Explanation: The Kingdom of Bohemia constituted a significant medieval and early modern monarchy located in Central Europe, serving as the direct predecessor to the modern Czech Republic. Its formal existence spanned from 1198 to 1918.

Explanation: Contrary to the assertion, Bohemia held the status of an Imperial State within the Holy Roman Empire and possessed considerable political influence, particularly due to its king's role as a Prince-Elector.

Explanation: The formal establishment of the Kingdom of Bohemia occurred in 1198 with the elevation of Přemysl Otakar I to royal status. This was further solidified by the Golden Bull of Sicily in 1212.

Explanation: The Golden Bull of Sicily, issued in 1212, actually served to confirm and enhance Bohemia's privileges and autonomy within the Holy Roman Empire, rather than diminish them.

Explanation: Agnes of Bohemia famously renounced marriage to the Holy Roman Emperor, choosing instead a life of religious devotion and founding the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star.

Explanation: While the Teutonic Knights were active in Bohemia, they were not established there in 1233. That year marked the founding of the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star by Agnes of Bohemia.

Explanation: Ottokar II's reign was characterized by extensive territorial expansion, notably through the acquisition of Austria and Styria, extending his dominion to the Adriatic coast.

Explanation: The nickname 'the king of iron and gold' attributed to Ottokar II signified his formidable military prowess ('iron') and his substantial wealth ('gold'), not his artistic or diplomatic acumen.

Explanation: Internal dissent among Czech nobles was indeed a contributing factor to the decline of Ottokar II's power, alongside the assertion of imperial authority by Rudolf I.

Explanation: The Peace of Olomouc in 1479 concluded the conflict between Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Vladislaus II of Bohemia, regulating territorial claims and the succession to the Bohemian throne.

Explanation: The Kingdom of Bohemia formally existed from 1198, when Přemysl Otakar I was granted the royal title, until 1918, with the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the establishment of Czechoslovakia.

Explanation: As an Imperial State, the Bohemian king held the significant privilege of being one of the Prince-Electors, participating directly in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor.

Explanation: The primary ruling dynasties of Bohemia included the Přemyslid dynasty, the House of Luxembourg, the Jagiellonian dynasty, and the House of Habsburg and its successor, Habsburg-Lorraine. The House of Savoy never ruled Bohemia.

Explanation: The Golden Bull of Sicily, issued by Emperor Frederick II in 1212, officially recognized Bohemia as a kingdom and confirmed its privileges within the Holy Roman Empire.

Explanation: Agnes of Bohemia, sister to King Wenceslaus I, founded the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star in 1233, establishing the first military order within the Kingdom of Bohemia.

Explanation: The appellation 'the king of iron and gold' for Ottokar II reflected his formidable military capabilities ('iron') and his substantial economic resources ('gold').

Explanation: The 14th century, particularly the period of Charles IV's rule, is widely recognized as the Golden Age of Czech history, marked by significant political, cultural, and economic advancements.

Explanation: Charles IV significantly enhanced Bohemia's standing by founding Charles University in 1348 and establishing Prague as the permanent imperial capital of the Holy Roman Empire.

Explanation: The Golden Bull of 1356 codified the electoral process for the Holy Roman Emperor, formally recognizing the Bohemian king's position as one of the seven Prince-Electors.

Explanation: Prague served as the imperial seat of the Holy Roman Empire during the reign of Charles IV and also at other periods, notably around the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries.

Explanation: Charles IV's reign is considered the zenith of the 14th-century Golden Age of Czech history, marked by significant cultural, political, and architectural developments.

Explanation: In 1348, Charles IV founded Charles University in Prague, establishing one of the earliest universities in Central Europe and significantly enhancing Prague's status as a center of learning.

Explanation: While Charles University was founded in 1348 with four 'nations,' the Decree of Kutná Hora in 1409 altered the voting structure, granting the Czech nation a majority, which led to the departure of German scholars.

Explanation: A central tenet of the Hussite movement was the advocacy for communion under both kinds (sub utraque specie), extending the practice to all lay believers.

Explanation: Jan Hus was executed for heresy, primarily for his theological teachings and criticism of the Church's hierarchy and practices, not specifically for advocating the confiscation of church property.

Explanation: The Decree of Kutná Hora in 1409 reversed the voting structure at Charles University, granting three votes to the Czech faculty and only one to all other nations combined, thereby disenfranchising German scholars.

Explanation: The Hussite Wars were primarily conflicts between the Hussite factions and various crusading armies organized by Catholic powers, not solely between Bohemian nobles and the Teutonic Knights.

Explanation: The Compacts of Basel (1433) represented a partial reconciliation, accepting key Hussite demands like communion in both kinds, but they did not achieve full reconciliation due to subsequent papal reservations.

Explanation: The Bohemian Reformation, particularly the Hussite movement, is widely considered a significant precursor to the broader European Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.

Explanation: The 'Compacts of Basel' were not rejected by the entire Hussite movement; rather, they represented a negotiated agreement, particularly with the Utraquist faction, though full reconciliation was complex.

Explanation: The Decree of Kutná Hora (1409) fundamentally altered the governance of Charles University, leading to the departure of German scholars and the establishment of the University of Leipzig.

Explanation: Jan Žižka was a preeminent military commander of the Hussite forces, renowned for his tactical innovations and leadership during the Hussite Wars.

Explanation: The Compacts of Basel (1433) were significant for formally acknowledging the Utraquist Hussite demand for communion in both kinds, representing a crucial step towards reconciliation with the Catholic Church.

Explanation: The first dynasty to rule the Kingdom of Bohemia was the native Přemyslid dynasty. The House of Habsburg did not begin its rule until 1526.

Explanation: The Habsburg dynasty began its rule over Bohemia in 1526, following the death of King Louis II at the Battle of Mohács. The Battle of White Mountain in 1620 marked a significant loss of Bohemian autonomy under Habsburg rule.

Explanation: The Defenestration of Prague in 1618, a protest by Bohemian estates against Habsburg authority, is widely considered the immediate catalyst for the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War.

Explanation: The decisive defeat at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620 led to the severe curtailment of Bohemian autonomy and the subsequent imposition of Catholicism as the sole legal religion.

Explanation: Habsburg rule after 1526 progressively led to a reduction in Bohemian autonomy and religious freedom, culminating in conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War.

Explanation: The Renewed Land Ordinance of 1627 solidified Habsburg hereditary succession to the Bohemian throne and mandated the exclusive practice of Catholicism within the Kingdom of Bohemia.

Explanation: The Battle of Mohács in 1526 resulted in the death of King Louis II and the extinction of the Jagiellonian dynasty, paving the way for Habsburg rule in Bohemia, rather than consolidating Jagiellonian power.

Explanation: The death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia at the Battle of Mohács in 1526 created a succession crisis that led to the election of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, initiating Habsburg rule.

Explanation: The Defenestration of Prague in 1618, a revolt against Habsburg authority, served as the immediate trigger for the Bohemian Revolt and the subsequent outbreak of the Thirty Years' War.

Explanation: Following the defeat at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, Catholicism was re-established as the exclusive legal religion in Bohemia by the Habsburgs.

Explanation: The Battle of White Mountain in 1620 was a decisive turning point that led to the suppression of Bohemian autonomy and the subsequent enforcement of Catholicism by the Habsburgs.

Explanation: Frederick V of the Palatinate, known as the 'winter king,' reigned as King of Bohemia for a single winter (1619-1620) before being decisively defeated at the Battle of White Mountain.

Explanation: The Lands of the Bohemian Crown encompassed more than just Bohemia proper; they historically included associated territories such as Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia.

Explanation: Bohemia's administrative divisions underwent significant changes over centuries, particularly in the 19th century, evolving from medieval structures to more modern systems of districts (Kraje/Kreise and Bezirke).

Explanation: The Crown of Bohemia, as formalized by Charles IV in 1348, constituted a political entity that integrated Bohemia with the Margraviate of Moravia, the Duchies of Silesia, and the Lusatias.

Explanation: Lusatia was incorporated into the Bohemian Crown lands under Charles IV but was later ceded to Saxony in 1635, thus not being permanently incorporated.

Explanation: The Silesian Wars in the 18th century led to Prussia's acquisition of most of Silesia, which had been part of the Bohemian Crown lands, through treaties like the Treaty of Breslau.

Explanation: Prague Castle has consistently functioned as a primary seat of political authority, serving Bohemian rulers, Holy Roman Emperors, and subsequently, the presidents of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic.

Explanation: In 1868, the system of Kraje/Kreise was indeed abolished in Bohemia, replaced by a structure of political districts (Bezirke).

Explanation: The Egerland became associated with the Bohemian Crown through a personal union in 1322 and was formally integrated thereafter, not remaining independent until the 18th century.

Explanation: The Lands of the Bohemian Crown, particularly under Charles IV, unified Bohemia with associated territories including Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia.

Explanation: Prague Castle has served as the principal seat of power for Bohemian rulers, Holy Roman Emperors, and subsequently, the presidents of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic.

Explanation: The loss of Silesia to Prussia in 1742, following the First Silesian War, represented a significant territorial and strategic reduction for the Bohemian Crown lands.

Explanation: In 1849, the administrative structure of Bohemia was reorganized, reducing the number of Kraje/Kreise (districts) to seven, which were subsequently subdivided into political districts (Bezirke).

Explanation: The 'Crown of Bohemia,' as established by Charles IV in 1348, represented a formal political union that integrated Bohemia with its associated territories, including Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia.

Explanation: While Czech and German were the predominant languages, Latin also held significance in official and scholarly contexts within Bohemia.

Explanation: According to the 1910 census, Czech was the most widely spoken language in Bohemia, used by approximately 62.66% of the population, while German was spoken by 36.45%.

Explanation: In 1910, Latin Catholics indeed formed the overwhelming majority of Bohemia's religious adherents, comprising over 95% of the population.

Explanation: German settlers played a crucial role in Bohemia's industrial development by introducing advanced techniques in mining, metallurgy, and various crafts, contributing significantly to the region's economic growth.

Explanation: The Ostsiedlung, or German eastward settlement, primarily involved the migration of German-speaking populations into Central and Eastern European territories, including Bohemia and Silesia.

Explanation: Initially, Czech was the primary language of the Bohemian Diet. German gained prominence over time, especially after 1627, eventually becoming dominant until the Czech National Revival.

Explanation: The 'ius teutonicum' was not introduced by Bohemian scholars but rather represented a code of German law brought by German settlers, significantly influencing commercial law in Bohemia and Moravia.

Explanation: In the Aussig (Ustí nad Labem) district in 1910, German was the predominant language, spoken by over 92% of the population, with Czech spoken by a minority.

Explanation: The two-tailed lion, a prominent symbol of the Kingdom of Bohemia, continues to be utilized in the coat-of-arms of the modern Czech Republic.

Explanation: While Czech and German were the predominant languages within the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Polish was primarily spoken in parts of Silesia, and Latin also held official status.

Explanation: The 1910 census data indicates that approximately 62.66% of Bohemia's population spoke Czech, with German being the second most common language.

Explanation: German settlers played a crucial role in Bohemia's industrial development by introducing advanced techniques in mining, metallurgy, and various crafts, contributing significantly to the region's economic growth.

Explanation: The Benešov district in 1910 exhibited a predominantly Czech-speaking population, with Czech used by nearly 99.6% of its inhabitants.

Explanation: The Bohemian Diet (Landtag) functioned as the primary representative assembly of the kingdom, providing a forum for estates to voice concerns and participate in governance.

Explanation: The 'ius teutonicum,' a system of German law introduced by settlers, primarily influenced and shaped the commercial law within Bohemian territories.

Explanation: The 'Ostsiedlung' refers to the historical process of German eastward settlement into Central and Eastern European territories, significantly influencing the demographic and economic landscape of regions like Bohemia.

Explanation: The two-tailed lion, a prominent heraldic symbol of the Bohemian monarchy, continues to be featured in the national coat-of-arms of the Czech Republic.

Explanation: Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Bohemia was integrated into the newly established Austrian Empire, maintaining its royal title within the Habsburg monarchy.

Explanation: The Kingdom of Bohemia ceased to exist as a distinct entity in 1918, forming the core territory of the newly established Czechoslovak Republic.

Explanation: King George of Poděbrady proposed a visionary 'Charter of a Universal Peace Union,' advocating for a league of European monarchs to maintain peace through cooperation and dispute resolution via international tribunals.

Explanation: Following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Bohemia was incorporated into the Austrian Empire, continuing under Habsburg rule.

Explanation: George of Poděbrady's proposed peace union aimed to establish a framework for enduring peace in Europe based on mutual cooperation and the resolution of disputes through international tribunals.

Explanation: The Kingdom of Bohemia officially ceased to exist as a political entity in 1918, becoming a foundational part of the newly formed Czechoslovakia.