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Junnar has been a significant trading and political center for approximately the last two millennia.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical evidence indicates that Junnar has maintained its status as a vital trading and political hub for approximately the past two thousand years.
Ancient Greco-Roman travelers mentioned Junnar, suggesting trade interactions during the first millennium CE.
Answer: True
Explanation: The mention of Junnar by ancient Greco-Roman travelers confirms its role in trade networks during the first millennium CE.
According to D.D. Kosambi, Junnar's ancient name might have been 'Jirnanagar', meaning 'Old city'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Scholar D.D. Kosambi proposed that 'Jirnanagar', meaning 'Old city', might be an ancient name for Junnar.
Yavana inscriptions found in Junnar's caves indicate donations made by Indo-Greeks to Buddhist monastic sites.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Yavana' inscriptions discovered in Junnar's caves document donations made by Indo-Greeks, signifying their patronage of Buddhist monastic establishments.
Donations by Yavanas are exclusively found in the caves around Junnar.
Answer: False
Explanation: Similar Yavana donations have also been recorded at the Nasik Caves and the Karla Caves, indicating that such patronage was not exclusive to Junnar.
The name 'Junnar' is theorized to be a contraction of 'Jirnanagar', meaning 'Old city'.
Answer: True
Explanation: One scholarly theory posits that the name 'Junnar' derives from 'Jirnanagar', which translates to 'Old city'.
The Yavana inscriptions suggest that Indo-Greeks primarily traded goods like spices and textiles with the Junnar region.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Yavana inscriptions primarily indicate donations made by Indo-Greeks to Buddhist sites, rather than detailing specific trade goods like spices and textiles.
The Indo-Scythian Western Satraps ruled in the Junnar area during the 2nd century CE, leaving behind evidence in the Manmodi caves.
Answer: True
Explanation: Evidence suggests that the Indo-Scythian Western Satraps governed the Junnar region during the 2nd century CE, with inscriptions in the Manmodi caves attesting to their presence.
For how long has Junnar served as an important trading and political center?
Answer: The past two millennia
Explanation: Junnar has maintained its significance as a trading and political center for approximately the past two thousand years.
What evidence suggests Junnar's connection to ancient Greco-Roman trade?
Answer: Mentions by Greco-Roman travelers during the first millennium CE.
Explanation: The historical accounts of Greco-Roman travelers referencing Junnar during the first millennium CE serve as key evidence of its engagement in ancient trade.
Which ancient rulers governed the Junnar area during the 2nd century CE, with evidence found in cave inscriptions?
Answer: The Indo-Scythian Western Satraps
Explanation: Inscriptions found in the Manmodi Caves indicate that the Indo-Scythian Western Satraps held sway over the Junnar region during the 2nd century CE.
According to the theory proposed by Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, what might Junnar's ancient name have been?
Answer: Tagara or Jirnanagar ('Old city')
Explanation: Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi theorized that Junnar might have been known as Tagara or derived from 'Jirnanagar', signifying 'Old city'.
The 'Yavana' inscriptions found in Junnar's caves provide evidence of donations made by which group?
Answer: Indo-Greeks (Yavanas)
Explanation: The 'Yavana' inscriptions document donations made by individuals identified as Yavanas, who are understood to be Indo-Greeks.
Besides Junnar, where else have similar Yavana donations been recorded according to the text?
Answer: At the Nasik Caves and the Karla Caves
Explanation: Similar Yavana donations have been documented at the Nasik Caves and the Karla Caves, in addition to those found in Junnar.
What does the name 'Jirnanagar', potentially related to Junnar's origin, mean?
Answer: Old City
Explanation: The name 'Jirnanagar', proposed as a potential ancient name for Junnar, translates to 'Old City'.
The 'Yavana' inscriptions in Junnar's caves primarily indicate:
Answer: Donations made by Indo-Greeks to Buddhist monastic sites.
Explanation: The 'Yavana' inscriptions found in Junnar's caves predominantly signify donations made by Indo-Greeks to Buddhist monastic establishments.
Afanasy Nikitin, a Russian traveler, visited Junnar in the 1400s and described the region under the rule of the Bahamani Sultanate.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Russian traveler Afanasy Nikitin documented his observations of Junnar during the 15th century, noting it was under the dominion of the Bahamani Sultanate.
Junnar served as the first capital for the Nizam Shahi state after the collapse of the Bahamani Sultanate.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the fragmentation of the Bahamani Sultanate, Junnar was established as the initial capital of the Nizam Shahi dynasty.
Saudagar Gumbaz is an example of early Maratha architecture from the 15th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: Saudagar Gumbaz represents post-Bahmani Islamic architecture dating from the 17th century, not early Maratha architecture from the 15th century.
Malik Ambar, a Nizam Shahi general, relocated his capital to Junnar in the early 17th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: Malik Ambar, a significant general of the Nizam Shahi dynasty, did indeed move the capital to Junnar during the early 17th century.
Junnar served as the first capital for the Nizam Shahi state after the Bahamani Sultanate fragmented.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the dissolution of the Bahamani Sultanate, Junnar was established as the initial capital of the Nizam Shahi dynasty.
Who was Afanasy Nikitin, and what is his significance to Junnar's history?
Answer: A Russian traveler who described life in Junnar under the Bahamani Sultanate in the 1400s.
Explanation: Afanasy Nikitin, a Russian traveler, provided valuable contemporary accounts of Junnar during the 15th century when it was under the Bahamani Sultanate.
What role did Junnar play in the early history of the Nizam Shahi dynasty?
Answer: It served as the first capital after the dynasty's formation.
Explanation: Following the fragmentation of the Bahamani Sultanate, Junnar was established as the initial capital of the Nizam Shahi dynasty.
What is the architectural significance of Saudagar Gumbaz?
Answer: It represents post-Bahmani Islamic architecture from the 17th century.
Explanation: Saudagar Gumbaz is architecturally significant as a prime example of post-Bahmani Islamic architecture, dating back to the 17th century.
Which dynasty established Junnar as their initial capital in the 1490s after the fragmentation of the Bahamani Sultanate?
Answer: The Nizam Shahi dynasty
Explanation: The Nizam Shahi dynasty established Junnar as their first capital in the 1490s, following the decline of the Bahamani Sultanate.
Shivneri Fort, located near Junnar, is recognized as the birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj.
Answer: True
Explanation: Shivneri Fort holds profound historical significance as the birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire.
Shivneri Fort is primarily significant for its ancient rock-cut architecture, unrelated to Shivaji Maharaj.
Answer: False
Explanation: Shivneri Fort's primary historical significance lies in its association with Shivaji Maharaj, as it is recognized as his birthplace, far outweighing its architectural features in historical importance.
Jivdhan Fort is a hill fortress located within the Junnar Taluka.
Answer: True
Explanation: Jivdhan Fort, also known as Jeevdhan, is indeed a hill fortress situated within the administrative boundaries of Junnar Taluka.
Hadsar Fort was built to protect the trade route from the Deccan region to the Konkan coast.
Answer: True
Explanation: Hadsar Fort's strategic location facilitated its role in safeguarding the historical trade route connecting the Deccan region with the Konkan coast.
Hadsar Fort is unique because its bastion and entrance designs are carved entirely from a single rock.
Answer: True
Explanation: Hadsar Fort is distinguished by its unique architectural elements, specifically its bastion and entrance designs, which are carved from a single rock formation.
What is the primary historical significance of Junnar related to the Maratha Empire?
Answer: The nearby Shivneri Fort was the birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj.
Explanation: Junnar's historical connection to the Maratha Empire is primarily through Shivneri Fort, recognized as the birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj.
Which of the following is a major tourist attraction in Junnar, known as the birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj?
Answer: Shivneri Fort
Explanation: Shivneri Fort, located near Junnar, is a significant tourist destination and is historically recognized as the birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj.
What unique architectural feature is mentioned for Hadsar Fort?
Answer: Its bastion and entrance designs are carved from a single rock.
Explanation: Hadsar Fort is noted for its distinctive bastion and entrance designs, which have been intricately carved from a single piece of rock.
What was the primary purpose of constructing Hadsar Fort?
Answer: To protect the ancient commercial trade route.
Explanation: Hadsar Fort was primarily constructed to safeguard the ancient commercial trade route connecting the Mawal region to Kalyan.
The Manmodi Caves contain inscriptions providing evidence of rule by the Indo-Scythian Western Satraps during the 2nd century CE.
Answer: True
Explanation: Inscriptions found within the Manmodi Caves provide evidence of the rule of the Indo-Scythian Western Satraps during the 2nd century CE.
The Lenyadri cave complex is primarily known for its Buddhist cave temples, but Cave 7 is a Hindu shrine dedicated to Ganesha.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Lenyadri caves are predominantly Buddhist, but Cave 7 is distinguished as a Hindu shrine dedicated to Lord Ganesha, recognized as one of the Ashtavinayak temples.
There are fewer than 100 rock-cut caves in the Junnar region.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Junnar region is exceptionally rich in rock-cut caves, boasting over 220 individual excavations across its surrounding hills.
All the caves at Lenyadri originated from Mahayana Buddhism and served primarily as monasteries.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Lenyadri caves originated from Hinayana Buddhism, and while many served as monasteries (viharas), some also functioned as prayer halls (chaitya-grihas).
The cave temples near Junnar are classified into groups including Manmodi, Lenyadri, and Naneghat.
Answer: True
Explanation: The cave temples in the vicinity of Junnar are indeed categorized into distinct groups, including Manmodi, Lenyadri, and Naneghat.
The Lenyadri caves are classified solely as Buddhist *chaitya-grihas* (chapels).
Answer: False
Explanation: The Lenyadri caves include both *chaitya-grihas* (chapels) and *viharas* (monasteries), indicating a dual classification based on function.
The underground water chain at Sayyed Wada is a historical feature maintained in remembrance of the events of Karbala.
Answer: True
Explanation: The historical underground water chain at Sayyed Wada serves as a memorial to the events of Karbala.
Cave 7 at Lenyadri is recognized as one of the Ashtavinayak shrines.
Answer: True
Explanation: Cave 7 within the Lenyadri complex is indeed recognized as one of the revered Ashtavinayak shrines, dedicated to Lord Ganesha.
The Junnar region has over 220 rock-cut caves, representing significant ancient rock-cut architecture.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Junnar region is characterized by a substantial collection of over 220 rock-cut caves, signifying its importance in ancient rock-cut architectural history.
The ancient underground water chain at Sayyed Wada is a modern addition for water storage.
Answer: False
Explanation: The underground water chain at Sayyed Wada is a historical feature, not a modern addition, maintained in remembrance of the events of Karbala.
What is notable about Cave 7 within the Lenyadri cave complex?
Answer: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Ganesha and an Ashtavinayak shrine.
Explanation: Cave 7 at Lenyadri is distinguished as a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Ganesha and is recognized as one of the eight Ashtavinayak shrines.
The Lenyadri caves, predominantly Buddhist in origin, are classified functionally as:
Answer: A mix of prayer halls (chaitya-grihas) and monasteries (viharas)
Explanation: The Lenyadri caves encompass both prayer halls (chaitya-grihas) and monasteries (viharas), reflecting a functional diversity within the complex.
Which group of caves near Junnar is located south of the city and includes the Bhimasankar and Amba-Ambika groups?
Answer: The Manmodi group
Explanation: The Manmodi group of caves, situated south of Junnar, encompasses the Bhimasankar and Amba-Ambika cave clusters.
The classification of Lenyadri caves indicates that Caves 6 and 14 served as:
Answer: Prayer halls or chapels (chaitya-grihas)
Explanation: Caves 6 and 14 within the Lenyadri complex are classified as *chaitya-grihas*, functioning as prayer halls or chapels.
What historical event is the underground water chain at Sayyed Wada in Junnar associated with?
Answer: The events of Karbala
Explanation: The underground water chain at Sayyed Wada is historically linked to the events of Karbala.
Which of the following is recognized as one of the Ashtavinayak shrines located in the Lenyadri cave complex?
Answer: Cave 7, a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Ganesha.
Explanation: Cave 7 at Lenyadri is identified as one of the Ashtavinayak shrines, functioning as a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Ganesha.
Junnar is a city located in the Pune district of Maharashtra, known for its historical significance.
Answer: True
Explanation: Junnar is indeed situated within the Pune district of Maharashtra and possesses considerable historical importance.
Junnar is situated at an elevation of approximately 2,260 feet above sea level.
Answer: True
Explanation: The city of Junnar is located at an average elevation of approximately 2,260 feet (689 meters) above sea level.
Teak timber from Junnar's forests was used in the construction of the famous Shaniwar Wada in Pune.
Answer: True
Explanation: The teak forests historically abundant in the Junnar region provided timber essential for the construction of Shaniwar Wada, a significant edifice in Pune.
According to the 2001 Census, Junnar's literacy rate was below the national average.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 2001 Census data indicates Junnar's literacy rate was 77%, which is notably higher than the national average of 59.5% at that time.
Junnar is accessible by bus services primarily from Pune and Mumbai, utilizing National Highway 50.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Junnar is accessible from Pune and Mumbai, bus routes utilize both National Highway 222 (NH 222) and National Highway 50 (NH 50), with NH 222 being particularly relevant for routes from Ahmednagar and Mumbai.
The Kukadi River flows to the south of Junnar city.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Kukadi River flows to the north of Junnar city.
The primary official language spoken in Junnar is Hindi.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary official language spoken in Junnar is Marathi.
Junnar observes the Indian Standard Time (IST) zone.
Answer: True
Explanation: Junnar, like the rest of India, adheres to the Indian Standard Time (IST) zone, which is UTC+5:30.
Junnar's teak was used for constructing the fortresses of the Nizam Shahi dynasty.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Junnar's teak was historically significant, its primary documented use was in the construction of Shaniwar Wada in Pune, not specifically Nizam Shahi fortresses.
In which district of Maharashtra is the city of Junnar located?
Answer: Pune district
Explanation: Junnar is situated within the Pune district of Maharashtra.
What is the average elevation of Junnar above sea level?
Answer: 689 meters (2,260 feet)
Explanation: Junnar is situated at an average elevation of approximately 689 meters, equivalent to 2,260 feet, above sea level.
Timber from Junnar's teak forests was notably used for which significant construction project?
Answer: The Shaniwar Wada in Pune
Explanation: Teak wood sourced from Junnar's forests was utilized in the construction of the historically significant Shaniwar Wada in Pune.
According to the 2001 Census, what was Junnar's average literacy rate?
Answer: 77%
Explanation: As per the 2001 Census, Junnar recorded an average literacy rate of 77%.
Which National Highways are utilized by bus routes connecting Junnar to Ahmednagar and Mumbai?
Answer: NH 222 (NH 222)
Explanation: Bus routes connecting Junnar to Ahmednagar and Mumbai primarily utilize National Highway 222 (NH 222).
Which river flows to the north of Junnar city?
Answer: Kukadi River
Explanation: The Kukadi River flows to the north of Junnar city.
What is the primary official language spoken in Junnar?
Answer: Marathi
Explanation: The primary official language spoken in Junnar is Marathi.
The text mentions that Junnar has historically been renowned for its:
Answer: Teak forests
Explanation: Historically, the Junnar region has been recognized for its abundant teak forests.
Junnar was designated as the first tourism taluka in the Pune district on January 9, 2018.
Answer: True
Explanation: The designation of Junnar as the first tourism taluka within the Pune district occurred on January 9, 2018, acknowledging its tourism potential.
Agritourism in Junnar is limited to a few government-run centers.
Answer: False
Explanation: Agritourism in Junnar encompasses various initiatives, including private centers like Parashar Agri & Village Tourism and Rashmigreenland Agri Tourism Center, alongside other community-based tourism efforts.
The man-leopard crisis in Junnar is attributed partly to development and the translocation of leopards.
Answer: True
Explanation: Development projects and the practice of translocating leopards are cited as contributing factors to the man-leopard crisis observed in the Junnar region.
A facility exists in Junnar to manage issues related to leopards, known as the Manikdoh dam.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the Manikdoh dam is a feature of the area, the facility established to manage leopard-related issues is a leopard rescue centre located at Manikdoh.
The official website for Junnar tourism is www.junnartourism.com.
Answer: True
Explanation: The provided official website for Junnar tourism is www.junnartourism.com.
Sugarcane plantations are mentioned as providing cover for leopards, exacerbating the man-leopard issue.
Answer: True
Explanation: The presence of sugarcane plantations in proximity to the Junnar Forest Division is noted as a factor contributing to the man-leopard crisis by providing habitat cover.
The leopard rescue centre at Manikdoh is primarily for studying leopard behavior in natural habitats.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Manikdoh leopard rescue centre is established to manage and address issues related to leopards in the Junnar area, rather than solely for studying their behavior in natural habitats.
Junnar's designation as a tourism taluka aims to promote its historical sites and cultural heritage.
Answer: True
Explanation: The recognition of Junnar as a tourism taluka is intended to foster the promotion and development of its rich historical sites and cultural heritage.
When was Junnar declared the first tourism taluka in the Pune district?
Answer: January 9, 2018
Explanation: Junnar was officially declared the first tourism taluka in the Pune district on January 9, 2018.
Which of the following is mentioned as an example of agritourism in the Junnar area?
Answer: Parashar Agri & Village Tourism centre
Explanation: Parashar Agri & Village Tourism centre in Rajuri village is cited as an example of agritourism initiatives within the Junnar region.
What factors does the text suggest contribute to the man-leopard crisis in the Junnar region?
Answer: Development and the translocation of leopards.
Explanation: The man-leopard crisis in Junnar is partly attributed to factors such as development and the practice of translocating leopards.
What is the purpose of the leopard rescue centre located at Manikdoh?
Answer: To manage issues related to leopards in the Junnar area.
Explanation: The leopard rescue centre at Manikdoh serves the purpose of managing issues arising from the interaction between humans and leopards in the Junnar region.