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Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi is also commonly referred to as the 'Alaskan Ice Man' due to his discovery location.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi is widely known as the 'Canadian Ice Man,' not the 'Alaskan Ice Man,' reflecting his discovery in British Columbia, Canada.
The name Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi translates to 'Ancient Hunter' in the Southern Tutchone language.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the Southern Tutchone language, Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi translates to 'Long Ago Person Found,' not 'Ancient Hunter'.
Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was discovered in a melting glacier in Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park in British Columbia.
Answer: True
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was indeed discovered in a melting glacier within Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park in British Columbia, Canada.
The discovery of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was made by a team of archaeologists on a research expedition.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was discovered by three sheep hunters, not by a team of archaeologists on a research expedition.
The hunters initially spotted Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's body directly before noticing any artifacts.
Answer: False
Explanation: The hunters first noticed unusual carved wood bits, which they suspected were part of a backpack frame, before spotting Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's body.
The term 'naturally mummified body' implies intentional human preservation techniques were used.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'naturally mummified body' specifically indicates preservation through environmental conditions, such as freezing, rather than intentional human intervention.
By what alternative name is Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi widely known?
Answer: The Canadian Ice Man
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi is widely known by the alternative name 'The Canadian Ice Man,' reflecting his discovery in British Columbia, Canada.
What is the meaning of the name Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi in Southern Tutchone?
Answer: Long Ago Person Found
Explanation: In the Southern Tutchone language, the name Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi translates to 'Long Ago Person Found'.
In what year was Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi discovered?
Answer: 1999
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was discovered on July 22, 1999, by three sheep hunters.
Who were the three individuals credited with the discovery of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi?
Answer: Bill Hanlon, Warren Ward, Mike Roche
Explanation: The mummified body and associated artifacts were discovered by three sheep hunters: Bill Hanlon, Warren Ward, and Mike Roche.
What initial observation led the hunters to suspect something unusual before spotting the body?
Answer: Unusual bits of carved wood
Explanation: The hunters initially noticed unusual bits of carved and notched wood, which they suspected were part of a backpack frame, before spotting the body.
When was the discovery of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi reported to the Yukon archaeology department staff?
Answer: August 16, 1999
Explanation: The discovery of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was reported to the Yukon archaeology department staff on August 16, 1999.
Radiocarbon dating indicates Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi lived and died between 1750 and 1900 AD.
Answer: False
Explanation: Radiocarbon dating of artifacts associated with Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi indicates he lived and died between 1450 and 1700 AD, not 1750 and 1900 AD.
Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's body was found fully intact and well-preserved.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's remains were found dismembered, likely due to shifting ice and thermal cracking, with several body parts missing.
The torso of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was valuable for researchers because it contained soft tissue for gastric content analysis.
Answer: True
Explanation: The torso was of particular interest to researchers because its preserved soft tissue allowed for the analysis of gastric contents, providing insights into his diet and movements.
Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's skull was located in 2003 and subsequently removed for detailed study.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's skull was located in 2003, it was not removed from the discovery site for further study.
The exact cause of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's death was determined to be a serious injury sustained during a fall.
Answer: False
Explanation: The exact cause of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's death is unknown, as there were no signs of serious injury; hypothermia is considered a possibility.
Analysis of his digestive tract suggested he traveled approximately 100 kilometers in the three days before his death.
Answer: True
Explanation: Examination of the food in his digestive tract indicated that he had traveled approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) in the three days prior to his death.
Researchers determined Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi died in the winter based on the type of plant remains in his colon.
Answer: False
Explanation: The presence of pollen in Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's colon contents led researchers to conclude he was traveling in the summer, not winter, at the time of his death.
Hair samples showed his diet in the months before death was more meat-based than his usual long-term diet.
Answer: True
Explanation: Hair isotopic analysis indicated that Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's diet in the months leading up to his death was more strongly meat-based compared to his typical long-term diet.
His stomach contents, including beach asparagus, suggested he was traveling towards the coast at the time of his death.
Answer: False
Explanation: Evidence from his stomach contents (beach asparagus) and possessions (salmon, shellfish) suggested he was traveling *inland* from the coast, not towards it, at the time of his death.
What was the estimated age of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi at the time of his death?
Answer: Approximately 18-19 years old
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was estimated to be approximately 18–19 years old at the time of his death.
What was the condition of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's remains when found?
Answer: Dismembered with some parts missing
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's remains were found dismembered, with the torso and lower body separated, and the head, right arm, and lower right leg missing.
Why was Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's torso of particular interest to researchers?
Answer: It contained soft tissue for gastric content analysis
Explanation: The torso was particularly valuable to researchers because it contained preserved soft tissue, enabling the analysis of gastric contents to understand his diet and movements.
When was Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's skull located?
Answer: 2003
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's skull was located in 2003, several years after the initial discovery of his other remains.
What is considered a possible cause of death for Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi, given no signs of serious injury?
Answer: Hypothermia
Explanation: Given the glacial environment and absence of serious injury, hypothermia, a dangerous drop in body temperature, is considered a possible cause of death for Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.
How far did Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi travel in the three days before his death, according to digestive tract analysis?
Answer: Approximately 100 kilometers
Explanation: Analysis of the food in his digestive tract indicated that Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi had traveled approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) in the three days before his death.
What evidence helped researchers determine the season of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's death?
Answer: The presence of pollen in his colon
Explanation: Researchers determined Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was traveling in the summer based on the presence of pollen found in the contents of his colon.
What did tissue studies reveal about Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's long-term diet?
Answer: Primarily shellfish and salmon
Explanation: Tissue studies indicated that Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's long-term diet primarily consisted of shellfish and salmon, suggesting a coastal origin.
What did hair samples indicate about Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's diet in the months leading up to his death?
Answer: It was more strongly meat-based.
Explanation: Hair isotopic analysis revealed that Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's diet in the months before his death was more strongly meat-based than his usual long-term diet.
What evidence suggested Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was traveling back inland from the coast at the time of his death?
Answer: His stomach contents included beach asparagus and he carried salmon.
Explanation: His stomach contents, including coastal beach asparagus, and the presence of salmon and shellfish among his possessions, indicated he was traveling inland from the coast.
What climatic period was Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's death near the onset of?
Answer: The Little Ice Age
Explanation: Radiocarbon dating places Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's death near the onset of the Little Ice Age, a period of regional cooling in the Northern Hemisphere.
Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was found wearing a robe made from deer hides.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was found with a robe made from 95 pelts of arctic ground squirrel, not deer hides.
His beaver fur pouch contained tools for fire-starting.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's beaver fur pouch contained a mass of lichen, mosses, and leaves. While these items could be used as tinder, the flashcard does not explicitly state 'tools for fire-starting' were present, only the raw materials.
Among his possessions were an iron-bladed knife and an atlatl and dart.
Answer: True
Explanation: Among the artifacts found with Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi were an iron-bladed knife with a gopher skin sheath, and an atlatl and dart.
The presence of an iron-bladed knife suggests Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi lived after European trade goods reached Indigenous communities.
Answer: True
Explanation: Since iron was not indigenous to North America before European contact, the iron-bladed knife suggests Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi lived during a period when European trade goods or their influence had reached Indigenous communities.
What animal's pelts were used to make Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's robe?
Answer: Arctic ground squirrel
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was found with a robe made from 95 pelts of the local arctic ground squirrel subspecies.
What material was Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's Tlingit *zauk-kaht* (root hat) likely made from?
Answer: Split Sitka spruce root
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi possessed a woven Tlingit *zauk-kaht*, a root hat likely made from split Sitka spruce root.
What was found inside Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's beaver fur pouch?
Answer: A mass of lichen, mosses, and leaves
Explanation: Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's beaver fur pouch contained a mass of lichen, mosses, and leaves, which could have served various purposes.
Which of the following was NOT found among Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's tools and weapons?
Answer: A bow and arrows
Explanation: Among Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's possessions were an iron-bladed knife, an atlatl and dart, and gaff poles, but no bow and arrows are mentioned.
What does the presence of an iron-bladed knife among Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's possessions suggest?
Answer: He lived in a period of extensive European trade or trade networks.
Explanation: The iron-bladed knife suggests Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi lived during a period when European trade goods had begun to reach Indigenous communities, as iron was not indigenous to North America before European contact.
DNA testing identified 17 living individuals from the local Champagne and Aishihik First Nations as direct maternal relatives of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.
Answer: True
Explanation: DNA testing confirmed that 17 living individuals from the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations are direct maternal relatives of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.
The mitochondrial DNA tests for Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's relatives were conducted in 1999.
Answer: False
Explanation: The mitochondrial DNA tests to identify Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's relatives were conducted in 2000, not 1999.
Only 50 volunteers from the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations participated in the DNA testing.
Answer: False
Explanation: A total of 241 volunteers from the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations participated in the mitochondrial DNA tests, not just 50.
Sheila Clark and Pearl Callaghan were identified as direct paternal relatives of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sheila Clark and Pearl Callaghan were identified as direct *maternal* relatives of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi, not paternal relatives.
The fact that 15 of 17 identified relatives belong to the Wolf clan suggests Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi may also have been of the Wolf clan.
Answer: True
Explanation: Given the matrilineal kinship system and that 15 of 17 identified maternal relatives belong to the Wolf clan, it is strongly suggested that Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was also of the Wolf clan.
How many living individuals were identified as direct maternal relatives of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi?
Answer: 17
Explanation: DNA testing identified 17 living individuals from the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations as direct maternal relatives of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.
In what year were the mitochondrial DNA tests conducted to identify Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's relatives?
Answer: 2000
Explanation: The mitochondrial DNA tests to identify Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's relatives were conducted in the year 2000.
How many volunteers from the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations participated in the mitochondrial DNA tests?
Answer: 241
Explanation: A total of 241 volunteers from the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations participated in the mitochondrial DNA tests.
Which clan affiliation was suggested for Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi based on his living relatives?
Answer: Wolf clan
Explanation: Given that 15 of the 17 identified maternal relatives belong to the Wolf clan, it is strongly suggested that Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi was also of the Wolf clan.
What specific type of DNA testing was used to identify Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's relatives?
Answer: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tests
Explanation: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tests were used to identify Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's relatives, as mtDNA is passed down almost exclusively from mother to child.
The Champagne and Aishihik First Nations were consulted and supported the scientific studies of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Champagne and Aishihik First Nations were actively involved from the beginning, providing consultation and supporting the scientific studies, including DNA analysis.
Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's remains were preserved in a museum for public display.
Answer: False
Explanation: After scientific study, Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's remains were cremated and scattered over the discovery area, not preserved in a museum for public display.
As of 2008, local clans were considering holding a memorial potlatch to honor Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.
Answer: True
Explanation: As of 2008, local clans were indeed considering holding a memorial potlatch, a traditional ceremonial feast, to honor Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi.
Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's full mitochondrial DNA sequence is publicly available in the GenBank database.
Answer: False
Explanation: A *partial* mitochondrial DNA sequence of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi, specifically the hypervariable region HVR2, is publicly available in the GenBank database, not his full sequence.
The findings related to Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi were discussed at a conference focused on 'Ancient Civilizations'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The findings related to Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi were discussed at a science conference focused on 'Rapid Landscape Change,' not 'Ancient Civilizations'.
The conference discussing Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's findings was held in June 2005 at Yukon College.
Answer: True
Explanation: The conference where Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's findings were discussed was indeed held in June 2005 at Yukon College.
How did the discovery of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi impact the Champagne and Aishihik people's cultural practices?
Answer: It revived interest in gopher pelt sewing and spruce root weaving.
Explanation: The discovery of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi revitalized interest among the Champagne and Aishihik people in traditional skills such as gopher pelt sewing and spruce root weaving.
What was the ultimate fate of Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's remains?
Answer: Cremated and scattered over the discovery area.
Explanation: After scientific study, the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations decided to cremate Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's remains and scatter them over the discovery area.
What traditional ceremony were local clans considering for Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi as of 2008?
Answer: A memorial potlatch
Explanation: As of 2008, local clans were considering holding a memorial potlatch to honor Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi, integrating his discovery into their cultural heritage.
What type of conference discussed the findings related to Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi?
Answer: Rapid Landscape Change
Explanation: The findings related to Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi were discussed at a science conference focused on 'Rapid Landscape Change'.
Where was the conference about Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi held in June 2005?
Answer: Yukon College
Explanation: The conference discussing Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's findings was held in June 2005 at Yukon College.
What does the 'Kwaday Dän Ts’ìnchi Project Chronology' provide?
Answer: A timeline of events related to the project
Explanation: The 'Kwaday Dän Ts’ìnchi Project Chronology' provides a structured timeline of events related to the discovery, investigation, and cultural engagement surrounding the Canadian Ice Man.
What is the purpose of the GenBank database in relation to Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's DNA?
Answer: To make his partial mitochondrial DNA sequence publicly accessible for study.
Explanation: GenBank serves to make Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi's partial mitochondrial DNA sequence publicly available, allowing global researchers to access and study his genetic information.