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Kashubian is classified as an East Slavic language within the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European family.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kashubian is classified as a West Slavic language, specifically belonging to the Lechitic subgroup, not East Slavic.
Kashubian is considered a surviving remnant of the extinct Polabian language.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kashubian is considered the only surviving remnant of the Pomeranian language, not Polabian. Polabian is mentioned as an influence, but not its direct ancestor.
Kashubian is assumed to have evolved from the language spoken by certain tribes of Pomeranians.
Answer: True
Explanation: Kashubian is presumed to have evolved from the language spoken by specific tribes of Pomeranians, known as Kashubians.
The separate evolution of Kashubian from the Polish-Pomeranian linguistic area began in the 16th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The separate evolution of Kashubian from the Polish-Pomeranian linguistic area began earlier, between the 13th and 15th centuries.
Linguists universally agree that Kashubian is a distinct language, separate from Polish.
Answer: False
Explanation: There is an ongoing academic debate among scholars regarding whether Kashubian should be classified as a distinct language or a dialect of Polish.
To which linguistic subgroup does Kashubian belong within the West Slavic languages?
Answer: Lechitic
Explanation: Kashubian is a West Slavic language that belongs to the Lechitic subgroup.
Kashubian is considered the only surviving remnant of which language?
Answer: Pomeranian
Explanation: Kashubian is considered the sole surviving remnant of the Pomeranian language.
In what period did the Kashubian language begin to evolve separately from the Polish-Pomeranian linguistic area?
Answer: 13th to 15th century
Explanation: The separate evolution of Kashubian from the Polish-Pomeranian linguistic area began between the 13th and 15th centuries.
The modern orthography for Kashubian was first proposed in 1879.
Answer: True
Explanation: The modern orthography for the Kashubian language was first proposed in 1879.
Kaszëbienié is a phonological process in Kashubian where Proto-Slavic soft t/d/s/z initially transform into specific palato-alveolar affricates and fricatives and finally into dental affricates and fricatives.
Answer: True
Explanation: Kaszëbienié describes this specific phonological transformation of Proto-Slavic soft consonants into dental affricates and fricatives.
Kashubian, unlike Polish, retains softness before '-ar-', as seen in *czwiôrtk* (Thursday).
Answer: True
Explanation: Kashubian retains softness before '-ar-', a feature not present in the corresponding Polish word *czwartek*.
The Kashubian equivalent of Polish 'owca' (sheep) is *owca*, demonstrating a lack of labialization.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Kashubian equivalent is *òwca*, which demonstrates the phonological process of labialization of the initial 'o-' sound.
Kashubian has only oral vowels and no nasal vowels in its phonological system.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kashubian possesses two nasal vowels, /ã/ and /õ/, in addition to its oral vowels.
When was the modern orthography for the Kashubian language first proposed?
Answer: 1879
Explanation: The modern orthography for the Kashubian language was first proposed in 1879.
What is 'Kaszëbienié' in Kashubian phonology?
Answer: A transformation of Proto-Slavic soft t/d/s/z into dental affricates and fricatives.
Explanation: Kaszëbienié is a phonological process where Proto-Slavic soft t/d/s/z transform into dental affricates and fricatives.
How does Kashubian's retention of softness before '-ar-' compare to Polish?
Answer: Kashubian retains softness, while Polish does not.
Explanation: Kashubian retains softness before '-ar-', as exemplified by *czwiôrtk*, a feature absent in Polish.
What phonological process is evident in the Kashubian word *òwca* (sheep) compared to the Polish *owca*?
Answer: Labialization of the initial 'o-' sound
Explanation: The Kashubian word *òwca* demonstrates the labialization of the initial 'o-' sound, distinguishing it from the Polish *owca*.
Which of the following is NOT one of the oral vowel phonemes present in the Kashubian language?
Answer: /y/
Explanation: The Kashubian language features nine oral vowel phonemes, but /y/ is not listed among them.
How many nasal vowels does Kashubian possess?
Answer: Two
Explanation: Kashubian possesses two nasal vowels, /ã/ and /õ/.
Under what specific conditions do the Kashubian vowels /ɔ/ and /u/ diphthongize?
Answer: When they appear after the consonants p, b, k, g, and ch.
Explanation: The vowels /ɔ/ and /u/ diphthongize to /wɛ/ and /wu/ respectively, specifically when they occur after the consonants p, b, k, g, and ch.
What is a general characteristic of Kashubian consonants regarding articulation?
Answer: They are characterized by both simple and complex forms with secondary articulation.
Explanation: Kashubian consonants are characterized by both simple forms and complex forms that include secondary articulation.
What does the Kashubian alphabet include in addition to single letters?
Answer: Several digraphs like 'ch', 'cz', 'dz', 'dż', 'rz', and 'sz'.
Explanation: The Kashubian alphabet incorporates several digraphs, such as 'ch', 'cz', 'dz', 'dż', 'rz', and 'sz', in addition to its single letters.
What is the Kashubian equivalent of the Polish word 'kiełbasa' (sausage) and what phonological change does it demonstrate?
Answer: *kôłbasa*, demonstrating change from Proto-Slavic *-ъl-/*-ьl- to *-ôł-*.
Explanation: The Kashubian equivalent *kôłbasa* demonstrates the phonological change from Proto-Slavic *-ъl-/*-ьl- to *-ôł-*.
What is a key feature of syllable stress in Kashubian?
Answer: Free placement of stress, and in some instances, mobile stress.
Explanation: Kashubian features free placement of stress, and in some instances, mobile stress, which can also involve vowel reduction in unstressed syllables in northern dialects.
Since 2005, Kashubian has been officially recognized as a regional language in Poland, granting it legal protection.
Answer: True
Explanation: The *Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language* formally granted Kashubian its status as a regional language in Poland, providing legal protection.
Kashubian is taught as a primary language of instruction in schools in Kashubia.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kashubian is taught as a foreign language for 3 hours per week upon parental request, not as a primary language of instruction.
Kashubian is an official alternative language for local administration in several communes within the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Answer: True
Explanation: Kashubian serves as an official alternative language for local administration in several communes, including Gmina Sierakowice, Gmina Linia, Gmina Parchowo, Gmina Luzino, and Gmina Żukowo.
During the communist period in Poland, Kashubian education and social status improved significantly.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the communist period (1948-1989), Kashubian suffered greatly in education and social status, being prevented from being taught in schools.
The *Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language* granted Kashubian its status as a regional language.
Answer: True
Explanation: This specific Act, passed by the Polish Parliament, formally granted Kashubian its status as an official regional language.
What year did Kashubian receive official recognition as a regional language in Poland?
Answer: 2005
Explanation: Kashubian was officially recognized as a regional language in Poland in 2005 through a specific legal act.
How is Kashubian typically incorporated into the education system in Kashubia?
Answer: As a foreign language for 3 hours per week upon parental request.
Explanation: Kashubian is taught as a foreign language for 3 hours per week in schools in Kashubia, upon parental request.
Which of the following communes in the Pomeranian Voivodeship uses Kashubian as an official alternative language for local administration?
Answer: Gmina Luzino
Explanation: Gmina Luzino is one of the communes in the Pomeranian Voivodeship where Kashubian serves as an official alternative language for local administration.
How did the communist period (1948-1989) generally affect Kashubian education and social status?
Answer: It caused Kashubian to suffer greatly, being prevented from being taught in schools.
Explanation: During the communist period, Kashubian suffered greatly, being largely confined to folklore and prohibited from being taught in schools.
What legal act granted Kashubian its status as a regional language in Poland?
Answer: The Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language
Explanation: The *Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language* formally granted Kashubian its status as a regional language in Poland.
What does the sign *witómë* in Władysławowo illustrate about the Kashubian language?
Answer: Its public use and visibility in its native region.
Explanation: The sign *witómë* in Władysławowo demonstrates the public use and visibility of the Kashubian language in its native region.
What information does the map titled 'Jezyk kaszubski w gminach NSP2011.png' convey?
Answer: Regions where Kashubian is officially recognized as a regional language (marked in orange) and areas where it could potentially qualify for such recognition in the future (marked in yellow).
Explanation: The map 'Jezyk kaszubski w gminach NSP2011.png' illustrates regions where Kashubian is officially recognized or could potentially qualify for recognition as a regional language.
What is the significance of the image showing bilingual signs in Garcz?
Answer: It demonstrates the official recognition and use of both Polish and Kashubian in public signage.
Explanation: The bilingual signs in Garcz illustrate the official recognition and practical application of both Polish and Kashubian in public signage.
The 2021 census reported an increase in the number of people primarily using Kashubian at home compared to the 2011 census.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 2021 census showed a decrease, with 87,600 people primarily using Kashubian at home, down from over 108,000 in 2011.
Due to significant dialectal diversity, speakers of northern Kashubian dialects often struggle to understand southern dialect speakers.
Answer: True
Explanation: The significant dialectal diversity within Kashubian often leads to considerable difficulty in mutual understanding between speakers of northern and southern dialects.
In the 2021 census, more people reported speaking exclusively Kashubian within their homes than in the 2011 census.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the 2021 census, only 1,700 people reported speaking exclusively Kashubian at home, a decrease from 3,800 in the 2011 census.
The total number of people who can speak at least some Kashubian is estimated to be around 366,000.
Answer: True
Explanation: The estimated total number of people who can speak at least some Kashubian is approximately 366,000.
Kashubian speakers are typically bilingual, also fluent in Polish.
Answer: True
Explanation: All Kashubian speakers are also fluent in Polish, indicating a high degree of bilingualism within the community.
Friedrich Lorentz identified five main Kashubian dialects in the early 20th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: Friedrich Lorentz identified three main Kashubian dialects: Northern, Middle, and Southern.
According to the 2021 census, approximately how many people in Poland declared they mainly use Kashubian at home?
Answer: 87,600
Explanation: The 2021 census reported that approximately 87,600 people in Poland primarily use Kashubian at home.
What was the number of Kashubian speakers in Poland who declared using it at home, according to the 2011 census?
Answer: Over 108,000
Explanation: The 2011 census reported over 108,000 people in Poland declared using Kashubian at home.
How many people reported speaking exclusively in Kashubian within their homes in the 2021 census?
Answer: 1,700
Explanation: In the 2021 census, 1,700 people reported speaking exclusively Kashubian within their homes.
What is the estimated total number of individuals who can speak at least some Kashubian?
Answer: 366,000
Explanation: The estimated total number of individuals who can speak at least some Kashubian is approximately 366,000.
According to Friedrich Lorentz in the early 20th century, how many main Kashubian dialects were there?
Answer: Three
Explanation: Friedrich Lorentz identified three main Kashubian dialects in the early 20th century: Northern, Middle, and Southern.
Kashubian exists solely in vernacular dialects used in rural areas, without a literary form.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kashubian exists in both vernacular dialects and established literary variants used in educational settings and formal writing.
Florian Ceynowa was a 20th-century leader of the 'Young Kashubian movement'.
Answer: False
Explanation: Florian Ceynowa was a 19th-century activist, while Aleksander Majkowski led the 'Young Kashubian movement' which emerged in 1912.
The 'Young Kashubian movement' was led by Aleksander Majkowski and significantly contributed to the development of the Kashubian literary language.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Young Kashubian movement,' led by Aleksander Majkowski, played a crucial role in advancing the Kashubian literary language.
The earliest printed documents containing Kashubian elements date back to the early 18th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The earliest printed documents featuring Kashubian elements date back to the end of the 16th century.
*Xązeczka dlo Kaszebov* was a significant literary work by Aleksander Majkowski.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Xązeczka dlo Kaszebov* was a significant literary work by Florian Ceynowa, not Aleksander Majkowski.
Aleksander Majkowski wrote the Kashubian national epic *The Life and Adventures of Remus*.
Answer: True
Explanation: Aleksander Majkowski authored the Kashubian national epic, *The Life and Adventures of Remus*.
Adam Ryszard Sikora (OFM) was instrumental in translating much of the New Testament into Kashubian.
Answer: True
Explanation: Adam Ryszard Sikora (OFM) played a substantial role in translating Christian literature, including much of the New Testament, into Kashubian.
The earliest recorded Kashubian artifacts include a book of spiritual psalms from the 15th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: The earliest documented artifacts of Kashubian date to the 15th century and include a book of spiritual psalms.
Who was the first known activist for Kashubian, active in the 19th century, who promoted Kashubian self-identity?
Answer: Florian Ceynowa
Explanation: Florian Ceynowa, active in the 19th century, was the first known activist for Kashubian, promoting its self-identity.
Who led the 'Young Kashubian movement' which emerged in 1912?
Answer: Aleksander Majkowski
Explanation: The 'Young Kashubian movement,' which emerged in 1912, was led by Aleksander Majkowski.
Who wrote the Kashubian national epic, *The Life and Adventures of Remus*?
Answer: Aleksander Majkowski
Explanation: Aleksander Majkowski authored the Kashubian national epic, *The Life and Adventures of Remus*.
Which two authors are recognized as the most commonly translated Kashubian authors of the 20th century?
Answer: Aleksander Majkowski and Alojzy Nagel
Explanation: Aleksander Majkowski and Alojzy Nagel are recognized as the most commonly translated Kashubian authors of the 20th century.
Who was the first priest to introduce Catholic liturgy in the Kashubian language?
Answer: Franciszek Grucza
Explanation: Franciszek Grucza was the first priest to introduce Catholic liturgy in the Kashubian language.
What is one of the earliest recorded artifacts of the Kashubian language, dating back to the 15th century?
Answer: A book of spiritual psalms
Explanation: A book of spiritual psalms from the 15th century is one of the earliest documented artifacts of the Kashubian language.
What does the image featuring a page from Stefan Ramułt's dictionary highlight?
Answer: An important historical resource for the study and documentation of the language.
Explanation: The image from Stefan Ramułt's dictionary highlights its significance as a historical resource for the study and documentation of the Kashubian language.
What does the image from the Church of the Pater Noster in Jerusalem signify regarding Kashubian?
Answer: The global presence and translation of religious texts into the language.
Explanation: The image from the Church of the Pater Noster in Jerusalem, displaying the Lord's Prayer in Kashubian, signifies the global presence and translation of religious texts into the language.
Approximately 5% of Kashubian's vocabulary consists of loanwords from Low German and High German.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that about 5% of Kashubian's vocabulary is composed of loanwords from Low German and High German.
Native Polish speakers find written Kashubian easy to understand because of its similar orthography.
Answer: False
Explanation: Native Polish speakers may encounter difficulty comprehending written Kashubian because the orthography used for Polish words appears highly unconventional when rendered in Kashubian script.
Kashubian has a lower percentage of German loanwords compared to Polish.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kashubian has a higher percentage of German loanwords (5%) compared to Polish (3%).
During the Kashubian diaspora, approximately 15,000 Kashubians emigrated to North America between 1855 and 1900.
Answer: False
Explanation: Approximately 115,700 Kashubians emigrated to North America during this period, with 15,000 settling in Brazil.
Kashubian is no longer spoken in any communities in North America.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kashubian is still widely spoken among the Polish community in Renfrew County, Ontario.
Winona, Minnesota, successfully maintained Kashubian as a vibrant language due to its recognition as the 'Kashubian Capital of America'.
Answer: False
Explanation: In Winona, Minnesota, the language was often viewed as 'poor Polish' and consequently failed to survive Polonization, dying out shortly after the mid-20th century.
What percentage of Kashubian's vocabulary consists of loanwords from German languages (Low German and High German)?
Answer: 5%
Explanation: Approximately 5% of Kashubian's vocabulary is composed of loanwords from Low German and High German.
What is the primary reason native Polish speakers might find written Kashubian difficult to understand?
Answer: The spelling and grammar of Polish words are highly unusual in Kashubian orthography.
Explanation: Native Polish speakers may find written Kashubian challenging because the orthography used for Polish words appears highly unconventional when rendered in Kashubian script.
Approximately how many Kashubians emigrated to North America during the diaspora from 1855 to 1900?
Answer: 115,700
Explanation: Approximately 115,700 Kashubians emigrated to North America during the diaspora from 1855 to 1900.
In which North American location is Kashubian still widely spoken among the Polish community today?
Answer: Renfrew County, Ontario
Explanation: Kashubian is still widely spoken among the Polish community in Renfrew County, Ontario.
What was the fate of the Kashubian language in Winona, Minnesota, once called the 'Kashubian Capital of America'?
Answer: It failed to survive Polonization and died out.
Explanation: In Winona, Minnesota, the Kashubian language failed to survive Polonization and died out shortly after the mid-20th century.