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The Soviet-Afghan War served as a crucial incubator for the growth and organization of jihadist movements.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) is identified as a crucial period that fostered the growth and organizational development of jihadist movements, serving as a critical incubator for their expansion.
The Kharijites were a group known for their moderate stance and acceptance of differing interpretations of Islamic law.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Kharijites were historically known for their radical doctrines, including the extensive use of *takfir* (excommunication), which contrasted sharply with moderate stances or acceptance of differing interpretations of Islamic law.
The Kharijites emerged in the 20th century as a response to colonial powers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Kharijites, an early sect in Islam known for their radical doctrines, emerged in the 7th century CE, not in the 20th century as a response to colonial powers.
According to the text, what historical event significantly boosted the development and organization of jihadist movements?
Answer: The Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989).
Explanation: The Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) is identified as a crucial event that significantly reinforced the rise of jihadism by providing a training ground and organizational structure for Islamist movements.
The text describes the Kharijites' key doctrine as:
Answer: Radical application of *takfir* (excommunication) against other Muslims.
Explanation: The Kharijites developed extreme doctrines, notably their radical application of *takfir* (excommunication), declaring both Sunni and Shia Muslims as infidels or false Muslims.
Modern jihadist ideology views jihad as a collective obligation (*fard al-kifaya*) requiring state sanction.
Answer: False
Explanation: Modern jihadist ideology often interprets jihad as an individual obligation (*fard 'ayn*) rather than the traditional view of it as a collective obligation (*fard al-kifaya*) requiring state sanction.
Sayyid Qutb's work 'Milestones' is considered a foundational text for Salafi-jihadist movements.
Answer: True
Explanation: Sayyid Qutb's seminal works, particularly 'Milestones' (*Ma'alim fi al-Tariq*), are considered foundational texts that provided key ideological concepts for many Salafi-jihadist movements.
Contemporary jihadism draws ideological influence from thinkers like Plato and Aristotle.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contemporary jihadism draws its primary ideological influences from Islamic thinkers and revivalists, not from classical Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle.
Jihadist groups primarily rely on official government decrees to justify their violent actions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jihadist groups typically reject the legitimacy of existing governments and therefore do not rely on official government decrees to justify their violent actions; instead, they often rely on their own interpretations of religious texts and *fatwas* from their own authorities.
Modernist Islamic scholars generally view military jihad as an offensive necessity for expansion.
Answer: False
Explanation: Modernist Islamic scholars generally interpret military jihad as being equivalent to defensive warfare, not as an offensive necessity for expansion.
How did Sayyid Qutb view the state of the Muslim community (Ummah) in his time?
Answer: As a community that had fallen into a state of 'jahiliyah' or ignorance.
Explanation: Sayyid Qutb believed that the Muslim community (Ummah) had fallen into a state of *jahiliyah* (ignorance) for centuries because Muslims had failed to adhere to Islamic law (Sharia).
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a key influence on contemporary jihadism in the source?
Answer: Niccolò Machiavelli
Explanation: The provided text lists Ibn Taymiyyah, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Rashid Rida, Sayyid Qutb, and Abul Ala Maududi as key influences on contemporary jihadism. Niccolò Machiavelli is not mentioned.
How do modern jihadists interpret the obligation of jihad compared to classical doctrine?
Answer: They assert it as an individual obligation (*fard 'ayn*).
Explanation: Modern jihadists interpret jihad as an individual obligation (*fard 'ayn*), contrasting with the traditional view of it as a collective obligation (*fard al-kifaya*).
What does the term 'jahiliyah' signify in Sayyid Qutb's ideology?
Answer: A state of ignorance and deviation from Islamic law in contemporary society.
Explanation: In Sayyid Qutb's ideology, 'jahiliyah' signifies a state of ignorance and deviation from Islamic law that he believed characterized contemporary Muslim societies.
The Taliban, a successful Deobandi jihadist group, aims to establish Islamic rule in Pakistan.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Taliban, a prominent Deobandi jihadist group, aims to establish Islamic rule in Afghanistan, not Pakistan.
The 'Jurisprudence of Blood' manuscript rationalizes acts like beheading and the killing of non-combatants.
Answer: True
Explanation: The manuscript 'The Jurisprudence of Blood' (*Fiqh al-Dima*) is known for rationalizing and justifying violent acts, including beheading and the killing of non-combatants.
Jihadist groups were involved in less than 10% of civil wars globally in 1990.
Answer: True
Explanation: The data indicates a significant increase in the involvement of jihadist groups in civil wars. In 1990, they were involved in less than 10% of civil wars, a figure that rose substantially by 2014.
The Houthi movement's 'Sarkha' slogan includes anti-American and anti-Israeli sentiments.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Sarkha' slogan of the Houthi movement is noted for containing anti-American and anti-Israeli sentiments, alongside religious pronouncements.
The 'jihadist flag' commonly features the Shahada (declaration of faith) on a black background.
Answer: True
Explanation: The commonly depicted 'jihadist flag' features the Shahada (declaration of faith) in white script on a black background, often referred to as the Black Standard.
The involvement of jihadist groups in civil wars decreased significantly after 2014.
Answer: False
Explanation: Data indicates that the involvement of jihadist groups in civil wars increased significantly after 2014, rather than decreasing.
According to the source, what is the primary goal of the Taliban?
Answer: To establish Islamic rule in Afghanistan.
Explanation: The Taliban, adhering to the Deobandi movement, aims to establish Islamic rule in Afghanistan.
Which text outlines a strategy for establishing an Islamic caliphate through tactics like cruelty and terror?
Answer: Management of Savagery
Explanation: Written by Abu Bakr Naji, 'Management of Savagery' (*Idarat at-Tawahhush*) outlines a strategy for establishing an Islamic caliphate through tactics including cruelty and terror.
How has the percentage of civil wars involving jihadist groups changed since 1990?
Answer: It increased dramatically from 5% to over 40%.
Explanation: The involvement of jihadist groups in civil wars has dramatically increased, rising from approximately 5% in 1990 to over 40% by 2014.
Which group is cited as the most successful example of Deobandi jihadism?
Answer: The Taliban
Explanation: The Taliban, adhering to the Deobandi movement, is cited as the most successful example of Deobandi jihadism.
Which of the following is attributed to the text 'The Jurisprudence of Blood'?
Answer: A justification for acts like beheading and killing non-combatants.
Explanation: 'The Jurisprudence of Blood' (*Fiqh al-Dima*) is a manuscript that rationalizes and justifies acts such as suicide operations, beheading, and the killing of non-combatants.
The 'Sarkha' slogan of the Houthi movement is noted for containing which elements?
Answer: Anti-American, anti-Israeli sentiments, and religious slogans.
Explanation: The 'Sarkha' slogan of the Houthi movement is noted for containing anti-American, anti-Israeli sentiments, and religious slogans such as 'Victory to Islam'.
Salafism in Europe remained largely apolitical and non-violent throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to the statement, Salafism in Europe evolved from being largely apolitical in the 1980s to some factions justifying violence and terrorism by the mid-1990s.
Saudi Arabia has actively discouraged the spread of Wahhabism within its borders and abroad.
Answer: False
Explanation: Saudi Arabia has historically funded the propagation of Wahhabism, a strict interpretation of Islam, through various institutions, which has been linked to the dissemination of illiberal ideologies, rather than discouraging it.
The German Federal Agency for Civic Education asserts that all Salafists are terrorists.
Answer: False
Explanation: The German Federal Agency for Civic Education clarifies that while nearly all jihadist terrorists are Salafists, the reverse is not true; however, Salafism's dualistic view and rejection of the rule of law are incompatible with Western democracy.
The number of jihadists in Sweden remained stable at around 200 between 2010 and 2017.
Answer: False
Explanation: According to Swedish Security Police data, the number of jihadists in Sweden increased significantly, from approximately 200 in 2010 to thousands by 2017, contradicting the notion of a stable number.
Magnus Ranstorp describes Salafi-Jihadism in Europe as being compatible with democratic principles and promoting gender equality.
Answer: False
Explanation: Magnus Ranstorp characterizes Salafi-Jihadism in Europe as fundamentally antidemocratic, homophobic, and aiming to subjugate women, thus being incompatible with democratic principles and gender equality.
The term 'Jihad Cool' describes the rebranding of militant jihadism as fashionable, often using media and social platforms.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'Jihad Cool' describes the trend of rebranding militant jihadism as fashionable or appealing, particularly through media and social platforms, to attract younger adherents.
What trend does 'Jihad Cool' refer to?
Answer: The rebranding of militant jihadism as fashionable via media.
Explanation: 'Jihad Cool' refers to the trend of rebranding militant jihadism as fashionable or 'cool' through consumer culture and social media.
According to Reuven Firestone, how is 'jihadism' typically perceived in the Western world?
Answer: As militant Islamic movements posing an existential threat to the West.
Explanation: According to Reuven Firestone, 'jihadism' in the Western world typically describes militant Islamic movements perceived as posing an existential threat to the West.
The text mentions that Salafis in Europe shifted from being apolitical to justifying violence by which decade?
Answer: 1990s
Explanation: While Salafis in Europe were largely apolitical in the 1980s, by the mid-1990s, some began to justify violence and terrorism for political objectives.
According to the German Federal Agency for Civic Education, what is the relationship between Salafism and terrorism?
Answer: Nearly all jihadist terrorists are Salafists, but not all Salafists are terrorists.
Explanation: The German Federal Agency for Civic Education notes that while nearly all jihadist terrorists are Salafists, the reverse is not true; however, Salafism's dualistic view and rejection of the rule of law are incompatible with Western democracy.