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Joshua Janavel, also known by the Italian spelling Giosuè Gianavello, was an Italian mercenary captain and a key protector of the Waldensian Evangelical Church.
Answer: True
Explanation: Joshua Janavel, also known as Giosuè Gianavello, was indeed an Italian mercenary captain (condottiero) and a significant defender of the Waldensian Evangelical Church.
Joshua Janavel was born in the town of Geneva.
Answer: False
Explanation: Joshua Janavel was born in Rorà, a significant location within the Waldensian valleys.
Before the 1655 conflict, Joshua Janavel was a farmer in Rorà.
Answer: True
Explanation: Prior to the 1655 conflict, Joshua Janavel was a farmer residing in Rorà.
What was Joshua Janavel's primary role in the Waldensian community?
Answer: A mercenary captain and defender of the Waldensian Evangelical Church.
Explanation: Joshua Janavel's primary role was that of a mercenary captain (condottiero) and a dedicated defender of the Waldensian Evangelical Church.
What does the term 'condottiero' signify in the context of Joshua Janavel?
Answer: A leader of mercenary troops.
Explanation: The term 'condottiero' signifies Joshua Janavel's role as an Italian mercenary captain or leader.
Joshua Janavel's primary military involvement occurred during the French Wars of Religion in the late 16th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates Janavel's primary military involvement occurred during the mid-17th century conflicts concerning the Waldensians, particularly the Piedmontese Easter of 1655, not the French Wars of Religion in the late 16th century.
During the Piedmontese Easter of 1655, Janavel successfully defended his hometown of Rorà against an initial Savoyard assault.
Answer: True
Explanation: During the Piedmontese Easter of 1655, Joshua Janavel led the defense of his hometown, Rorà, against an initial Savoyard assault and successfully repelled it.
Janavel earned the nickname 'the Shepherd of the Alps' for his role in the 1655 conflict.
Answer: False
Explanation: Janavel earned the nicknames 'the Lion of Rora' and 'the captain of the valleys' for his role in the 1655 conflict, not 'the Shepherd of the Alps'.
Joshua Janavel was forced into exile following the Waldensian defeat in the Valle Germanasca on May 10, 1655.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the Waldensian defeat in the Valle Germanasca on May 10, 1655, Joshua Janavel was compelled to go into exile.
Joshua Janavel was gravely wounded during a counterattack in Angrogna on June 18, 1655.
Answer: True
Explanation: On June 18, 1655, during a counterattack in Angrogna, Joshua Janavel sustained a severe wound.
After being wounded in Angrogna, Janavel was taken to Rorà for medical treatment.
Answer: False
Explanation: After being wounded in Angrogna on June 18, 1655, Janavel was taken to Inverso Pinasca for medical treatment.
International pressure played a role in Duke Charles Emmanuel II ending the military campaign against the Waldensians in 1655.
Answer: True
Explanation: International pressure contributed to Duke Charles Emmanuel II's decision to end the military campaign against the Waldensians in 1655.
The primary objective of the Duke of Savoy's 1655 military operation was to expand territory into Switzerland.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary objective of the Duke of Savoy's 1655 military operation was to eradicate Protestantism from the region, not to expand territory into Switzerland.
The Duke of Savoy's 1655 military action was intended to suppress Protestantism.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Duke of Savoy's 1655 military action was specifically aimed at suppressing Protestantism within the region.
The Waldensian defeat in the Valle Germanasca on May 10, 1655, resulted in Janavel's immediate return to lead resistance.
Answer: False
Explanation: The defeat in the Valle Germanasca on May 10, 1655, resulted in Janavel's first period of exile, not his immediate return to lead resistance.
The status quo ante restored by Duke Charles Emmanuel II in 1655 involved increased persecution of Waldensians.
Answer: False
Explanation: The restoration of the status quo ante by Duke Charles Emmanuel II in 1655 marked an end to the immediate military campaign and persecution, not an increase.
Which two major historical events was Joshua Janavel involved in?
Answer: The Piedmontese Easter of 1655 and the Glorious Homecoming of 1689.
Explanation: Joshua Janavel was significantly involved in two major historical events: the Piedmontese Easter of 1655 and the Glorious Homecoming of 1689.
What was Janavel's specific action during the Piedmontese Easter of 1655?
Answer: He led the defense of Rorà against a Savoyard military operation.
Explanation: During the Piedmontese Easter of 1655, Janavel led the defense of his hometown, Rorà, against a Savoyard military operation.
What nicknames did Joshua Janavel earn due to his bravery in 1655?
Answer: The Lion of Rora and the Captain of the Valleys.
Explanation: Due to his courage during the defense of Rorà in 1655, Joshua Janavel earned the nicknames 'the Lion of Rora' and 'the captain of the valleys'.
What event directly led to Janavel's first period of exile?
Answer: The Waldensian defeat in the Valle Germanasca on May 10, 1655.
Explanation: The Waldensian defeat in the Valle Germanasca on May 10, 1655, directly led to Janavel's first period of exile.
What happened to Janavel during a counterattack in Angrogna on June 18, 1655?
Answer: He was gravely wounded.
Explanation: During a counterattack in Angrogna on June 18, 1655, Janavel was gravely wounded.
Where was Janavel taken for treatment after being wounded in Angrogna?
Answer: Inverso Pinasca
Explanation: After being wounded in Angrogna on June 18, 1655, Janavel was taken to Inverso Pinasca for medical treatment.
What was the primary goal of the Duke of Savoy's military action in 1655?
Answer: To eradicate Protestantism from the region.
Explanation: The Duke of Savoy's primary goal in the 1655 military action was to eradicate Protestantism from the region.
During his first exile, Joshua Janavel sought refuge in the city of Turin.
Answer: False
Explanation: During his first exile following the 1655 conflict, Joshua Janavel sought refuge in Queyras, France, not Turin.
A bounty of three hundred ducats was placed on Janavel's head while he was in exile.
Answer: True
Explanation: Despite being in exile, Janavel remained a target, and a bounty of three hundred ducats was placed on his head.
Barthelemy Jahier partnered with Janavel to establish a new Waldensian church in Switzerland.
Answer: False
Explanation: Barthelemy Jahier partnered with Janavel to regroup and continue the Waldensian resistance efforts, not to establish a new church in Switzerland.
Following the 1655 campaign, Janavel ceased all resistance activities against Savoyard forces.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following the 1655 campaign, Janavel continued to lead the underground Waldensian resistance and execute guerrilla attacks against Savoyard forces.
Joshua Janavel's house served as a secondary location for Waldensian resistance fighters.
Answer: False
Explanation: Joshua Janavel's house served as a primary base of operations and general quarters for the Waldensian resistance fighters.
The duchy officially punished Janavel with banishment and a death sentence for his continued guerrilla activities.
Answer: True
Explanation: The duchy officially punished Janavel with banishment and a death sentence due to his persistent guerrilla activities.
In the attack on Angrogna on July 6, 1663, the Waldensian defenders were defeated by Savoyard forces.
Answer: False
Explanation: On July 6, 1663, the Waldensian defenders successfully defeated the Savoyard forces in the attack on Angrogna.
In 1663, the Waldensian community agreed to the Duke of Savoy's terms, which included the exile of Joshua Janavel.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1663, the Waldensian community accepted the Duke of Savoy's terms, which stipulated the exile of Joshua Janavel and his soldiers.
A Waldensian synod formally supported Janavel's continued leadership after the 1663 agreement.
Answer: False
Explanation: A Waldensian synod formally disavowed Janavel as part of the agreement that led to his exile in 1663, rather than supporting his continued leadership.
After the 1663 events, Janavel was exiled to France.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following the 1663 events and the synod's disavowal, Janavel was exiled to Switzerland.
During his exile in Geneva, Janavel was welcomed as a hero by the Protestant community.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Geneva, Joshua Janavel was welcomed as a hero within the Protestant community during his exile.
While in Swiss exile, Joshua Janavel completely cut off contact with his native valley.
Answer: False
Explanation: Despite his exile in Switzerland, Joshua Janavel actively maintained contacts with his native valley, remaining connected to the Waldensian community.
Savoyard spies were monitoring Janavel's activities while he was in Geneva.
Answer: True
Explanation: While in Geneva, Joshua Janavel was under surveillance by both local authorities and Savoyard spies.
Joshua Janavel made only one clandestine visit back to his native country from Switzerland.
Answer: False
Explanation: According to the source, Joshua Janavel made at least two clandestine visits back to his native country from Switzerland during his exile.
Janavel returned to reorganize insurgents despite facing threats against his family and a bounty on his head.
Answer: True
Explanation: Despite facing threats to his family and a bounty on his head, Janavel returned to reorganize the Waldensian insurgents.
Janavel's leadership after 1663 was primarily characterized by open warfare within the valleys.
Answer: False
Explanation: Janavel's leadership after 1663 was primarily characterized by underground resistance and guerrilla attacks, rather than open warfare within the valleys.
The duchy's sentence for Janavel's defiance included banishment but not a death sentence.
Answer: False
Explanation: The duchy's sentence for Janavel's continued guerrilla activities included both banishment and a death sentence.
Janavel was disavowed by a Waldensian synod in 1663 to secure his continued military support.
Answer: False
Explanation: Janavel was disavowed by a Waldensian synod in 1663 as part of an agreement that led to his exile, not to secure continued military support.
Janavel's exile in Geneva was challenged by his active participation in local Genevan politics.
Answer: False
Explanation: While in exile in Geneva, Janavel was welcomed by the Protestant community and maintained contact with his homeland; his exile was not challenged by participation in local politics.
Where did Joshua Janavel find refuge during his first exile?
Answer: Queyras, France
Explanation: During his first exile after the 1655 conflict, Joshua Janavel found refuge in Queyras, France.
What was the monetary value of the bounty placed on Janavel's head?
Answer: Three hundred ducats
Explanation: A bounty of three hundred ducats was placed on Janavel's head while he was in exile.
Who collaborated with Janavel to regroup and continue the Waldensian fight after his initial exile?
Answer: Barthelemy Jahier
Explanation: Barthelemy Jahier collaborated with Janavel to regroup and continue the Waldensian resistance efforts after his initial exile.
How did Janavel continue his resistance after the 1655 campaign and the restoration of the status quo?
Answer: He led underground Waldensian resistance and executed guerrilla attacks.
Explanation: After the 1655 campaign, Janavel continued his resistance by leading underground Waldensian efforts and executing guerrilla attacks against Savoyard forces.
What was the function of Joshua Janavel's house within the insurgency?
Answer: A base of operations and general quarters for resistance fighters.
Explanation: Joshua Janavel's house served as a crucial base of operations and general quarters for the Waldensian resistance fighters.
What legal penalties did the duchy impose on Janavel for his continued resistance?
Answer: Banishment and a death sentence.
Explanation: For his persistent defiance and leadership of the insurgency, the duchy imposed banishment and a death sentence upon Joshua Janavel.
What was the outcome of the Savoyard attack on Angrogna on July 6, 1663?
Answer: The Waldensian defenders successfully defeated the attackers.
Explanation: On July 6, 1663, the Waldensian defenders successfully defeated the Savoyard forces in the attack on Angrogna.
What decision did the Waldensian synod make regarding Janavel in 1663?
Answer: They formally disavowed him as part of an agreement.
Explanation: In 1663, a Waldensian synod formally disavowed Janavel as part of an agreement that led to his exile.
Where was Janavel exiled to following the 1663 events?
Answer: Switzerland
Explanation: Following the 1663 events, Janavel was exiled to Switzerland.
How was Janavel received in Geneva during his exile?
Answer: He was welcomed as a hero within the Protestant community.
Explanation: In Geneva, Janavel was welcomed as a hero within the Protestant community during his exile.
What did Janavel do during his exile in Switzerland regarding his homeland?
Answer: He actively maintained contacts with his native valley.
Explanation: While exiled in Switzerland, Janavel actively maintained contacts with his native valley, demonstrating his continued dedication.
Who was monitoring Janavel's activities while he was in Geneva?
Answer: Both local authorities and Savoyard spies.
Explanation: While in Geneva, Janavel's activities were monitored by both local authorities and Savoyard spies.
How many clandestine visits did Janavel make to his native country from Switzerland, according to the source?
Answer: At least two
Explanation: According to the source, Joshua Janavel made at least two clandestine visits back to his native country from Switzerland during his exile.
What was the consequence for Janavel and his soldiers when the Waldensian community accepted the Duke's terms in 1663?
Answer: They were exiled.
Explanation: When the Waldensian community accepted the Duke's terms in 1663, the consequence for Janavel and his soldiers was exile.
How did Janavel's exile in Switzerland affect his standing among Protestants?
Answer: He was welcomed as a Protestant hero.
Explanation: During his exile in Switzerland, Janavel was welcomed as a Protestant hero, particularly within the community in Geneva.
In 1686, Janavel became involved with a new wave of Waldensian refugees fleeing persecution.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1686, Joshua Janavel re-engaged with the Waldensian cause when a fresh wave of refugees arrived, fleeing persecution by Victor Amadeus II of Savoy.
The 'Glorious Homecoming' of 1689 was a plan initiated by the Duke of Savoy to reintegrate the Waldensians.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Glorious Homecoming' of 1689 was a plan initiated by Waldensian refugees fleeing persecution, not by the Duke of Savoy.
By 1689, Joshua Janavel was considered too old to participate physically in the Glorious Homecoming.
Answer: True
Explanation: By 1689, Joshua Janavel was considered too old to participate physically in the Glorious Homecoming, though he played a crucial organizational role.
Joshua Janavel drafted the military orders for the Glorious Homecoming of 1689.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1689, Joshua Janavel drafted the military orders that governed the conduct of the Waldensian group during the 'Glorious Homecoming' operation.
The Glorious Homecoming of 1689 was a response to persecution by Victor Amadeus II of Savoy starting in 1686.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Glorious Homecoming' of 1689 was indeed a response to the persecution initiated by Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, which began in 1686.
Joshua Janavel drafted the official peace treaty between the Waldensians and the Duke of Savoy in 1689.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 1689, Joshua Janavel drafted the military orders for the 'Glorious Homecoming,' not the official peace treaty.
What prompted Janavel to re-engage with the Waldensian cause in 1686?
Answer: A new wave of refugees fleeing persecution.
Explanation: In 1686, Janavel re-engaged with the Waldensian cause due to a new wave of refugees fleeing persecution.
What major plan did Janavel and the refugees begin in 1686?
Answer: Planning a mass return to their homeland.
Explanation: In 1686, Janavel and the refugees began planning a mass return to their homeland, which became known as the 'Glorious Homecoming'.
What was Janavel's specific contribution to the Glorious Homecoming of 1689?
Answer: He drafted the military orders for the operation.
Explanation: By 1689, Janavel drafted the military orders for the 'Glorious Homecoming' operation, playing a vital organizational role.
Joshua Janavel died of injuries sustained during the 1655 conflict.
Answer: False
Explanation: Joshua Janavel died from edema (swelling caused by fluid retention), not from injuries sustained during the 1655 conflict.
Joshua Janavel passed away in Geneva on March 5, 1690.
Answer: True
Explanation: Joshua Janavel died on March 5, 1690, in Geneva, several months after the 'Glorious Homecoming' of 1689.
Janavel's historical house is known as 'Casa Gianavello'.
Answer: False
Explanation: Janavel's historical house is known as 'la Gianavella'.
Janavel's house, 'la Gianavella', has been converted into a museum dedicated to Waldensian history.
Answer: True
Explanation: Janavel's house, 'la Gianavella', was acquired by the Waldensian Evangelical Church and subsequently converted into a museum focused on Waldensian history.
The image associated with Joshua Janavel is a photograph taken during the Glorious Homecoming.
Answer: False
Explanation: The image associated with Joshua Janavel is a portrait, not a photograph taken during the Glorious Homecoming.
Authority control databases list Joshua Janavel in the 'Italian People' section of the Treccani encyclopedia.
Answer: True
Explanation: Authority control databases, including references in the Treccani encyclopedia, provide structured information about Joshua Janavel.
What was the cause of Joshua Janavel's death?
Answer: Edema (swelling caused by fluid retention).
Explanation: Joshua Janavel died from edema, a medical condition characterized by swelling due to fluid retention.
When and where did Joshua Janavel die?
Answer: March 5, 1690, in Geneva.
Explanation: Joshua Janavel died on March 5, 1690, in Geneva.
What is the name of the house historically associated with Joshua Janavel?
Answer: La Gianavella
Explanation: The house historically associated with Joshua Janavel is known as 'la Gianavella'.
What is the current status of Janavel's house, 'la Gianavella'?
Answer: It was acquired by the Waldensian Evangelical Church and converted into a museum.
Explanation: Janavel's house, 'la Gianavella', was acquired by the Waldensian Evangelical Church and has been converted into a museum dedicated to Waldensian history.
What information is provided by authority control databases regarding Joshua Janavel?
Answer: Identifiers from international and national systems, and reference in Treccani encyclopedia.
Explanation: Authority control databases provide identifiers from international and national systems, along with references such as his inclusion in the Treccani encyclopedia.