Explanation: Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva on June 28, 1712, a fact noted in biographical accounts of his life.

Explanation: Rousseau's father was indeed a watchmaker, a profession that Rousseau esteemed, contrasting it with the arbitrary valuations often placed upon the work of 'artists'.

Explanation: Rousseau's mother, Suzanne Bernard Rousseau, succumbed to puerperal fever nine days following his birth on June 28, 1712, an event Rousseau later characterized as 'the first of my misfortunes'.

Explanation: Rousseau's early literary consumption, particularly romances and Plutarch's 'Lives,' fostered 'bizarre and romantic notions of human life' and a 'free and republican spirit,' rather than a cynical or pragmatic outlook.

Explanation: At the age of fifteen, Rousseau departed from Geneva, having found the city gates closed due to curfew, an event following an earlier apprenticeship.

Explanation: Françoise-Louise de Warens was instrumental in Rousseau's early adulthood, introducing him to Catholicism, becoming his lover, and serving as a patron, but she was not his primary governess or tutor in classical philosophy.

Explanation: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy profoundly influenced the Age of Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought.

Explanation: Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva, which was then a city-state and an associate of the Swiss Confederacy.

Explanation: Rousseau's mother, Suzanne Bernard Rousseau, died from puerperal fever nine days after his birth on June 28, 1712.

Explanation: Françoise-Louise de Warens was a significant figure in Rousseau's early adulthood; she facilitated his conversion to Catholicism and subsequently became his lover and patron, providing him with support and lodging.

Explanation: Rousseau posited that humans in the state of nature were inherently good, possessing 'uncorrupted morals,' a view diametrically opposed to Hobbes's conception of natural man as inherently wicked.

Explanation: Rousseau identified 'amour de soi' (self-preservation) and 'pitié' (empathy for fellow beings) as foundational instincts present in humans and animals alike, preceding the development of reason and complex society.

Explanation: Rousseau argued that the advent of private property, coupled with advancements in metallurgy and agriculture, precipitated increased dependency, social stratification, and ultimately, profound inequality among humans.

Explanation: Rousseau considered the 'savage' stage of human existence, situated between the 'stupidity of brutes' and the corrupting influences of advanced civilization, as the optimal point of development.

Explanation: A central tenet of Rousseau's philosophy is that human nature is inherently good and morally uncomplicated, but becomes corrupted and depraved through the influences and institutions of society.

Explanation: Rousseau posited that humans in the state of nature were inherently good, possessing 'uncorrupted morals,' a view diametrically opposed to Hobbes's conception of natural man as inherently wicked.

Explanation: Rousseau identified 'amour de soi' (self-preservation) and 'pitié' (empathy for fellow beings) as foundational instincts present in humans and animals alike, preceding the development of reason and complex society.

Explanation: Rousseau argued that the advent of private property, coupled with advancements in metallurgy and agriculture, precipitated increased dependency, social stratification, and ultimately, profound inequality among humans.

Explanation: Rousseau considered the 'savage' stage of human existence, situated between the 'stupidity of brutes' and the corrupting influences of advanced civilization, as the optimal point of development.

Explanation: In his seminal 'Discourse on the Arts and Sciences' (1750), Rousseau contended that the progress of arts and sciences had led to the moral degradation of humanity, rather than its purification.

Explanation: Rousseau's seminal work, 'The Social Contract,' posits that a legitimate political order is founded upon the 'general will' of the populace, representing the collective interest and guiding the state toward the common good.

Explanation: Rousseau's 'general will' signifies the collective will of the citizenry oriented towards the common interest, distinct from and often opposed to the sum of individual, private interests.

Explanation: Rousseau was a proponent of direct democracy, arguing against representative assemblies and favoring citizen participation in governance, as exemplified by the city-state model of Geneva.

Explanation: Rousseau contended that individual freedom within civil society is best secured by citizens submitting to the 'general will,' which prevents subordination to arbitrary individual authority and ensures adherence to collectively created laws.

Explanation: Rousseau's 'Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men' (commonly known as 'Discourse on Inequality') posits that the establishment of private property was a primary catalyst for social inequality.

Explanation: In his 'Discourse on the Arts and Sciences' (1750), Rousseau contended that the progress of arts and sciences had led to the moral degradation of humanity, rather than its purification.

Explanation: According to Rousseau's political theory, the 'general will' signifies the collective will of the citizenry, oriented towards the common interest and public good, distinct from the sum of individual, private interests.

Explanation: Published in 1755 within Diderot's 'Encyclopédie,' Rousseau's 'Discourse on Political Economy' outlined foundational concepts that he later elaborated upon in 'The Social Contract,' exploring principles for a just political system.

Explanation: Rousseau was a proponent of direct democracy, arguing against representative assemblies and favoring citizen participation in governance, as exemplified by the city-state model of Geneva.

Explanation: Contrary to advocating for a rigid curriculum, Rousseau's 'Émile, or On Education' champions a naturalistic approach to child-rearing, emphasizing individual development and learning through experience.

Explanation: Rousseau strongly advocated for mothers to personally breastfeed their children and assume direct responsibility for early education, viewing this maternal role as crucial for both the child's development and the family's moral structure.

Explanation: Rousseau's pedagogical theories, particularly his emphasis on child-centered learning and naturalistic development, profoundly influenced subsequent educational thinkers and practices.

Explanation: Rousseau's 'Émile, or On Education' centers on the concept of naturalistic child-rearing, emphasizing the individual's development within society and advocating for an educational process aligned with natural stages and inclinations.

Explanation: Rousseau strongly advocated for mothers to personally breastfeed their children and assume direct responsibility for early education, viewing this maternal role as crucial for both the child's development and the family's moral structure.

Explanation: Rousseau's pedagogical theories, particularly his emphasis on child-centered learning and naturalistic development, profoundly influenced subsequent educational thinkers and practices, including figures like Pestalozzi and Montessori.

Explanation: Published in 1761, Rousseau's novel 'Julie, or the New Heloise' is recognized as a pivotal text in the evolution of preromanticism and Romanticism within the literary landscape.

Explanation: The 'Confessions,' Rousseau's introspective autobiographical narrative, is widely regarded as a seminal work that initiated the genre of modern autobiography, characterized by its profound exploration of subjectivity.

Explanation: The novel 'Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse,' with its vivid descriptions of the Swiss landscape, is considered to have contributed to the burgeoning public fascination with Alpine scenery in the subsequent century.

Explanation: The 'Essay on the Origin of Languages,' published posthumously, delves into the evolution of language, connecting its emergence to fundamental human passions and social necessities.

Explanation: The novel 'Julie, or the New Heloise' is recognized for its significant contribution to the development of preromanticism and Romanticism, influencing literary sensibilities with its emotional depth and focus on nature.

Explanation: The 'Confessions,' Rousseau's introspective autobiographical narrative, is widely regarded as a seminal work that initiated the genre of modern autobiography, characterized by its profound exploration of subjectivity.

Explanation: The novel 'Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse,' with its vivid descriptions of the Swiss landscape, is considered to have contributed to the burgeoning public fascination with Alpine scenery in the subsequent century.

Explanation: In 1742, Rousseau submitted a novel system of musical notation, optimized for typographical reproduction, to the Académie des Sciences in Paris.

Explanation: In the 'Querelle des Bouffons,' Rousseau was a fervent advocate for Italian musical traditions, particularly emphasizing the primacy of melody over harmony, in contrast to prevailing French styles.

Explanation: In the 'Querelle des Bouffons,' Rousseau was a fervent advocate for Italian musical traditions, particularly emphasizing the primacy of melody over harmony, in contrast to prevailing French styles.

Explanation: Rousseau's tenure as secretary in Venice (1743-1744) fostered a profound appreciation for Italian music, particularly opera, which he championed throughout his life.

Explanation: Following the favorable reception of his opera 'Le devin du village' by King Louis XV in 1752, Rousseau declined the offered lifelong pension, thereby gaining considerable notoriety.

Explanation: The publication of 'Émile' and 'The Social Contract' in 1762 resulted in condemnation by authorities and an arrest warrant in France, compelling Rousseau to flee and face persecution rather than celebration in Geneva.

Explanation: During Rousseau's period of persecution, Frederick the Great extended an offer of support, including financial assistance and the suggestion of constructing a hermitage for him.

Explanation: The dispute between Rousseau and David Hume was largely fueled by misunderstandings, paranoia on Rousseau's part, and perceived betrayals, rather than a direct philosophical divergence on epistemology.

Explanation: Following the favorable reception of his opera 'Le devin du village' by King Louis XV in 1752, Rousseau declined the offered lifelong pension, thereby gaining considerable notoriety.

Explanation: The publication of 'Émile' and 'The Social Contract' in 1762 resulted in condemnation by authorities and an arrest warrant in France, compelling Rousseau to flee and face persecution rather than celebration in Geneva.

Explanation: During Rousseau's period of persecution, Frederick the Great extended an offer of support, including financial assistance and the suggestion of constructing a hermitage for him.

Explanation: The dispute between Rousseau and David Hume was largely fueled by misunderstandings, paranoia on Rousseau's part, and perceived betrayals, including Hume lodging with Rousseau's antagonist, rather than a direct philosophical divergence.