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The Khanate of Khiva maintained continuous existence from its founding in 1511 until its dissolution in 1920, without any periods of interruption.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that the Khanate of Khiva experienced a period of Afsharid Iranian occupation between 1740 and 1747, thus it did not exist without interruption.
The Arabshahid dynasty, founded in 1511, marked the beginning of the Khanate of Khiva under the leadership of Ilbars I.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that Ilbars I founded the Arabshahid dynasty in 1511, initiating the Khanate of Khiva.
Ilbars I founded the Arabshahid dynasty in 1511 after successfully defending against Shaybanid incursions.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that Ilbars I founded the Arabshahid dynasty in 1511 following the expulsion of a Persian garrison and amidst conflicts with the Shaybanids and Safavid Persia.
The Qungrat tribe gradually gained power after 1746, eventually establishing their own formal dynasty in 1804 under Iltuzar Khan.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms the Qungrat tribe's increasing power after 1746 and the formalization of their rule as a dynasty under Iltuzar Khan in 1804.
Sayid Abdullah was the last Khan of the Arabshahid dynasty, abdicating in 1920.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source identifies Sayid Abdullah as the last Khan of the Qungrat dynasty, not the Arabshahid dynasty, and he abdicated in 1920.
What was the approximate duration of the Khanate of Khiva's existence as a state?
Answer: 1511 to 1920
Explanation: The source indicates the Khanate of Khiva existed as a polity from 1511 to 1920.
Who founded the Arabshahid dynasty in 1511, marking the beginning of the Khanate of Khiva?
Answer: Ilbars I
Explanation: The source confirms that Ilbars I founded the Arabshahid dynasty in 1511, initiating the Khanate of Khiva.
Who was the last ruling Khan of the Qungrat dynasty, and what was his fate?
Answer: Sayid Abdullah, who abdicated and was replaced by a Soviet republic.
Explanation: The source identifies Sayid Abdullah as the last ruling Khan of the Qungrat dynasty, who abdicated on February 2, 1920, leading to the Khanate's replacement by a Soviet republic.
What was the fate of Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur, the Khan from 1910 to 1918?
Answer: He was executed by Junaid Khan after losing control of the country.
Explanation: The source indicates that Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur relinquished control of the Khanate to Junaid Khan and was subsequently executed by the latter.
The Khanate of Khiva was geographically centered in arid desert plains situated significantly north of the Aral Sea.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates the Khanate of Khiva was centered in the fertile plains along the lower Amu Darya river, south of the Aral Sea, not in arid plains far north of it.
Khiva served as the capital of the Khanate from its inception in 1511 until the state's dissolution in 1920.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that while Khiva became the capital from 1599 onwards, the initial capital was Konye-Urgench, meaning Khiva did not serve as the capital from inception.
The term 'Khanate of Khiva' was the designation used by the inhabitants to refer to their polity.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that the inhabitants referred to their polity as 'vilayet Khwārazm,' not 'Khanate of Khiva,' which was a Russian exonym.
Konye-Urgench served as the capital of the Khanate of Khiva from 1599 until its dissolution.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that Konye-Urgench was the capital from 1511 to 1598, after which the capital was moved to Khiva.
The capital was moved from Konye-Urgench to Khiva primarily due to increased trade opportunities in the new location.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates the capital was moved from Konye-Urgench to Khiva around 1600 primarily due to the drying up of the Daryaliq river, not increased trade opportunities.
The population of the Khanate of Khiva was approximately 1,000,000 in 1908.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source provides population estimates of approximately 700,000 in 1902 and 800,000 in 1908, not 1,000,000.
In 1911, the area of the Khanate of Khiva was recorded as approximately 100,000 square kilometers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source records the area of the Khanate of Khiva in 1911 as approximately 67,521 square kilometers (26,070 square miles), not 100,000.
The Khanate of Khiva was geographically centered in which region?
Answer: The fertile plains along the lower Amu Darya river, south of the Aral Sea
Explanation: The source states the Khanate of Khiva was centered within the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya river, located south of the Aral Sea.
Which city served as the capital of the Khanate of Khiva from 1599 until its dissolution?
Answer: Khiva
Explanation: The source indicates that Khiva served as the political center from 1599 until the Khanate's dissolution in 1920.
The name 'Khanate of Khiva' originates from:
Answer: A Russian exonym derived from the city name
Explanation: The source indicates that the designation 'Khanate of Khiva' is a calque derived from the Russian exonym 'Khivinskoe khanstvo.'
What was the primary environmental reason for moving the capital from Konye-Urgench to Khiva around 1600?
Answer: The Daryaliq river, a branch of the Oxus, dried up.
Explanation: The source indicates the capital was moved from Konye-Urgench to Khiva around 1600 due to the desiccation of the Daryaliq, a western tributary of the Oxus river.
The Khanate of Khiva operated as a democratic republic throughout most of its history.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates the Khanate of Khiva functioned as an absolute monarchy, not a democratic republic.
The Khanate of Khiva was consistently an independent state from its founding until its end in 1920.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source details periods when the Khanate was a vassal state of Iran (1740-1747) and a Russian protectorate (1873-1920), indicating it was not consistently independent.
The Khanate of Khiva primarily operated under which form of government?
Answer: Absolute Monarchy
Explanation: The source indicates the Khanate of Khiva functioned as an absolute monarchy.
Between 1740 and 1747, the Khanate of Khiva's political status was that of a:
Answer: Vassal state of Afsharid Iran
Explanation: The source details that the Khanate existed as a vassal state of Afsharid Iran between 1740 and 1747.
Muhammad Rahim Bahadur I's reign (1806-1825) is described as:
Answer: Cruel but effective in restoring order and expanding territory.
Explanation: The source describes Muhammad Rahim Bahadur I's reign (1806-1825) as severe yet effective in re-establishing order, conquering the lower delta region, subjugating various tribes, and engaging in conflicts with Persia and Bukhara.
The Khanate of Khiva became a Russian protectorate following its conquest during the Khivan campaign of 1865.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that the Khanate of Khiva became a Russian protectorate following the Khivan campaign of 1873, not 1865.
Wars with the Khanate of Bukhara often occurred because both states vied for control of the same northern trade routes.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that wars with Bukhara were primarily related to control over the lower Amu Darya river and its tributaries, which served as the main military approach route, rather than northern trade routes.
Nader Shah of Persia conquered Khiva in 1740, executing the ruling Khan and freeing numerous slaves.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Nader Shah conquered Khiva in 1740, beheaded the ruling Khan Ilbars II, and freed a substantial number of slaves.
The Russian conquest of Khiva in 1873 led to the immediate abolition of the slave trade within the Khanate.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that the Russian conquest in 1873 effectively ended the Khivan slave trade.
The primary reason cited for the Russian campaign against Khiva in 1873 was the need to secure trade routes to India.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that a principal justification for the 1873 campaign was the substantial population of Russian slaves held within Khiva, not securing trade routes to India.
British diplomats Captain James Abbott and Lieutenant Richmond Shakespear were instrumental in escalating Russian motives for conquering Khiva by advocating for stronger Russian control.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that British diplomats Abbott and Shakespear successfully persuaded the Khan to free Russian slaves, thereby diminishing Russia's primary justification for conquest at that time, rather than escalating Russian motives.
The Khanate of Khiva became a Russian protectorate following which event?
Answer: The conquest by the Russian Empire during the Khivan campaign of 1873
Explanation: The source indicates that the Khanate of Khiva became a Russian protectorate subsequent to its conquest by the Russian Empire during the Khivan campaign of 1873.
Frequent wars between the Khanate of Khiva and the Khanate of Bukhara were primarily related to control over which geographical feature?
Answer: The lower Amu Darya river and its tributaries
Explanation: The source indicates that wars with Bukhara were primarily related to control over the lower Amu Darya river and its tributaries, which served as the main military approach route.
What action did Nader Shah take upon conquering Khiva in 1740?
Answer: He executed the ruling Khan, Ilbars II, and freed many slaves.
Explanation: The source states that Nader Shah conquered Khiva in 1740, ordered the execution of the ruling Khan Ilbars II, and liberated a significant number of enslaved individuals.
How did the Russian conquest of 1873 impact the slave trade in Khiva?
Answer: It effectively ended the Khivan slave trade.
Explanation: The source indicates that the Russian conquest in 1873 effectively terminated the Khivan slave trade.
According to the source, what served as a primary pretext for the Russian campaign against Khiva in 1873?
Answer: The significant number of Russian slaves held within Khiva
Explanation: The source indicates that a principal justification for the 1873 campaign was the substantial population of Russian slaves held within Khiva, which provided a pretext for the Russian invasion.
How did British diplomatic efforts by Abbott and Shakespear influence Russia's justification for conquering Khiva?
Answer: They successfully persuaded the Khan to free Russian slaves, reducing Russia's pretext for invasion.
Explanation: The source states that British diplomats Abbott and Shakespear successfully persuaded the Khan of Khiva to emancipate Russian slaves and prohibit slave ownership, thereby reducing Russia's principal pretext for conquest during that period.
What event in 1855 triggered a prolonged Turkmen rebellion against the Khanate of Khiva?
Answer: The death of Muhammad Amin Khan while attempting to recapture Sarakhs.
Explanation: The source indicates that Muhammad Amin Khan perished in March 1855 during an attempt to recapture Sarakhs, an incident that instigated a protracted Turkmen rebellion from 1855 to 1867.
Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II (Feruz Khan)'s reign (1864-1910) is notable for:
Answer: The conquest by Russia and becoming a protectorate.
Explanation: The source states that during Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II's reign (1864-1910), the Khanate of Khiva was subjugated by Russia in 1873, subsequently becoming a Russian protectorate.
Chagatai, Persian, and Turkmen were the primary languages spoken within the Khanate of Khiva.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source identifies Chagatai, Persian, and Turkmen as the primary languages spoken within the Khanate of Khiva.
Buddhism was the official religion of the Khanate of Khiva.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that Islam was the official religion of the Khanate of Khiva.
The primary population groups within the Khanate consisted of nomadic Mongol tribes and settled Persian merchants.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source identifies the primary population groups as agriculturalists (primarily Turkic Sarts) and nomadic or semi-nomadic groups, not specifically Mongol tribes and Persian merchants.
Turkmen nomads within the Khanate were solely responsible for collecting taxes and had no military role.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that Turkmen nomads paid taxes, formed part of the Khan's army, and frequently revolted, indicating they had a military role and were not solely tax collectors.
Mennonites migrating to Khiva in the late 19th century introduced advanced agricultural techniques but no technological innovations.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that Mennonites introduced technological innovations such as photography, filmmaking, efficient cotton harvesting, and electrical generators, not just agricultural techniques.
Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur is known for his military campaigns and for authoring the 'Genealogy of Turkmens,' a key historical text.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur authored the 'Genealogy of Turkmens' (Shajara-i Tarākima), not the 'Genealogy of Mongols'.
What was the official religion of the Khanate of Khiva?
Answer: Islam
Explanation: The source states that Islam constituted the official religion of the Khanate of Khiva.
Which of the following were primary languages spoken within the Khanate of Khiva?
Answer: Chagatai, Persian, and Turkmen
Explanation: The source identifies Chagatai, Persian, and Turkmen as the prevalent languages spoken within the Khanate of Khiva.
What role did Turkmen nomads play within the Khanate?
Answer: They formed part of the Khan's army, paid taxes, and sometimes revolted.
Explanation: The source states that Turkmen nomads contributed taxes to the Khan, constituted a substantial component of his military forces, and frequently engaged in revolts against his authority.
What significant contributions did Mennonites make to the Khanate of Khiva in the late 19th century?
Answer: Technological innovations like photography and electrical generators
Explanation: The source states that Mennonites introduced technological innovations, including photography, filmmaking, enhanced cotton harvesting techniques, and electrical generators.
Besides being a Khan, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur is primarily known for:
Answer: Authoring the 'Genealogy of Turkmens' (Shajara-i Tarākima).
Explanation: The source states Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur authored the 'Genealogy of Turkmens' (Shajara-i Tarākima), a significant historical work, in addition to his military campaigns.
The Khanate of Khiva was replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic on February 2, 1920.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the Khanate of Khiva was succeeded by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic on February 2, 1920.
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Khanate of Khiva remained under Tsarist control until its eventual absorption by Britain.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that following the Russian Revolution, an internal revolution occurred in Khiva, leading to the deposition of the khan and the establishment of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic in 1920, not continued Tsarist control or absorption by Britain.
What entity officially replaced the Khanate of Khiva on February 2, 1920?
Answer: The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic
Explanation: The source confirms that the Khanate of Khiva was succeeded by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic on February 2, 1920.
What major political change occurred in Khiva following the Russian Revolution of 1917?
Answer: A revolution led to the deposition of the khan and the establishment of a Soviet republic.
Explanation: The source indicates that subsequent to the Russian Revolution, an internal revolution in Khiva resulted in the deposition of the khan and the establishment of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic in 1920.
After the Khanate's territory was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924, it was primarily divided between which two Soviet Republics?
Answer: Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR
Explanation: The source states that following the Khanate's incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1924, its territory was partitioned, predominantly forming parts of the Turkmen SSR and the Uzbek SSR.
What does the article suggest about the historical data concerning the Khivan Khans?
Answer: It is often sparse and contradictory, particularly for less prominent rulers.
Explanation: The article suggests that historical data concerning the Khivan Khans is frequently sparse and contradictory, particularly for less prominent rulers, with scholarly sources occasionally presenting conflicting accounts.
The article explicitly states that sections on which topics related to the Khanate are currently empty?
Answer: Economy, Culture, and Military
Explanation: The article explicitly states that the sections designated for the Economy, Culture, and Military of the Khanate of Khiva are currently devoid of content and necessitate further development.