ganga originates from the foot of Vishnu and splits into four streams that irrigate Jambudvipa.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Akasha Ganga is described as originating from the foot of Vishnu and, after encircling Brahmapuri, splitting into four mighty streams that irrigate Jambudvipa.

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The Vāyu Purāṇa is known for providing the most detailed geographical description of Plaksadvipa.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Vāyu Purāṇa is noted for providing the most detailed geographical description of Jambudvipa, not Plaksadvipa.

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According to Puranic cosmography, how many concentric island continents divide the world?

Answer: Seven

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Which of the following is NOT one of the seven continents listed in the Puranas?

Answer: Simhadvipa

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What is the significance of the Lokaloka mountain range in Puranic cosmography?

Answer: It delineates the known world from the dark void beyond.

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What is the alternative name for Jambudvipa, the innermost concentric island in the Puranic scheme?

Answer: Sudarśanadvīpa

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In the Viṣṇupurāṇa, how large are the fruits of the jambu tree depicted as being?

Answer: As large as Asian elephants

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What is the name of the river formed from the juice of the jambu fruits on Jambudvipa?

Answer: Jambunadi

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How does the Markandeya Purana characterize the shape of Jambudvipa?

Answer: Depressed on its southern and northern sides, elevated and broad in its central region

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What lies at the very center of the elevated region named Ila-vrta or Meruvarsha in Jambudvipa?

Answer: The golden Mount Meru

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What significant city is located on the summit of Mount Meru in Puranic cosmology?

Answer: Brahmapuri

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How do the Markandeya Purana and Brahmanda Purana describe the layout of Jambudvipa in relation to Mount Meru?

Answer: As four vast regions resembling the four petals of a lotus, with Mount Meru at the center

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Which Purana is noted for providing the most detailed geographical description of Jambudvipa?

Answer: Vāyu Purāṇa

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Which of the following substances is NOT listed as composing one of the seven intermediate oceans in Puranic cosmography?

Answer: Honey

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How many varsha (zones) and parvata (mountains) are said to comprise the insular continent of Jambudvipa in Puranic descriptions?

Answer: Nine varshas and eight parvatas

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The Akasha Ganga, which encloses Brahmapuri, is said to originate from the foot of which deity?

Answer: Vishnu

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Which of the following oceans is NOT one of the seven intermediate oceans in Puranic cosmography?

Answer: Oil

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What is the name of the elevated region in the middle of Jambudvipa, where Mount Meru is located?

Answer: Ila-vrta or Meruvarsha

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The city of Brahmapuri on Mount Meru is surrounded by eight other cities belonging to Indra and how many other Devatas (deities)?

Answer: Seven

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The Akasha Ganga, after encircling Brahmapuri, splits into how many mighty streams that flow from Mount Meru?

Answer: Four

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Buddhist Cosmography of Jambudvipa

Buddhist cosmology divides the bhūmaṇḍala into two distinct levels: Kāmādhātu and Rūpadhātu.

Answer: False

Explanation: Buddhist cosmology divides the bhūmaṇḍala into three distinct levels: Kāmādhātu, Rūpadhātu, and Ārūpyadhātu.

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In Buddhist cosmology, Mount Meru (Sumeru) is surrounded by six island-continents.

Answer: False

Explanation: In Buddhist cosmology, Mount Meru (Sumeru) is described as being surrounded by four island-continents.

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Jambudvīpa is the northernmost of the four island-continents surrounding Sumeru in Buddhist cosmology.

Answer: False

Explanation: Jambudvīpa is the southernmost of the four island-continents surrounding Sumeru in Buddhist cosmology.

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In Buddhist accounts, Jambudvīpa gets its name from a gigantic Jambu tree located at its center.

Answer: True

Explanation: Buddhist accounts state that Jambudvīpa is named after a colossal Jambu tree situated at its center.

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Mahādīpas are small islands within the Cakravāla that are ruled by a cakravartin.

Answer: False

Explanation: Mahādīpas are described as great continents within the Cakravāla (cosmos) that are ruled by a cakravartin.

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Jambudvīpa, according to Buddhist texts, contains a region called Himavā with eighty-four thousand peaks.

Answer: True

Explanation: Buddhist texts indicate that Jambudvīpa includes Himavā, a region known for its eighty-four thousand peaks, numerous lakes, and extensive mountain ranges.

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The Jambu-tree (Naga) in Buddhist descriptions has a trunk ten yojanas in girth.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Jambu-tree (Naga) in Buddhist descriptions is stated to have a trunk fifteen yojanas in girth.

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Jambudvīpa is also known as Jambusanda in some Buddhist texts due to its extensive river systems.

Answer: False

Explanation: Jambudvīpa is known as Jambusanda in some Buddhist texts specifically because of the prominent Jambu-tree that grows there, not its river systems.

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The Jambudvīpa continent has a total extent of ten thousand yojanas, with three thousand inhabited by humans.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Jambudvīpa continent indeed has a total extent of ten thousand yojanas, with three thousand of these yojanas inhabited by humans.

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Jambudvīpa holds unique spiritual significance in Buddhism as the only place where beings can achieve enlightenment as humans.

Answer: True

Explanation: In Buddhism, Jambudvīpa is uniquely significant as the only realm where a being can achieve enlightenment by being born as a human.

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The Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra is a Hinayana Buddhist text that references Jambudvipa.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra is a Mahayana Buddhist text that references Jambudvipa.

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What are the three distinct levels into which Buddhist cosmology divides the bhūmaṇḍala?

Answer: Kāmādhātu, Rūpadhātu, Ārūpyadhātu

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In Buddhist cosmology, which of the four island-continents surrounding Sumeru is Jambudvīpa?

Answer: The southernmost

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What is the shape of Jambudvīpa in Buddhist cosmology, resembling the Indian subcontinent?

Answer: Triangular with a blunted point facing south

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According to Buddhist accounts, what is the origin of Jambudvīpa's name?

Answer: A gigantic Jambu tree at its center

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What are Mahādīpas in Buddhist cosmology?

Answer: Great continents within the Cakravāla ruled by a cakravartin

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What prominent geographical feature in Jambudvīpa is characterized by eighty-four thousand peaks according to Buddhist texts?

Answer: Himavā

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What are the dimensions of the Jambu-tree (Naga) in Buddhist descriptions regarding its trunk girth?

Answer: Fifteen yojanas

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Why is Jambudvīpa also known as Jambusanda in some Buddhist texts?

Answer: Because of its prominent Jambu-tree

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What is the total extent of the Jambudvīpa continent in yojanas, and how much of it is inhabited by humans?

Answer: Ten thousand yojanas total, with three thousand inhabited by humans.

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What unique spiritual significance does Jambudvīpa hold in Buddhism?

Answer: It is the only place where a being can achieve enlightenment by being born as a human.

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In Buddhist cosmology, Mount Meru (Sumeru) is situated in which of the three bhūmaṇḍala levels?

Answer: Kāmādhātu (Desire realm)

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The Jambu-tree, also referred to as Naga in Buddhist descriptions, has outspreading branches of what length?

Answer: Fifty yojanas

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What percentage of the Jambudvīpa continent's total extent (ten thousand yojanas) is covered by the ocean?

Answer: 40%

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Which Mahayana Buddhist text, besides the Mahāvaṃsa, also references Jambudvipa?

Answer: Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra

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Jain Cosmography of Jambudvipa

In Jain cosmology, Jambūdvīpa is situated at the very center of Madhyaloka, the middle part of the universe.

Answer: True

Explanation: Jain cosmology places Jambūdvīpa at the precise center of Madhyaloka, which is considered the middle realm of the universe.

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The Jambūdvīpaprajñapti treatise describes Jambūdvīpa and the life biographies of Tirthankara Mahavira.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Jambūdvīpaprajñapti treatise describes Jambūdvīpa and includes the life biographies of Ṛṣabha and King Bharata, not Tirthankara Mahavira.

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In Jain cosmology, Madhyaloka is composed of a single large continent surrounded by a single ocean.

Answer: False

Explanation: In Jain cosmology, Madhyaloka is composed of numerous continent-islands, each surrounded by its own ocean.

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The first eight continent-islands in Jain cosmology include Jambūdvīpa with Lavanoda (Salt ocean) and Dhatki Khand with Kaloda (Black sea).

Answer: True

Explanation: Jain cosmology lists Jambūdvīpa with Lavanoda (Salt ocean) and Dhatki Khand with Kaloda (Black sea) among its first eight continent-islands and their corresponding oceans.

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Mount Meru in Jain cosmology is located at the edge of Jambūdvīpa, which has a diameter of 50,000 yojanas.

Answer: False

Explanation: In Jain cosmology, Mount Meru is located at the center of the world, encircled by Jambūdvīpa, which has a diameter of 100,000 yojanas.

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The Jambūdvīpa continent in Jainism features nine zones (Kshetra) created by six dividing mountains.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Jambūdvīpa continent in Jainism is indeed characterized by nine Kshetra (zones), which are formed by six dividing mountains.

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Bharat Kshetra, Mahavideha Kshetra, and Airavat Kshetra are among the nine zones of Jambūdvīpa in Jain cosmology.

Answer: True

Explanation: Bharat Kshetra, Mahavideha Kshetra, and Airavat Kshetra are explicitly listed as three of the nine zones (Kshetra) of Jambūdvīpa in Jain cosmology.

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Where is Jambūdvīpa located in Jain cosmology?

Answer: At the very center of Madhyaloka

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Which of the following is NOT a Jain text that details Jambūdvīpa and Jain cosmology?

Answer: Mahāvaṃsa

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How is Madhyaloka structured in Jain cosmology?

Answer: As numerous continent-islands, each surrounded by its own ocean

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What is the diameter of Jambūdvīpa in Jain cosmology, which encircles Mount Meru?

Answer: 100,000 yojanas

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How many zones (Kshetra) does the Jambūdvīpa continent have in Jainism, and by how many dividing mountains are they created?

Answer: Nine zones, created by six mountains

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The Jambūdvīpaprajñapti treatise provides a description of Jambūdvīpa along with life biographies of which two figures?

Answer: Ṛṣabha and King Bharata

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In Jain cosmology, what is the name of the ocean that surrounds Jambūdvīpa?

Answer: Lavanoda (Salt ocean)

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Which of the following is one of the nine zones (Kshetra) of Jambūdvīpa according to Jain cosmology?

Answer: Bharat Kshetra

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Geopolitical and Cultural References

Mahinda, son of Emperor Ashoka, introduced himself as originating from Jambudvipa, referring to ancient Sri Lanka.

Answer: False

Explanation: Mahinda, son of Emperor Ashoka, identified his origin as Jambudvipa, referring to the Indian subcontinent, not ancient Sri Lanka.

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The Jambudweep Jain tirtha in Hastinapur is a historical ruin depicting ancient Jain cosmology.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Jambudweep Jain tirtha in Hastinapur is an architectural depiction of Jain cosmology, constructed under the supervision of Gyanmati Mataji, not a historical ruin.

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The Kuntala country was successively ruled by the Gupta-kula, Mauryya kings, and then the Chalukyas, according to the Annual Report Of Mysore.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903 states that the Kuntala country was ruled by the Gupta-kula, Mauryya kings, *then the Rattas*, followed by the Chalukyas. The question omits the Rattas in the sequence.

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A record at Kubatur states that Chandra Gupta ruled the Naga-khanda, identified as Nagara-khanda Seventy, in the north of Bharata-kshetra.

Answer: False

Explanation: A record at Kubatur states that Chandra Gupta ruled the Naga-khanda in the *south* of the Bharata-kshetra of Jambudvipa, not the north.

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Which of the following is an architectural depiction of Jambudvipa, illustrating Jain cosmological concepts, located in Hastinapur?

Answer: Jambudweep Jain tirtha

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According to the Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903, which dynasty ruled the Kuntala country *after* the Mauryya kings and *before* the Chalukyas?

Answer: Rattas

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A record at Kubatur states that Chandra Gupta ruled the Naga-khanda, located in which part of the Bharata-kshetra of Jambudvipa?

Answer: The southern part

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What familial connection is mentioned between the Kadamba kings and the Guptas in historical records?

Answer: Daughters of Kadamba kings were given in marriage to members of the Gupta dynasty.

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In the Buddhist text the Mahāvaṃsa, Emperor Ashoka's son Mahinda introduced himself as originating from Jambudvipa, referring to what region?

Answer: The Indian subcontinent

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