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The Janadesh initiative represented a national campaign in India dedicated to advocating for land rights.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Janadesh initiative was a national campaign in India focused on land rights, active from 2005 and culminating in 2007.
The Hindi term 'Janadesh' is accurately translated as 'The Voice of the People'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Hindi term 'Janadesh' translates literally to 'The Decree of the People,' not 'The Voice of the People'.
The Janadesh campaign culminated in 2007 with a significant 350-kilometer foot march.
Answer: True
Explanation: The culmination of the Janadesh campaign in 2007 was marked by a significant 350-kilometer foot march.
Approximately 10,000 individuals were allegedly involved in the 2007 Janadesh foot march.
Answer: False
Explanation: The foot march allegedly involved a substantial number of participants, estimated at 25,000 individuals.
The strategic purpose of consolidating local land rights campaigns into a national effort like Janadesh is to create a movement substantial enough to pressure the government.
Answer: True
Explanation: The strategic purpose of consolidating local campaigns into a national effort like Janadesh is to build a movement of sufficient scale and influence to effectively pressure the government for action.
The Janadesh 2007 foot march was primarily joined by urban professionals seeking policy changes.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Janadesh 2007 foot march was expected to be joined by approximately 25,000 individuals, primarily landless Adivasis and Dalits, not urban professionals.
The Janadesh 2007 foot march is planned to conclude in Gwalior.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Janadesh 2007 foot march is planned to commence in Gwalior and conclude in Delhi.
The Janadesh 2007 foot march began on August 15, 2007.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Janadesh 2007 foot march was scheduled to commence on October 2, 2007, not August 15, 2007.
The Janadesh 2007 march is intended as an act of mass violent civil disobedience.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Janadesh 2007 march is intended as an act of mass non-violent civil disobedience.
Organizers claim the Janadesh 2007 march is notable for being the smallest protest action since India's struggle for independence.
Answer: False
Explanation: Organizers claim the Janadesh 2007 march is notable for being the largest protest action since India's struggle for independence, not the smallest.
The Janadesh campaign advocates for three key reforms in land policy.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Janadesh campaign advocates for three key reforms in land policy.
The first demand of the Janadesh campaign is the establishment of fast-track courts for resolving land conflicts.
Answer: False
Explanation: The second demand of the Janadesh campaign is the creation of fast-track courts to resolve land conflicts; the first demand is the establishment of a National Land Authority.
The second land policy reform requested by the Janadesh campaign is the development of a single-window system for farmers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The third demand of the Janadesh campaign is the development of a single-window system for farmers; the second demand is the creation of fast-track courts.
The third land policy reform proposed by the Janadesh campaign is the establishment of a National Land Authority.
Answer: False
Explanation: The first demand of the Janadesh campaign is the establishment of a National Land Authority; the third demand is the development of a single-window system for farmers.
The ultimate objective of the Janadesh campaign's proposed reforms is to establish a system of land ownership that genuinely benefits the rural poor.
Answer: True
Explanation: The overarching goal of the Janadesh campaign's reforms is to establish a land ownership system that genuinely benefits and protects the rights of the rural poor.
What was the Janadesh initiative?
Answer: A national campaign in India focused on land rights.
Explanation: The Janadesh initiative was a national campaign in India focused on advocating for land rights, active from 2005 and culminating in 2007.
What is the literal translation of the Hindi term 'Janadesh'?
Answer: The Decree of the People
Explanation: The Hindi term 'Janadesh' translates literally to 'The Decree of the People'.
What significant event marked the culmination of the Janadesh campaign in 2007?
Answer: A large-scale public protest march.
Explanation: The culmination of the Janadesh campaign in 2007 was marked by a significant 350-kilometer foot march.
What is the strategic rationale behind consolidating disparate local land rights campaigns into a unified national movement such as Janadesh?
Answer: To create a movement substantial enough to pressure the government.
Explanation: The strategic purpose of consolidating local campaigns into a national effort like Janadesh is to build a movement of sufficient scale and influence to effectively pressure the government for action.
What is the total distance planned for the Janadesh 2007 foot march?
Answer: 350 kilometers.
Explanation: The Janadesh 2007 foot march was planned to cover a total distance of approximately 350 kilometers.
Which of the following is NOT among the three key land policy reforms advocated by the Janadesh campaign?
Answer: Mandatory land redistribution to all citizens.
Explanation: The Janadesh campaign advocates for three specific reforms: the establishment of a National Land Authority, the creation of fast-track courts for land conflicts, and the development of a single-window system for farmers. Mandatory land redistribution to all citizens is not listed as one of these key reforms.
According to a World Bank report, how does India's poverty reduction pace compare to that of some neighboring Asian countries?
Answer: False
Explanation: A World Bank report indicates that India's poverty reduction pace is described as modest when compared to some neighboring Asian countries.
Poverty in India is most widespread in its rural areas.
Answer: True
Explanation: Poverty is most widespread in the rural areas of India.
The incidence of poverty is highest among the urban landless population in India.
Answer: False
Explanation: Research indicates that poverty is most widespread among the rural landless population, with 68% of this group living below the poverty line, contrary to the assertion about the urban landless.
A 2003 study by Sundaram and Tendulkar found the highest poverty levels concentrated among assetless rural households dependent on agricultural wage labor.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 2003 Sundaram and Tendulkar study indicated that the highest poverty levels were concentrated among assetless rural households reliant on agricultural wage labor.
The Sundaram and Tendulkar study revealed that Scheduled Tribes faced less severity of poverty compared to Scheduled Castes.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Sundaram and Tendulkar study highlighted that members of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes experienced greater poverty severity.
Due to population growth, the absolute number of people living below the poverty line in India is declining.
Answer: False
Explanation: Despite a percentage decrease in rural poverty, continuous population growth means the absolute number of individuals living below the poverty line is not declining.
According to a World Bank report, how does India's poverty reduction pace compare to that of some neighboring Asian countries?
Answer: It is described as modest.
Explanation: A World Bank report indicates that India's poverty reduction pace is described as modest relative to some neighboring Asian countries.
In which geographical areas of India is poverty most widespread?
Answer: Rural areas.
Explanation: Poverty is most widespread in the rural areas of India.
Which population group in India experiences the highest incidence of poverty?
Answer: Rural landless population.
Explanation: The highest incidence of poverty in India is observed among the rural landless population.
What did the 2003 Sundaram and Tendulkar study reveal regarding the distribution of poverty in India?
Answer: Poverty was highest among assetless rural households dependent on agricultural wage labor.
Explanation: The 2003 Sundaram and Tendulkar study indicated that the highest poverty levels were concentrated among assetless rural households reliant on agricultural wage labor.
According to the Sundaram and Tendulkar study, which social groups experienced greater poverty severity?
Answer: Members of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes.
Explanation: The Sundaram and Tendulkar study highlighted that members of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes experienced greater poverty severity.
Granting secure land rights to landless peasants is suggested as a strategy to alleviate poverty.
Answer: True
Explanation: Granting secure land rights to landless peasants is a suggested strategy for alleviating poverty among rural populations.
Research in Karnataka and West Bengal showed that providing small land plots decreased income for landless families.
Answer: False
Explanation: Research indicates that providing small land plots to landless families leads to increased income, enhanced credit access, and an improved social standing.
The estimated financial cost over ten years for a program to provide small land plots to ten million poorest families is approximately 3,330 million rupees.
Answer: True
Explanation: The estimated financial cost for a program to provide small land plots to ten million of India's poorest families is approximately 3,330 million rupees over a ten-year period.
What is a proposed strategy for alleviating poverty among landless rural populations in India?
Answer: Granting secure land rights.
Explanation: Granting secure land rights to landless peasants is a suggested strategy for alleviating poverty among rural populations.
What benefits have research studies in Karnataka and West Bengal demonstrated for landless families who receive small land plots?
Answer: Increased income, better credit access, and improved social standing.
Explanation: Research indicates that providing small land plots to landless families leads to increased income, enhanced credit access, and an improved social standing.
What is the projected financial expenditure over a decade for a program designed to allocate small land plots to ten million of India's poorest families?
Answer: 3,330 million rupees
Explanation: The estimated financial cost for a program to provide small land plots to ten million of India's poorest families is approximately 3,330 million rupees over a ten-year period.
Land rights campaigns in eight Indian states reveal that about 50% of individuals with land entitlements fail to secure actual possession.
Answer: True
Explanation: Land rights campaigns across eight Indian states reveal that approximately 50% of individuals with land entitlements do not secure actual possession of the land.
The Indian government is modernizing its land records by computerizing them.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Indian government is modernizing its land records through computerization.
The Asian Development Bank emphasizes computerizing land records before correcting any inaccuracies.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Asian Development Bank emphasizes the importance of correcting land records prior to their computerization.
Indian land records commonly list individuals who are deceased or people who do not actually possess the land.
Answer: True
Explanation: A common inaccuracy in land records is the frequent listing of deceased individuals or persons who do not actually possess the land.
Updated land records guarantee security of possession, as dispossessed individuals do not need to pursue legal action.
Answer: False
Explanation: Even with updated land records, security of possession is not assured, as dispossessed individuals must pursue legal action, a process that can be easily prolonged.
The legal system for land disputes tends to favor the affluent and offers minimal protection against land grabs.
Answer: True
Explanation: The legal system for land disputes often favors the affluent, as wealthier parties can prolong proceedings, offering minimal protection against land grabs.
R Srivastava suggests wealthy landowners resist land distribution primarily to increase government taxes on agricultural land.
Answer: False
Explanation: R. Srivastava argues that wealthy landowners resist land distribution primarily to preserve their autonomy and control over labor wages.
Wealthy landowners in India typically wield minimal influence over local political and administrative bodies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Wealthy landowners possess significant influence over local politicians and administrators.
The 'Land Acquisition Act' of 1984 grants the national government the power to acquire land for any purpose.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Land Acquisition Act' of 1984 permits the national government to acquire land, but only when such acquisition is deemed to be in the 'public interest,' not for any purpose.
The definition of 'public interest' within land acquisition laws is specific, limiting the government's discretionary authority.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary concern with the definition of 'public interest' in India's land acquisition laws is its lack of clarity, which consequently grants the government broad discretionary authority.
The identified factors collectively provide strong security of land ownership for the rural poor in India.
Answer: False
Explanation: Collectively, the identified factors result in a system of land ownership that offers minimal security for the rural poor in India.
Many activists believe lasting reform in India's land legislation requires national-level legislative action.
Answer: True
Explanation: Many activists believe that lasting reform in India's land legislation necessitates action at the national legislative level.
What common challenge do land rights campaigns in eight Indian states highlight concerning individuals who hold land entitlements?
Answer: Individuals often fail to secure actual possession despite having an entitlement.
Explanation: Land rights campaigns across eight Indian states reveal that approximately 50% of individuals with land entitlements do not secure actual possession of the land.
What is identified as the principal impediment to the actualization of land ownership in India?
Answer: Prevalence of outdated land records.
Explanation: The primary obstacle hindering the actualization of land ownership in India is the prevalence of outdated land records, complicating the process of confirming land ownership.
What prerequisite does the Asian Development Bank emphasize for the computerization of land records in India?
Answer: Correcting the land records first.
Explanation: The Asian Development Bank emphasizes the importance of correcting land records prior to their computerization.
What is a frequently observed inaccuracy within Indian land records?
Answer: Records frequently list deceased individuals or non-possessing persons.
Explanation: A common inaccuracy in land records is the frequent listing of deceased individuals or persons who do not actually possess the land.
Beyond updated land records, what is the secondary critical factor that undermines the guarantee of secure land possession?
Answer: The requirement for dispossessed individuals to pursue legal action.
Explanation: Even with updated land records, the necessity for dispossessed individuals to engage in protracted legal proceedings to establish their title significantly compromises the security of land possession.
In what manner does India's legal system for land disputes typically disadvantage individuals with fewer financial resources?
Answer: It is easily drawn out by wealthier opponents, favoring the affluent.
Explanation: The legal framework for land disputes often favors the affluent, as wealthier parties can prolong proceedings, thereby offering minimal protection to poorer individuals against land appropriation.
According to R. Srivastava, what is the principal motivation for wealthy landowners opposing the distribution of land to the landless?
Answer: To maintain their autonomy and control over labor wages.
Explanation: R. Srivastava argues that wealthy landowners resist land distribution primarily to preserve their autonomy and maintain control over labor wages.
What degree of influence do affluent landowners typically exert over local political and administrative structures in India?
Answer: Significant influence.
Explanation: Affluent landowners typically wield significant influence over local political and administrative bodies in India.
Under what specific condition does the 'Land Acquisition Act' of 1984 authorize the national government to acquire land?
Answer: If the acquisition is deemed to be in the 'public interest'.
Explanation: The 'Land Acquisition Act' of 1984 permits the national government to acquire land provided that the acquisition is deemed to be in the 'public interest'.
What is the principal concern regarding the definition of 'public interest' within India's land acquisition legislation?
Answer: It is not clearly defined, granting broad discretionary authority.
Explanation: The primary concern with the definition of 'public interest' in India's land acquisition laws is its lack of clarity, which consequently grants the government broad discretionary authority.
What is the aggregate impact of the identified factors on the security of land ownership for India's rural poor?
Answer: It provides very little security.
Explanation: Collectively, the identified factors result in a system of land ownership that offers minimal security for the rural poor in India.
What do numerous activists assert is indispensable for enacting enduring reforms in India's land legislation?
Answer: National-level legislative action.
Explanation: Many activists believe that lasting reform in India's land legislation necessitates action at the national legislative level.
India's central government's rural housing scheme has incurred annual costs considerably lower than the estimated cost of land distribution programs.
Answer: False
Explanation: India's central government's rural housing scheme incurs annual costs of 15,360 million rupees, which is considerably higher than the estimated cost for land distribution programs.
Housing constructed under the central government's rural housing scheme was reported by participants to be of high quality.
Answer: False
Explanation: Participants have reported that housing constructed under the central government's rural housing scheme is of low quality.
Wikimedia Commons hosts video files pertaining to the Janadesh 2007 campaign.
Answer: False
Explanation: Wikimedia Commons hosts media files, such as photographs, related to the Janadesh 2007 campaign, but does not specifically mention video files.
The image titled 'Janadesh cameras' illustrates the success of media coverage for the campaign.
Answer: False
Explanation: The image titled 'Janadesh cameras' illustrates the challenges New Delhi faced in its media interactions, rather than the success of media coverage for the campaign.
How does the annual expenditure of India's central government rural housing scheme compare to the estimated cost of land distribution initiatives?
Answer: The housing scheme costs considerably more annually.
Explanation: India's central government's rural housing scheme incurs annual costs of 15,360 million rupees, which is considerably higher than the estimated cost for land distribution programs.
What is the reported quality of housing constructed under the central government's rural housing scheme?
Answer: Low quality.
Explanation: Participants have reported that housing constructed under the central government's rural housing scheme is of low quality.