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Kaluga Oblast is primarily characterized by its mountainous terrain, situated within the Ural Mountains region.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that Kaluga Oblast is situated in the central part of the East European Plain, not within the Ural Mountains region, and its topography is characterized by uplands and watersheds, not primarily mountainous terrain.
The Oka River is the most significant river in Kaluga Oblast's river system, complemented by other rivers such as the Ugra and Zhizdra.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source explicitly identifies the Oka River as the main river in Kaluga Oblast's river system, alongside other significant rivers like the Ugra and Zhizdra.
Kaluga Oblast experiences a tropical climate characterized by consistently high temperatures and heavy rainfall throughout the year.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kaluga Oblast has a moderately continental climate with distinct warm, humid summers and cold winters with stable snow cover, not a tropical climate.
The frost-free season in Kaluga Oblast typically lasts between 150 and 180 days, allowing for extended agricultural activity.
Answer: False
Explanation: The frost-free season in Kaluga Oblast typically lasts between 113 and 127 days, not 150 to 180 days.
Kaluga Oblast borders the federal city of Moscow since July 1, 2012.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that Kaluga Oblast borders the federal city of Moscow, a change that occurred on July 1, 2012.
The average temperature in Kaluga Oblast in January ranges from +18 °C in the north to +20 °C in the south.
Answer: False
Explanation: The average temperature in Kaluga Oblast in January ranges from −11 °C (12 °F) in the northeast to −8 °C (18 °F) in the southwest, not positive temperatures.
The Dnieper–Desna watershed is one of the topographical features defining Kaluga Oblast's geographical location.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Kaluga Oblast's territory lies between the Central Russian Upland, the Smolensk–Moscow Upland, and the Dnieper–Desna watershed.
Kaluga Oblast extends for more than 220 kilometers from north to south and 100 kilometers from east to west.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kaluga Oblast extends for more than 220 kilometers (140 miles) from north to south, and also for 220 kilometers from east to west, not 100 kilometers from east to west.
The total area of Kaluga Oblast is approximately 11,500 square kilometers (29,800 square miles).
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that the total area of Kaluga Oblast is approximately 29,800 square kilometers (11,500 square miles).
Which of the following federal subjects borders Kaluga Oblast to the southwest?
Answer: Bryansk Oblast
Explanation: Kaluga Oblast borders Bryansk Oblast to the southwest.
What is the main river in Kaluga Oblast's river system?
Answer: Oka
Explanation: The Oka River is identified as the main river in Kaluga Oblast's river system.
What is the approximate total area of Kaluga Oblast in square kilometers?
Answer: 29,800 sq km
Explanation: The total area of Kaluga Oblast is approximately 29,800 square kilometers (11,500 square miles).
What is the typical duration of the frost-free season in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: 113-127 days
Explanation: The frost-free season in Kaluga Oblast typically lasts between 113 and 127 days.
Which of the following rivers is NOT listed as a significant river in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Volga
Explanation: The Ugra, Zhizdra, and Protva are listed as significant rivers in Kaluga Oblast, but the Volga is not.
What is the average temperature range in July for Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: +18 °C to +20 °C
Explanation: The average temperature in July for Kaluga Oblast ranges from +18 °C (64 °F) in the north to +20 °C (68 °F) in the south.
Which of the following is a large lake found in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Lake Bezdon
Explanation: Lake Bezdon is listed as one of the large lakes found in Kaluga Oblast.
What is the average annual air temperature range in the north and northeast of Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: 3.5–4.0 °C
Explanation: The average annual air temperature in the north and northeast of Kaluga Oblast varies from 3.5–4.0 °C (38.3–39.2 °F).
What is the approximate length of Kaluga Oblast from north to south in miles?
Answer: 140 miles
Explanation: Kaluga Oblast extends for more than 220 kilometers (140 miles) from north to south.
The Chernobyl disaster had no environmental impact on Kaluga Oblast, which has always maintained a pristine ecological status.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Chernobyl disaster resulted in radioactive contamination in the southern and southwestern parts of Kaluga Oblast, contradicting the claim of no environmental impact and pristine ecological status.
Kaluga Oblast is considered one of the most ecologically pure regions in the Central Federal District and hosts several successful eco-settlements.
Answer: True
Explanation: A governmental report identifies Kaluga Oblast as one of the most ecologically pure regions in the Central Federal District, featuring several successful eco-settlements and protected areas.
The aquatic fauna of Kaluga Oblast includes 41 species of bony fish and no lamprey species.
Answer: False
Explanation: The aquatic fauna of Kaluga Oblast includes two kinds of lamprey and 41 species of bony fish, contradicting the claim of no lamprey species.
Brown bears, lynxes, and elks are typical forest mammals found in Kaluga Oblast, with bison occasionally visiting the southern part.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source lists brown bears, lynxes, and elks as typical forest mammals, and mentions that bison sometimes visit the southern part of the oblast.
Which of the following is a protected area located in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Kaluzhskiye Zaseki nature reserve
Explanation: The Kaluzhskiye Zaseki nature reserve is listed as one of the protected areas in Kaluga Oblast.
Which of the following mammals is NOT listed as a typical forest mammal in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Tigers
Explanation: Brown bears, elks, and squirrels are listed as typical forest mammals, but tigers are not.
How many species of bony fish are found in the aquatic fauna of Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: 41
Explanation: The aquatic fauna of Kaluga Oblast includes 41 species of bony fish.
Which of the following is a type of amphibian commonly found in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Crested newt
Explanation: Crested newts are listed among the 11 types of amphibians commonly found in Kaluga Oblast.
Which of the following is a reptile species found in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Venomous adder
Explanation: The venomous adder is listed as one of the 7 reptile species found in Kaluga Oblast.
How many types of birds are registered as visiting Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: 267
Explanation: There are 267 types of birds registered as visiting Kaluga Oblast.
The Great Stand on the Ugra River, which occurred in Kaluga's territory, was a pivotal event leading to the liberation of Russian lands from the Tatar yoke.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the Great Stand on the Ugra River, located in Kaluga's territory between 1480 and 1481, was instrumental in liberating Russian lands from the Tatar yoke.
The earliest human habitation sites discovered in Kaluga Oblast date back to the Neolithic period.
Answer: False
Explanation: The oldest human sites discovered in Kaluga Oblast date back to the Mesolithic period (10,000–6,000 BC), not the Neolithic period.
The administrative center of Kaluga Oblast is Obninsk, known for its scientific institutions.
Answer: False
Explanation: The administrative center of Kaluga Oblast is the city of Kaluga, not Obninsk.
In the 14th and 15th centuries, approximately half of the current Kaluga province, including towns like Kozelsk and Mosalsk, was under Lithuanian control.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that by the late 14th to 15th centuries, approximately half of the current province, including towns like Kozelsk and Mosalsk, was under Lithuanian control.
The Kaluga Viceroyalty was established by Paul I in 1795, uniting the Kaluga and Tula Governorates.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Kaluga Viceroyalty was established by Catherine the Great in 1776. It was transformed into a governorate in 1795 during the rule of Paul I.
The 2020 Legislative Assembly Elections saw the Communist Party of the Russian Federation win the most seats in the oblast parliament.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the 2020 Legislative Assembly Elections, the United Russia party won the most seats (29), while the Communist Party of the Russian Federation secured 3 seats.
The Governor of Kaluga Oblast is the highest official in the province and acts as a guarantor of the observance of the oblast charter.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that the Governor of Kaluga Oblast is the highest official in the province and acts as a guarantor of the observance of the oblast charter.
Kaluga Oblast is administratively divided into twenty-four districts and two cities of oblast significance.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kaluga Oblast is administratively divided into twenty-four districts and four cities of oblast significance, not two.
The 12th century saw the first mentions of towns in the Kaluga region, such as Kozelsk and Serensk, during a feudal war.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that the first mentions of towns like Kozelsk (1146) and Serensk (1147) are associated with 12th-century feudal conflicts.
After the formal union of Russia and Ukraine in 1654, Kaluga's role as a trade intermediary between Moscow and Poland significantly boosted its economy.
Answer: False
Explanation: After the formal union of Russia and Ukraine in 1654, Kaluga's role as a trade intermediary between Moscow and Ukraine (not Poland) further contributed to its economic growth.
The Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast is the province's highest executive body, responsible for implementing laws.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Legislative Assembly is the standing legislative body responsible for enacting laws, while the Oblast Government is the highest executive body responsible for implementing them.
What is the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Kaluga
Explanation: The administrative center of Kaluga Oblast is the city of Kaluga.
What historical event, occurring between 1480 and 1481 in Kaluga's territory, led to the liberation of Russian lands from the Tatar yoke?
Answer: The Great Stand on the Ugra River
Explanation: The Great Stand on the Ugra River, which took place in Kaluga's territory between 1480 and 1481, was a pivotal event that led to the liberation of Russian lands from the Tatar yoke.
Which Russian Empress issued the decree establishing the Kaluga Viceroyalty on August 24, 1776?
Answer: Catherine the Great
Explanation: Empress Catherine the Great issued the decree establishing the Kaluga Viceroyalty on August 24, 1776.
In which year was the modern Kaluga Oblast founded by a decree from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR?
Answer: 1944
Explanation: The modern Kaluga Oblast was founded on July 5, 1944, by a decree from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Who is the current Chairman of the Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Viktor Sergeevich Baburin
Explanation: Viktor Sergeevich Baburin holds the position of Chairman of the Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast.
Which political party won the most seats in the 2020 Legislative Assembly Elections of the 7th Convocation in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: United Russia
Explanation: In the 2020 Legislative Assembly Elections, the United Russia party won the most seats (29) in the oblast parliament.
What is the role of the Oblast Government in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: To act as the highest executive body.
Explanation: The Oblast Government is the highest executive body in Kaluga Oblast, responsible for facilitating development and managing provincial affairs.
Which of these towns was first mentioned in 1146, according to archaeological findings in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Kozelsk
Explanation: Kozelsk was first mentioned in 1146, according to archaeological findings in Kaluga Oblast.
What was Kaluga's economic role after the formal union of Russia and Ukraine in 1654?
Answer: A trade intermediary between Moscow and Ukraine.
Explanation: After the formal union of Russia and Ukraine in 1654, Kaluga's role as a trade intermediary between Moscow and Ukraine further contributed to its economic growth.
As of 2006, agricultural lands covered a larger percentage of Kaluga Oblast's territory than forests.
Answer: False
Explanation: As of 2006, forests accounted for 46% of the oblast's territory, while agricultural lands covered 44%, indicating forests covered a larger percentage.
The automotive complex forms a traditional foundation of Kaluga Oblast's industry, employing nearly a third of the province's residents in the industrial sector.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that the automotive complex forms a traditional foundation of Kaluga Oblast's industry, and nearly a third of the province's residents are employed in the industrial sector.
Kaluga Oblast is recognized as one of the least economically developed provinces in the Russian Federation, struggling to attract international investment.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kaluga Oblast is recognized as one of the most economically advanced provinces in the Russian Federation, successfully attracting major international corporations for project implementation.
The main crops cultivated in Kaluga Oblast include only forage cereals and potatoes, with no other significant agricultural products.
Answer: False
Explanation: In addition to forage cereals and potatoes, main crops cultivated in Kaluga Oblast include vegetables, feed grains (wheat, barley, rye, oats, buckwheat), and fiber-flax.
Kaluga Oblast's industry comprises 2,747 enterprises, generating approximately 40% of the gross regional product (GRP).
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that industry in Kaluga Oblast comprises 2,747 enterprises and generates approximately 40% of the gross regional product (GRP).
What percentage of Kaluga Oblast's territory was covered by forests as of 2006?
Answer: 46%
Explanation: As of 2006, forests occupied 46% of Kaluga Oblast's territory.
Which of these international corporations is NOT mentioned as operating in Kaluga Oblast for project implementation?
Answer: Toyota
Explanation: Volkswagen, Samsung, and Volvo are mentioned as operating in Kaluga Oblast, but Toyota is not.
Which of the following is a traditional economic segment actively developing in Kaluga Oblast, besides international corporations?
Answer: Manufacturers of turbo generators
Explanation: Manufacturers of turbo generators are listed as one of the traditional economic segments actively developing in Kaluga Oblast.
What percentage of the gross regional product (GRP) is generated by industry in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Approximately 40%
Explanation: Industry in Kaluga Oblast generates approximately 40% of the gross regional product (GRP).
Which of the following crops is NOT listed as a main crop cultivated in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Coffee beans
Explanation: Fiber-flax, potatoes, and buckwheat are listed as main crops, but coffee beans are not.
The main automobile highway in Kaluga Oblast, M3 'Ukraine,' has a traffic density of up to 5,000 vehicles per day.
Answer: False
Explanation: The M3 'Ukraine' highway in Kaluga Oblast has a traffic density of up to 13,800 vehicles per day, not 5,000.
The total length of hard-surface automobile roads in Kaluga Oblast is 872 kilometers, matching its railway network length.
Answer: False
Explanation: The total length of hard-surface automobile roads is 6,564 kilometers, while the total length of common-use railroads is 872 kilometers; these lengths do not match.
The total length of navigable and conditionally navigable waterways in Kaluga Oblast is 101 kilometers, primarily utilizing the Oka River.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that the total length of navigable and conditionally navigable waterways is 101 kilometers, with the Oka River being a key domestic waterway.
The cities of Kaluga, Obninsk, and Sukhinichi are identified as the primary regional transport hubs in Kaluga Oblast.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source identifies Kaluga, Obninsk, and Sukhinichi as the primary regional transport hubs in Kaluga Oblast.
The Moscow–Warsaw federal highway has a higher traffic density than the M3 'Ukraine' highway in Kaluga Oblast.
Answer: False
Explanation: The M3 'Ukraine' highway has a traffic density of up to 13,800 vehicles per day, while the Moscow–Warsaw federal highway has a traffic density of up to 11,500 vehicles per day, meaning M3 'Ukraine' has higher density.
What is the traffic density of the M3 'Ukraine' highway in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Up to 13,800 vehicles per day
Explanation: The M3 'Ukraine' highway in Kaluga Oblast has a traffic density of up to 13,800 vehicles per day.
What is the total length of common-use railroads in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: 872 kilometers
Explanation: The total length of common-use railroads in Kaluga Oblast is 872 kilometers.
Which of these cities is a primary regional transport hub in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Sukhinichi
Explanation: Sukhinichi is identified as one of the primary regional transport hubs in Kaluga Oblast, alongside Kaluga and Obninsk.
What is the density of the common-use road network in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: 165 kilometers per 1,000 square kilometers
Explanation: The density of the common-use road network in Kaluga Oblast is 165 kilometers per 1,000 square kilometers.
Which of the following is a military airfield located in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Ermolino
Explanation: Ermolino is listed as one of the military airfields located in Kaluga Oblast.
The Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Energy is a branch of the MIFI National Nuclear Research University located in Kaluga Oblast.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source explicitly states that the Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Energy, a branch of the MIFI National Nuclear Research University, is located in Kaluga Oblast.
The Union of Slavic Native Faith (Rodnover) Communities has its headquarters in Kaluga city, making the oblast a significant center for the Rodnovery movement.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that Kaluga Oblast is a significant center for the Rodnovery movement, with the Union of Slavic Native Faith (Rodnover) Communities headquartered in Kaluga city.
Georgy Zhukov, a Soviet military leader, is one of the notable individuals associated with Kaluga Oblast.
Answer: True
Explanation: Georgy Zhukov is listed among the notable individuals associated with Kaluga Oblast in the provided information.
FC Kaluga was established in 2010 and immediately won the Championship of Russia in its first season.
Answer: False
Explanation: FC Kaluga was established in December 2009 and achieved tenth place in the Championship of Russia in the Center zone (2nd Division) during the 2010 season, not winning the championship.
The Mir Gitary Festival, an international guitar music festival, is regularly held in Obninsk, not Kaluga.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Mir Gitary Festival is regularly held in Kaluga, not Obninsk.
The Korobov mansion is a notable example of 16th-century civil architecture in Kaluga, known for its unique design.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Korobov mansion is a notable example of 17th-century civil architecture, not 16th-century.
The Ugra National Park and Kaluzhskye Zaseki are unique nature reserves in Kaluga Oblast that offer established tourist paths.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that tourist paths have been established in the unique nature reserves of Ugra National Park and Kaluzhskye Zaseki.
Which of these individuals is NOT listed as a notable person associated with Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Yuri Gagarin
Explanation: Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky, Georgy Zhukov, and Eudoxia Lopukhina are listed as notable individuals associated with Kaluga Oblast, but Yuri Gagarin is not.
Which of these scientific institutions is located in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Energy
Explanation: The Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Energy is listed as a key scientific institution located in Kaluga Oblast.
Which of the following cultural festivals is regularly organized for tourists in Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Arkhistoyanie Festival
Explanation: The Arkhistoyanie Festival is listed as one of the regular cultural events organized for tourists in Kaluga Oblast.
In the 16th century, Kaluga was a significant commercial port known for exporting which specific product?
Answer: Wooden utensils
Explanation: In the 16th century, Kaluga was known for exporting wooden utensils as a significant commercial port.
How many health centers and summer resorts are available in Kaluga Oblast, providing over 3,500 beds for visitors?
Answer: 15
Explanation: Kaluga Oblast features 15 health centers and summer resorts, offering over 3,500 beds for visitors.
What is the name of the state university located in Kaluga?
Answer: Tsiolkovsky State University
Explanation: The Tsiolkovsky State University is located in Kaluga.
Which historical figure's first wife, Eudoxia Lopukhina, is associated with Kaluga Oblast?
Answer: Peter the Great
Explanation: Eudoxia Lopukhina, the first wife of Peter the Great, is listed among the notable individuals associated with Kaluga Oblast.