Explanation: The historical function of a kurultai was that of a political and military council, convened by the leaders of ancient Mongol and Turkic peoples to facilitate significant decision-making processes within their societies.

Explanation: The primary historical function of a kurultai was to serve as a political and military council, enabling leaders of Mongol and Turkic peoples to convene for crucial decision-making processes.

Explanation: The term 'kurultai' literally translates to 'gathering' in the relevant languages, not 'supreme leader'. This meaning accurately reflects its function as an assembly or council.

Explanation: The Old Turkic root word 'Qur' is etymologically linked to the concept of assembly, meaning 'to assemble, to assemble into a formation, or to build', rather than 'to rule' or 'to conquer'.

Explanation: The earliest recorded mention of the root word 'Qur' related to assembly is found not in a 13th-century Mongol chronicle, but in the 11th-century work, the *Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk*.

Explanation: Linguistic analysis suggests a hypothetical Proto-Mongolic origin for 'kurultai', positing a root verb such as *kura-* or *kurija-* that means 'to collect' or 'to gather'.

Explanation: The Mongolian word 'khural', meaning 'meeting', is believed to derive from the same hypothetical Proto-Mongolic root as 'kurultai', indicating a linguistic relationship.

Explanation: The Mongolian word 'khurim' originally referred to large festive gatherings and has more recently narrowed in usage to primarily mean 'wedding'.

Explanation: The Turkish verb 'kurmak' signifies 'to set up, assemble, or put together', aligning with the etymological roots of 'kurultai' related to gathering and construction.

Explanation: Yes, the term 'kurultai' is documented with various alternative spellings across different languages and historical periods, including 'kurultay', 'qurultay', and 'qoroltay'.

Explanation: The etymology section suggests a shared linguistic origin for 'kurultai' between Turkic and Mongolic languages, proposing a common root related to 'assembling' or 'gathering'.

Explanation: The Turkish term 'genel kurul toplantısı' translates to 'general board meeting', not 'extraordinary convention'.

Explanation: The term 'kurultai' literally translates to 'gathering' in the languages of the Mongol and Turkic peoples, directly reflecting its function as an assembly or council.

Explanation: The Old Turkic verb root 'Qur', meaning 'to assemble' or 'to build', is considered etymologically linked to the term 'kurultai', signifying the concept of bringing elements together.

Explanation: The earliest recorded pre-Genghis Khan mention of the root word 'Qur' related to assembly is found in the *Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk*, an 11th-century work.

Explanation: A hypothetical Proto-Mongolic origin for 'kurultai' suggests a root verb, such as *kura-* or *kurija-*, meaning 'to collect' or 'to gather'.

Explanation: The Mongolian word 'khural', meaning 'meeting', is linguistically linked to 'kurultai', likely originating from the same hypothetical Proto-Mongolic root signifying 'to gather'.

Explanation: While 'khurim' shares a root with 'kurultai' and originally denoted large festive gatherings, its modern primary meaning has narrowed to 'wedding'.

Explanation: The Turkish verb 'kurmak' means 'to set up, assemble, or put together', sharing a common root with 'kurultai' and reinforcing the concept of formation and gathering.

Explanation: Contrary to hereditary succession alone, the Great Khans of the Mongol Empire were formally elected during a kurultai, an assembly of Mongol chiefs.

Explanation: Regional kurultai were indeed employed for electing leaders not only in the main Mongol Empire but also in its subordinate states, including the Golden Horde, demonstrating a consistent practice.

Explanation: Key decisions made during a kurultai encompassed the selection of the next great khan, the assignment of critical leadership positions, and the determination of overarching military strategy for the empire.

Explanation: Kurultai were frequently convened in the capital city, but their location was not exclusively restricted to the capital, depending on the specific circumstances and political climate.

Explanation: The deaths of Ögedei Khan and Möngke Khan necessitated the withdrawal of Mongol leadership and troops from campaigns in Europe and the Middle East, thereby significantly impacting military operations.

Explanation: Genghis Khan's formal declaration as khan during the 1206 kurultai was a pivotal event, solidifying his leadership and legitimizing his authority prior to major military expansions.

Explanation: Attendance at a kurultai was mandatory for senior tribal members and military leaders, not just common soldiers. Their presence was crucial for decision-making and leadership legitimacy.

Explanation: The navbox on the Mongol Empire lists 'Kurultai' under 'Political Organization', highlighting its fundamental role in governance and leadership selection, rather than solely military strategy.

Explanation: The formal selection process for the Great Khans of the Mongol Empire involved their election during a kurultai, which was an assembly comprising the empire's chiefs and leaders.

Explanation: Regional kurultai were utilized for leadership elections not only within the core Mongol Empire but also in its successor states, notably the Golden Horde.

Explanation: While kurultai were central to major political and military decisions like leadership selection and strategy, determining the daily menu of the capital was not among their functions.

Explanation: Kurultai were frequently convened in the capital city of the Mongol Empire, but their location was not exclusively fixed and could vary based on circumstances.

Explanation: The death of Ögedei Khan in 1241 necessitated the withdrawal of Mongol forces from campaigns in Eastern Europe, including the areas near Vienna and Venice.

Explanation: The kurultai of 1206 was a crucial event where Genghis Khan was formally proclaimed khan, thereby legitimizing and consolidating his supreme leadership over the Mongol tribes.

Explanation: The mandatory attendance of senior tribal and military leaders meant that significant events, such as the death of a khan, could lead to the withdrawal of crucial personnel and troops from ongoing military operations.

Explanation: Listing 'Kurultai' under 'Political Organization' in the Mongol Empire's navbox underscores its foundational importance in the empire's governance, particularly concerning leadership selection and political structure.

Explanation: Yes, Johann Schiltberger's historical account details the Golden Horde khan's enthronement ceremony, which included placing the khan on white felt and raising him thrice, among other ritualistic elements.

Explanation: While serving as critical political and military councils, kurultai also incorporated festive elements such as feasting and traditional games, reflecting their dual role in governance and social life.

Explanation: The modern Mongolian festival of Naadam maintains connections to historical kurultai traditions, particularly through its inclusion of competitions like wrestling, horse racing, and archery, which echo the festive elements of the ancient assemblies.

Explanation: The image caption for the Kurultai in Hungary specifies it as a contemporary event held in 2014, not a historical event from the 13th century.

Explanation: Johann Schiltberger documented that the Golden Horde khan's enthronement ceremony involved seating the leader on white felt and raising him three times, among other traditional rites.

Explanation: Kurultai gatherings were often accompanied by significant feasting and various traditional games, integrating social and cultural festivities with their political and military purposes.

Explanation: The modern Mongolian festival of Naadam incorporates traditional competitions such as wrestling, horse racing, and archery, which are seen as continuations of the festive and competitive aspects present during historical kurultai.

Explanation: In modern contexts, 'kurultai' encompasses a broader range of meanings, including parliament, congress, conference, council, assembly, convention, or simply a gathering, not exclusively a parliamentary body.

Explanation: The State Great Khural of Mongolia is indeed a modern political body, and its name incorporates 'Khural', a variation of 'kurultai', reflecting the term's continued relevance in national governance.

Explanation: While the 'Loya Jirga' is a form of traditional assembly, it is not explicitly identified as a modern Turkic equivalent of the kurultai within the provided context; it is generally associated with Pashtun or Afghan traditions.

Explanation: The 'Thing (assembly)' refers to historical Germanic and Norse public meetings, and its conceptual similarity to the kurultai as a form of deliberative gathering is noted.

Explanation: The Mongolian phrase 'Ulsin Deed Shuukhiin Khuraldaan' indeed translates to 'session of the National Supreme Court', demonstrating the use of related terms in modern Mongolian administrative contexts.

Explanation: The 'See also' section typically links to related concepts or institutions, not to external merchandise websites. The 'External links' section may contain such links, but the 'See also' section serves a different purpose.

Explanation: Today, 'kurultai' is frequently used to denote diverse representative bodies, including parliaments, congresses, councils, and assemblies, reflecting its evolution from historical assemblies.

Explanation: The National Kurultai of Kazakhstan is a contemporary political entity that incorporates the term 'kurultai', signifying its role as a national assembly.

Explanation: The Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People functions as a representative assembly, continuing the tradition of national gatherings for the Crimean Tatar community.

Explanation: Mongolia's legislative body is named the State Great Khural, where 'Khural' is a derivative of 'kurultai', signifying its role as a national assembly.

Explanation: In Turkish, 'Olağanüstü Kurultay' specifically denotes an 'extraordinary convention', signifying a special meeting convened outside the regular schedule, often for political parties.

Explanation: The 'Thing (assembly)' refers to historical public assemblies and meetings held within Germanic and Norse societies, serving as a point of comparison with similar deliberative bodies like the kurultai.