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Jericho is located in the Jordan Valley, with the Jordan River to its west and Jerusalem to its east.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jericho is located in the Jordan Valley, with the Jordan River to its *east* and Jerusalem to its *west*, as stated in the source material.
The Arabic name for Jericho, Arīḥā, is thought to derive from a Canaanite word meaning 'moon'.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jericho's Arabic name, Arīḥā, means 'fragrant,' deriving from the Canaanite word *rēḥ*. While 'moon' is a proposed origin for the Biblical Hebrew name, it is not for the Arabic name.
Jericho is located 258 meters above sea level, making it one of the highest cities in the West Bank.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jericho is located 258 meters *below* sea level, making it the *lowest city in the world*, not one of the highest in the West Bank.
The Ein es-Sultan spring is a vital water source for Jericho, producing 3.8 cubic meters of water per minute.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Ein es-Sultan spring is indeed a vital water source for Jericho, producing 3.8 cubic meters (1,000 gallons) of water per minute.
Jericho's climate is classified as a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jericho has a *hot desert climate (BWh)* according to the Köppen climate classification, not a Mediterranean climate.
According to the 1997 PCBS census, nearly half of Jericho's inhabitants were under the age of 20.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 1997 PCBS census reported that nearly half (49.2%) of Jericho's inhabitants were under the age of 20.
The Jericho Agro-Industrial Park is a government-owned enterprise that provides free land to agricultural processing companies.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Jericho Agro-Industrial Park is a *public-private enterprise* that offers *financial concessions* to agricultural processing companies, not free land, and is not solely government-owned.
Which of the following best describes Jericho's administrative and geographical status?
Answer: A Palestinian city in the West Bank, capital of the Jericho Governorate, located in the Jordan Valley.
Explanation: Jericho is a Palestinian city in the West Bank, serving as the capital of the Jericho Governorate, and is geographically located in the Jordan Valley.
What is one proposed origin for Jericho's Biblical Hebrew name, Yəriḥo?
Answer: From the Canaanite word 'rēḥ', meaning 'fragrant'.
Explanation: One proposed origin for Jericho's Biblical Hebrew name, Yəriḥo, is the Canaanite word *rēḥ*, meaning 'fragrant'.
What is Jericho's unique geographical distinction regarding its elevation?
Answer: It is the lowest city in the world.
Explanation: Jericho's unique geographical distinction is that it is located 258 meters below sea level, making it the lowest city in the world.
What is a significant economic activity in Jericho today, besides tourism?
Answer: Banana cultivation
Explanation: Besides tourism, banana cultivation is a significant economic activity and source of income for Jericho today.
Which Christian pilgrimage site in Jericho is traditionally identified as the location of Jesus' baptism?
Answer: Qasr al-Yahud on the Jordan River
Explanation: Qasr al-Yahud on the Jordan River is traditionally identified as the location of Jesus' baptism and is a key Christian pilgrimage site near Jericho.
What was the population of Jericho in 2017?
Answer: 20,907
Explanation: The population of Jericho in 2017 was 20,907.
What is the name of Jericho's professional association football team?
Answer: Hilal Areeha
Explanation: Jericho's professional association football team is named Hilal Areeha.
Which of the following countries has a twin town or sister city relationship with Jericho?
Answer: Italy
Explanation: Jericho has twin town relationships with several cities in Italy, including Alessandria, Pisa, and San Giovanni Valdarno.
The earliest settlement remains discovered in Jericho date back approximately 11,000 years, placing its origins near the beginning of the Holocene epoch.
Answer: True
Explanation: Archaeological findings confirm that Jericho's earliest settlements date back approximately 11,000 years (9000 BCE), marking its origins near the beginning of the Holocene epoch.
Natufian culture structures at Jericho, dating back to around 10,000 BCE, indicate the invention of agriculture prior to their construction.
Answer: False
Explanation: Evidence of Natufian culture construction at Jericho appears to *predate* the invention of agriculture, beginning earlier than 9000 BCE.
The end of the Younger Dryas period around 9600 BCE allowed Natufian groups to establish permanent, year-round habitation at the Ein es-Sultan spring.
Answer: True
Explanation: The end of the Younger Dryas stadial around 9600 BCE indeed facilitated Natufian groups to extend their stays at the Ein es-Sultan spring, leading to permanent, year-round habitation.
The PPNA culture at Jericho was characterized by the use of pottery, rectilinear dwellings, and the domestication of sheep.
Answer: False
Explanation: The PPNA culture at Jericho *lacked pottery*, featured *small circular dwellings*, and relied on hunting wild game and cultivating wild or domestic cereals, not necessarily domesticated sheep.
PPNA dwellings in Jericho were typically square-shaped and constructed with stone foundations.
Answer: False
Explanation: PPNA dwellings in Jericho were typically *circular* and built of clay and straw bricks, not square-shaped with stone foundations.
The PPNA settlement at Jericho, around 8000 BCE, was surrounded by a massive stone wall over 3.6 meters high and featured an internal stone tower over 8.5 meters high.
Answer: True
Explanation: Around 8000 BCE, the PPNA settlement at Jericho was indeed surrounded by a massive stone wall over 3.6 meters high, and an internal stone tower exceeding 8.5 meters high was also present.
The PPNA wall in Jericho was primarily built for ceremonial purposes, while the tower served as a defense against floodwaters.
Answer: False
Explanation: The PPNA wall was likely for defense against floodwaters and erosion, while the tower is thought to have served ceremonial purposes. The question reverses these functions.
The construction of the PPNA wall and tower suggests a lack of significant social organization within ancient Jericho due to the simple nature of the structures.
Answer: False
Explanation: The monumental effort required for the PPNA wall and tower suggests the presence of a *significant level* of social organization, not a lack thereof.
The PPNB period in Jericho saw the development of an apparent cult involving the preservation of human skulls with reconstructed facial features.
Answer: True
Explanation: The PPNB period in Jericho is indeed characterized by a unique cult involving the preservation of human skulls, with facial features reconstructed using plaster and sometimes shells for eyes.
PPNB architecture in Jericho was characterized by circular dwellings made of mudbricks with deep thumb prints.
Answer: False
Explanation: PPNB architecture featured *rectilinear* buildings made of mudbricks on stone foundations, a departure from the circular dwellings of the PPNA period.
Approximately how many years ago do the earliest archaeological settlements in Jericho date back?
Answer: 11,000 years
Explanation: The earliest archaeological settlements discovered in Jericho date back approximately 11,000 years, to 9000 BCE.
What type of tools did Natufian hunter-gatherer groups leave behind at the Ein es-Sultan spring during the Younger Dryas period?
Answer: Crescent-shaped microlith tools
Explanation: Natufian hunter-gatherer groups left behind crescent-shaped microlith tools at the Ein es-Sultan spring during the Younger Dryas period.
What was the approximate diameter of the circular dwellings built during the PPNA period in Jericho?
Answer: About 5 meters (16 feet)
Explanation: During the PPNA period, circular dwellings in Jericho measured about 5 meters (16 feet) across.
What was the height of the stone tower constructed during the PPNA period at Jericho around 8000 BCE?
Answer: Over 8.5 meters (28 feet)
Explanation: The stone tower constructed during the PPNA period at Jericho was over 8.5 meters (28 feet) high.
What was a possible purpose of the massive stone wall built in PPNA Jericho?
Answer: To defend against flood water and prevent erosion of agricultural soil.
Explanation: The massive stone wall in PPNA Jericho may have served to defend against floodwaters and prevent the erosion of agricultural soil.
What unique cultural practice involving human remains was characteristic of the PPNB period in Jericho?
Answer: Preservation of human skulls with reconstructed facial features using plaster and shells.
Explanation: The PPNB period in Jericho was characterized by an apparent cult involving the preservation of human skulls with reconstructed facial features using plaster and sometimes shells for eyes.
How did the architecture of the PPNB period differ from the PPNA period in Jericho?
Answer: PPNB buildings used mudbricks on stone foundations, unlike the circular clay and straw dwellings of PPNA.
Explanation: PPNB architecture consisted of rectilinear buildings made of mudbricks on stone foundations, a distinct change from the circular clay and straw dwellings of the PPNA period.
Jericho reached its largest extent during the Early Bronze IIIA period, around 2600 BCE.
Answer: True
Explanation: Jericho indeed reached its largest extent around 2600 BCE, during the Early Bronze IIIA period.
The Middle Bronze Age city of Jericho was destroyed in the 15th century BCE, according to carbon dating.
Answer: False
Explanation: Calibrated carbon remains date the destruction of the Middle Bronze Age city to between 1617 and 1530 BCE, placing it in the *16th century BCE*, not the 15th.
During the Late Bronze Age, Jericho's Middle Building served as a religious temple for local deities.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Middle Building' in Late Bronze Age Jericho served as the residence for the city's local rulers, who were vassals of the Egyptian empire, not a religious temple.
Scholars generally accept the historicity of the biblical account of the Battle of Jericho as a factual event.
Answer: False
Explanation: The historicity of the biblical account of the Battle of Jericho is *not generally accepted* by scholars.
Jericho became an extensive town by the 7th century BCE but was destroyed during the Babylonian conquest of Judah.
Answer: True
Explanation: Jericho did become an extensive town by the 7th century BCE, and this settlement was indeed destroyed during the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century BCE.
What was the largest extent of Jericho during the Early Bronze Age?
Answer: Around 2600 BCE
Explanation: Jericho reached its largest extent during the Early Bronze Age around 2600 BCE.
When was the Middle Bronze Age city of Jericho destroyed, according to calibrated carbon remains?
Answer: Between 1617 and 1530 BCE
Explanation: Calibrated carbon remains from Jericho's City-IV destruction layer date the fall of the Middle Bronze Age city to between 1617 and 1530 BCE.
What was the function of the 'Middle Building' in Late Bronze Age Jericho?
Answer: The residence for the city's local rulers, who were vassals of the Egyptian empire.
Explanation: The 'Middle Building' in Late Bronze Age Jericho served as the residence for the city's local rulers, who were vassals of the Egyptian empire.
What is the general scholarly view regarding the historicity of the biblical Battle of Jericho?
Answer: Its historicity is not generally accepted by scholars.
Explanation: The historicity of the biblical account of the Battle of Jericho is not generally accepted by scholars.
What happened to Jericho during the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century BCE?
Answer: The settlement was destroyed.
Explanation: The extensive town of Jericho, which existed by the 7th century BCE, was destroyed during the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century BCE.
Under Persian rule, Jericho served as the private estate of Alexander the Great.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jericho served as the private estate of Alexander the Great *between 336 and 323 BCE*, which was after the Persian rule, not during it.
Herod the Great constructed a hippodrome-theatre and new aqueducts in Jericho, making it a winter resort for Jerusalem's aristocracy.
Answer: True
Explanation: Herod the Great indeed oversaw the construction of a hippodrome-theatre and new aqueducts in Jericho, establishing it as a winter resort for Jerusalem's aristocracy.
Strabo's Geography described first-century Jericho as a desert plain devoid of significant vegetation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Strabo's Geography described first-century Jericho as featuring a 'Phoenicon,' a mix of cultivated and fruitful trees, mostly palm trees, and being 'everywhere watered with streams,' indicating significant vegetation.
After the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE, Jericho quickly became a major Roman administrative center.
Answer: False
Explanation: After the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE, Jericho rapidly declined and by 100 CE, it was merely a *small Roman garrison town*, not a major administrative center.
During the Byzantine era, both Christian monasteries and Jewish synagogues were constructed in Jericho.
Answer: True
Explanation: During the Byzantine era, Christianity flourished, leading to the construction of monasteries and churches, and at least two Jewish synagogues were also built in the 6th century CE.
Who was granted absolute rule over Jericho during the Herodian period by Octavian?
Answer: Herod the Great
Explanation: Octavian granted Herod the Great absolute rule over Jericho during the Herodian period.
According to Strabo's Geography, what was a prominent feature of first-century Jericho?
Answer: A Phoenicon, a mix of cultivated and fruitful trees, mostly palm trees.
Explanation: Strabo's Geography described first-century Jericho as featuring a 'Phoenicon,' a mix of cultivated and fruitful trees, predominantly palm trees.
Which biblical parable is famously set on the road between Jerusalem and Jericho?
Answer: The Parable of the Good Samaritan
Explanation: The road between Jerusalem and Jericho is famously the setting for the Parable of the Good Samaritan.
What was Jericho's status by 100 CE, after the fall of Jerusalem?
Answer: A small Roman garrison town.
Explanation: By 100 CE, after the fall of Jerusalem, Jericho had declined to merely a small Roman garrison town.
Which of the following Christian structures was built in Jericho during the Byzantine era?
Answer: The Monastery of Saint George of Choziba
Explanation: The Monastery of Saint George of Choziba was built in Jericho during the Byzantine era, starting in 340 CE.
Hisham's Palace, near Tell es-Sultan, was completed and served as a major Umayyad administrative center for several centuries.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hisham's Palace was *unfinished* and was largely destroyed by an earthquake in 747 CE, preventing it from serving as a major administrative center for centuries.
The Crusaders introduced sugarcane production to Jericho, establishing it as a large-scale industry.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sugarcane production in Jericho predates the Crusaders, dating to the Early Arab period. The Crusaders are credited with *raising it to the level of a large-scale industry*, not introducing it.
In the 14th century, Abu al-Fida noted that Jericho contained the only known sulfur mines in Palestine.
Answer: True
Explanation: Abu al-Fida did indeed mention in the 14th century that Jericho possessed sulfur mines, describing them as the only ones in Palestine.
Ottoman tax registers in 1596 indicated that Jericho (Riha) had 51 households, all of which were Christian.
Answer: False
Explanation: Ottoman tax registers in 1596 listed Jericho (Riha) as having 51 households, all of which were *Muslim*, not Christian.
Laurent d'Arvieux observed in 1659 that Jericho was a thriving city with extensive cultivated lands surrounding it.
Answer: False
Explanation: Laurent d'Arvieux described Jericho in 1659 as 'desolate' with 'about fifty poor houses,' and noted that despite the fertile plain, *only the gardens adjacent to the town were cultivated*.
What happened to Jericho in 659 CE during the Early Muslim period?
Answer: It was destroyed by an earthquake.
Explanation: In 659 CE, during the Early Muslim period, Jericho was destroyed by an earthquake, leading to the dispersal of its inhabitants.
What did the Arab geographer Al-Maqdisi note about Jericho's water in 985 CE?
Answer: It was considered the highest and best in all Islam.
Explanation: In 985 CE, Al-Maqdisi noted that Jericho's water was considered the highest and best in all Islam, contributing to its reputation as a fertile 'City of the Palms'.
According to Ottoman tax registers in 1596, what was the religious composition of Jericho's 51 households?
Answer: All Muslim
Explanation: Ottoman tax registers from 1596 indicated that all 51 households in Jericho (Riha) were Muslim.
What did Laurent d'Arvieux observe about the cultivation of the plain surrounding Jericho in 1659?
Answer: Only the gardens adjacent to the town were cultivated, despite the plain's fertility.
Explanation: Laurent d'Arvieux observed in 1659 that despite the plain's fertility, only the gardens adjacent to Jericho were cultivated.
The Jericho Conference in 1948 proclaimed King Abdullah as King of all Palestine and called for unification with Transjordan.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Jericho Conference in 1948, organized by King Abdullah, indeed proclaimed him King of all Palestine and advocated for the unification of Palestine and Transjordan.
The Gaza–Jericho Agreement of 1994 granted Jericho full Palestinian sovereignty and removed all Israeli military presence.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Gaza–Jericho Agreement granted Jericho *limited Palestinian self-rule*, not full sovereignty, and Israeli military control remained in the surrounding Area C, with roadblocks and trenches restricting movement.
What was the primary responsibility of women and children in Jericho during the 19th century, according to J. S. Buckingham?
Answer: Primarily responsible for land cultivation.
Explanation: J. S. Buckingham noted that in 19th-century Jericho, women and children were primarily responsible for land cultivation, while men engaged in Bedouin-style raiding.
What was the population of Jericho in 1945, according to British Mandate statistics?
Answer: 3,010 inhabitants
Explanation: British Mandate statistics from 1945 reported Jericho's population as 3,010 inhabitants.
What was a key outcome of the Gaza–Jericho Agreement signed on May 4, 1994?
Answer: Jericho became the first city handed over to Palestinian Authority control.
Explanation: A key outcome of the Gaza–Jericho Agreement of 1994 was that Jericho became the first city handed over to Palestinian Authority control, granting it limited self-rule.
Tell es-Sultan was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2023 and is known as the 'oldest fortified city in the world'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Tell es-Sultan, the site of Jericho's earliest settlement, was indeed inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2023 and is recognized as the 'oldest fortified city in the world'.
Kathleen Kenyon was one of the early archaeologists who conducted excavations at Jericho between 1930 and 1936.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kathleen Kenyon conducted excavations at Jericho between 1952 and 1958. John Garstang was the archaeologist who worked there between 1930 and 1936.
The current archaeological project at Tell es-Sultan is a collaboration between Rome's 'La Sapienza' University and the Palestinian MOTA-DACH.
Answer: True
Explanation: The ongoing archaeological project at Tell es-Sultan is indeed a collaboration between Rome's 'La Sapienza' University and the Palestinian MOTA-DACH.
The Italian-Palestinian Expedition discovered Tower A1, dating from Early Bronze III, and Palace G in the Middle Bronze Age southern Lower Town.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Italian-Palestinian Expedition discovered Tower A1 in the *Middle Bronze Age* southern Lower Town and Palace G, dating from *Early Bronze III*, on the eastern flanks of the Spring Hill. The question reverses the dating of these two discoveries.
Ten plastered human skulls found in PPNB Jericho are considered by some to be the first examples of portraiture in art history.
Answer: True
Explanation: The ten plastered human skulls from PPNB Jericho are indeed considered by some scholars to be the first examples of portraiture in art history, or teraphim.
Green obsidian found in PPNB Jericho is believed to have originated from a known local source.
Answer: False
Explanation: Green obsidian found in PPNB Jericho is noted as coming from an *unknown source*, implying it was not local.
What significant recognition did Tell es-Sultan receive in 2023?
Answer: It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Explanation: In 2023, Tell es-Sultan was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognizing its historical significance as the 'oldest fortified city in the world'.
Which archaeologist conducted excavations at Jericho between 1952 and 1958?
Answer: Kathleen Kenyon
Explanation: Kathleen Kenyon conducted excavations at Jericho between 1952 and 1958.
Who are the directors of the Italian-Palestinian archaeological project at Tell es-Sultan since 2015?
Answer: Lorenzo Nigro, Hamdan Taha, and Jehad Yasine
Explanation: Since 2015, the Italian-Palestinian archaeological project at Tell es-Sultan has been directed by Lorenzo Nigro, Hamdan Taha, and Jehad Yasine.
What significant Early Bronze III discovery was made by the Italian-Palestinian Expedition at Tell es-Sultan?
Answer: Palace G on the eastern flanks of the Spring Hill.
Explanation: The Italian-Palestinian Expedition discovered Palace G on the eastern flanks of the Spring Hill, dating from Early Bronze III.
Hisham's Palace, located near Tell es-Sultan, was largely destroyed by what event in 747 CE?
Answer: An earthquake
Explanation: Hisham's Palace was largely destroyed by an earthquake in 747 CE.
What is the meaning of the archaeological term 'tell' as it relates to Jericho?
Answer: A mound formed by successive layers of habitation.
Explanation: The archaeological term 'tell' refers to a mound formed by successive layers of human habitation, a common feature of ancient sites like Jericho.