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Lee P. Brown's highest academic degree was not obtained from Fresno State University.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown holds a doctoral degree (PhD) in criminology from the University of California, Berkeley, not Fresno State University, where he earned his undergraduate degree.
Lee P. Brown was not born in California; his origins trace to Oklahoma.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown was born in Wewoka, Oklahoma, and his family later relocated to California.
Lee P. Brown's undergraduate degree was not in Political Science.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown earned his undergraduate degree in criminology from Fresno State University.
From which academic institution did Lee P. Brown earn his PhD in criminology?
Answer: University of California, Berkeley
Explanation: Lee P. Brown holds a doctoral degree (PhD) in criminology from the University of California, Berkeley.
Where was Lee P. Brown born, and what was his family's background?
Answer: Born in Oklahoma; parents were sharecroppers.
Explanation: Lee P. Brown was born in Wewoka, Oklahoma. His parents, Andrew and Zelma Brown, were sharecroppers, and his family subsequently relocated to California during the period of the Great Migration.
Lee P. Brown's professional trajectory was not exclusively confined to law enforcement positions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lee P. Brown's extensive career spanned both law enforcement and academia, including leadership roles in major cities and academic positions.
Lee P. Brown did not commence his law enforcement career as a police officer in Atlanta.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown began his law enforcement career as a police officer in San Jose, California, after graduating from Fresno State University.
While employed as an officer in San Jose, Lee P. Brown held the position of president of the police union.
Answer: True
Explanation: During his service as a police officer in San Jose, Brown was elected president of the San Jose Police Officers' Association, the representative union, from 1965 to 1966.
During his tenure as Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Lee P. Brown's office oversaw the investigation into the Atlanta Child Murders.
Answer: True
Explanation: As Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta from 1978 to 1982, Lee P. Brown's department was responsible for overseeing the investigation of the Atlanta Child Murders.
Lee P. Brown was not the first person from New York City to be appointed Police Commissioner in over 25 years; rather, he was the first individual from outside the city to hold the position in that timeframe.
Answer: True
Explanation: When appointed Police Commissioner of New York City in 1989, Lee P. Brown was notable for being the first individual from outside the city to assume the role in 25 years.
Lee P. Brown did not resign as NYPD Police Commissioner primarily due to disagreements over policing strategies.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown cited personal reasons, including family health matters, as the primary drivers for his resignation as NYPD Police Commissioner.
Lee P. Brown was the first individual appointed as Houston Police Chief from outside the city since 1941.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown's appointment as Houston Police Chief in 1982 marked the first time an outsider had been selected for the role since 1941.
When Lee P. Brown became Houston's Police Chief, the police force did not accurately reflect the city's diverse population.
Answer: True
Explanation: At the time of Lee P. Brown's appointment as Houston Police Chief, the force had a disproportionately low representation of minority officers compared to the city's demographic composition.
The New York City Police Department under Lee P. Brown was not predominantly composed of minority officers; it was largely white.
Answer: True
Explanation: The New York City Police Department, when led by Lee P. Brown, was predominantly white, serving a city with a significant minority population.
Lee P. Brown served as Sheriff of Multnomah County, Oregon, prior to his roles in Atlanta.
Answer: True
Explanation: Before his significant roles in Atlanta, Lee P. Brown served as Sheriff of Multnomah County, Oregon, beginning in 1974.
Lee P. Brown's appointment as Houston Police Chief was not met with universal praise from the police force.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown's appointment as Houston Police Chief generated controversy and was not universally acclaimed by the existing police force.
Which of the following best characterizes Lee P. Brown's primary professional domains?
Answer: Law enforcement and academia.
Explanation: Lee P. Brown's extensive career spanned both law enforcement and academia. He directed police departments in Atlanta, Houston, and New York City over a period of nearly four decades, concurrently holding academic appointments.
What was Lee P. Brown's initial position within law enforcement following his academic studies?
Answer: Police officer in San Jose, California.
Explanation: Following the attainment of a Bachelor of Science degree in criminology from Fresno State University in 1960, Lee P. Brown commenced his professional career as a police officer in San Jose, California, serving for eight years.
What significant leadership role did Lee P. Brown assume within the San Jose Police Officers' Association?
Answer: President
Explanation: During his service as a police officer in San Jose, Brown was elected president of the San Jose Police Officers' Association, the representative union, holding this office from 1965 to 1966.
What was historically significant about Lee P. Brown's appointment as Police Commissioner of New York City in 1989?
Answer: He was the first person from outside New York City to be appointed in 25 years.
Explanation: Appointed in December 1989 by Mayor David Dinkins, Brown was the first individual from outside New York City to be designated Police Commissioner in 25 years, assuming leadership of the nation's largest police force.
What were the principal reasons Lee P. Brown articulated for his resignation as New York City Police Commissioner?
Answer: Personal reasons, including caring for his ill wife and rejoining his family.
Explanation: Lee P. Brown cited personal reasons, including attending to his ailing wife and reuniting with his family in Houston, as the primary drivers for his resignation as NYPD Police Commissioner.
What was the demographic composition of the Houston Police Department when Lee P. Brown assumed the role of Chief?
Answer: 8% minority officers, while minorities comprised 45% of the population.
Explanation: The source material indicates that Hispanic and Black communities constituted 45 percent of Houston's population, yet comprised only 8 percent of the police force at that juncture.
As Houston's Police Chief, Lee P. Brown did not exclusively rely on traditional patrol methods to reduce crime.
Answer: True
Explanation: As Houston's Police Chief, Lee P. Brown implemented innovative community policing strategies, such as Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP), rather than solely traditional methods.
The Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP) strategy implemented in Houston did not receive immediate universal acceptance from all long-standing officers.
Answer: True
Explanation: Some veteran officers initially viewed the Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP) strategy with skepticism, perceiving it as a return to outdated practices.
Lee P. Brown's community policing strategy in Houston incorporated the establishment of small neighborhood offices designed to facilitate resident interaction.
Answer: True
Explanation: A key component of Lee P. Brown's community policing strategy in Houston involved establishing small neighborhood offices to foster direct interaction and communication with residents.
In New York City, Lee P. Brown implemented a policing strategy centered on augmenting foot patrols and cultivating police-citizen partnerships.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown's strategy as New York City Police Commissioner emphasized increasing the presence of officers on foot patrol and fostering collaborative partnerships with the citizenry.
The informal offices established in Houston's neighborhoods under NOP were not primarily for administrative police tasks; their purpose was resident interaction.
Answer: True
Explanation: The small neighborhood offices established under Houston's NOP initiative were intended as accessible points for residents to discuss concerns with officers, rather than for administrative duties.
Lee P. Brown implemented community policing in New York City with the objective of quadrupling the number of officers on foot patrol.
Answer: True
Explanation: A key goal of Lee P. Brown's community policing initiative in New York City was to significantly increase the number of officers engaged in foot patrols, reportedly quadrupling their presence.
What specific policing strategy did Lee P. Brown implement during his tenure as Houston's Police Chief?
Answer: Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP)
Explanation: As Houston's Police Chief, commencing in 1982, Brown instituted community policing methodologies, notably Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP), with the objective of fostering relationships with diverse communities and mitigating crime.
What was a distinguishing characteristic of Lee P. Brown's community policing strategy implemented in Houston's neighborhoods?
Answer: Establishment of small neighborhood offices for resident concerns.
Explanation: A key component of Lee P. Brown's community policing strategy in Houston involved establishing small neighborhood offices to foster direct interaction and communication with residents.
What was the principal objective of the community policing strategy implemented by Lee P. Brown in New York City?
Answer: To increase police presence on foot patrols and foster citizen partnerships.
Explanation: Lee P. Brown's strategy as New York City Police Commissioner emphasized increasing the presence of officers on foot patrol and fostering collaborative partnerships with the citizenry.
What was the articulated purpose of the small informal offices established in Houston's neighborhoods under the NOP initiative?
Answer: To provide a location for residents to discuss concerns with officers.
Explanation: The small neighborhood offices established under Houston's NOP initiative were intended as accessible points for residents to discuss concerns with officers, rather than for administrative duties.
What was the reported impact of Lee P. Brown's community policing program in New York City on reported crime statistics in early 1992?
Answer: Reported crimes decreased by 6.7%.
Explanation: Reported crimes experienced a reduction of 6.7 percent during the initial four months of 1992 relative to the preceding year, indicating a positive impact attributable to his program.
What was the stated goal of the community policing program implemented in New York City under Lee P. Brown?
Answer: To create a partnership between the police and citizens.
Explanation: The program's objective was to foster a partnership between the police and citizens, reportedly resulting in a quadrupling of officers engaged in foot patrols.
Lee P. Brown achieved a significant historical milestone by becoming the first African-American elected as Mayor of Houston, Texas.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown achieved a significant historical milestone by becoming the first African-American elected as Mayor of Houston, Texas.
Lee P. Brown was first elected Mayor of Houston in 1997, becoming the city's first African-American mayor, not its first Hispanic mayor.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown made history in 1997 as the first African-American elected Mayor of Houston. The statement incorrectly identifies him as the first Hispanic mayor.
The initiation of the city's first light-rail system occurred during Lee P. Brown's mayoral term in Houston.
Answer: True
Explanation: During Lee P. Brown's administration as Mayor of Houston, the city commenced the development and implementation of its light-rail system.
A key focus of Lee P. Brown's mayoral administration was not solely on improving public safety facilities; it encompassed broader improvements.
Answer: True
Explanation: While public safety facilities were addressed, Lee P. Brown's mayoral administration also prioritized transportation, libraries, and other civic improvements.
During the 2001 Houston mayoral election, Lee P. Brown did not receive endorsements from both Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; he was endorsed by Bill Clinton, while George W. Bush endorsed his opponent.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the 2001 Houston mayoral election, former President Bill Clinton endorsed Lee P. Brown, while President George W. Bush endorsed Brown's opponent, Orlando Sanchez.
The 2001 Houston mayoral election was notable for featuring the city's first African-American mayor against its first Hispanic candidate.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 2001 mayoral election in Houston presented a significant electoral dynamic, pitting the incumbent African-American mayor against the city's first Hispanic mayoral candidate.
Lee P. Brown did not win the 1997 Houston mayoral election outright in the first round of voting; he won in a runoff.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the 1997 Houston mayoral election, Lee P. Brown secured victory through a runoff election, not by winning outright in the first round.
Lee P. Brown did not secure over 70% of the vote in the 1999 Houston mayoral election.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown won the 1999 mayoral election with 67.29% of the vote, which is below the 70% threshold mentioned.
Lee P. Brown's re-election in the 2001 Houston mayoral runoff was not by a significant margin of over 10 percentage points; it was a narrow victory.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown's re-election in the 2001 Houston mayoral runoff was secured by a narrow margin of three percentage points, indicating a close contest.
Lee P. Brown initiated a significant development program at Houston's airport during his tenure as Mayor.
Answer: True
Explanation: During his time as Mayor of Houston, Lee P. Brown oversaw the initiation of a substantial development program for the city's airport.
The slogan 'P stands for Pothole' was not used by Lee P. Brown's campaign in 2001; it was used by his opponent's supporters.
Answer: True
Explanation: The slogan 'P stands for Pothole' was employed by supporters of Orlando Sanchez, Lee P. Brown's opponent in the 2001 Houston mayoral election.
Lee P. Brown's mayoral administration in Houston focused on expanding HOV lanes and investing in new sports facilities, among other initiatives.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown's mayoral administration in Houston pursued a multifaceted agenda that included expanding HOV lanes, investing in sports facilities, and developing public transportation infrastructure.
Lee P. Brown's middle initial, 'P', became the subject of a negative campaign slogan during the 2001 Houston mayoral election.
Answer: True
Explanation: During the 2001 Houston mayoral election, Lee P. Brown's middle initial 'P' was incorporated into a negative campaign slogan used by his opponent's supporters.
Based on the provided information, who is Lee P. Brown?
Answer: An American politician, criminologist, and businessman who served as Mayor of Houston.
Explanation: Lee P. Brown is recognized as an American politician, criminologist, and businessman. He achieved historical distinction in 1997 by becoming the first African-American elected Mayor of Houston, Texas, a position he held for three terms until 2004.
What historical distinction did Lee P. Brown achieve upon his initial election as Mayor of Houston in 1997?
Answer: He became the first African-American elected to the office.
Explanation: Lee P. Brown holds the distinction of being the first African-American elected as Mayor of Houston.
Which of the following significant infrastructure projects was initiated during Lee P. Brown's tenure as Mayor of Houston?
Answer: Initiation of the city's light-rail system.
Explanation: During Lee P. Brown's administration as Mayor of Houston, the city commenced the development and implementation of its light-rail system.
Beyond transportation and public safety, what other area of service improvement received focus during Lee P. Brown's mayoral administration?
Answer: Providing internet access in libraries.
Explanation: Brown's administration prioritized improvements to city infrastructure, encompassing transportation, public safety facilities, and libraries. Furthermore, it advanced affirmative action programs and facilitated internet access within public libraries.
What issue emerged as a central campaign point against Lee P. Brown during his 2001 mayoral re-election bid?
Answer: Traffic problems related to downtown street reconstruction.
Explanation: The reconstruction of the downtown street system and the replacement of aging underground utilities precipitated significant traffic congestion, which subsequently emerged as a central campaign issue articulated by his opponent, Orlando Sanchez.
Who provided endorsements for Lee P. Brown in the 2001 Houston mayoral election?
Answer: Former President Bill Clinton
Explanation: In the 2001 Houston mayoral election, former President Bill Clinton endorsed Lee P. Brown, while President George W. Bush endorsed Brown's opponent, Orlando Sanchez.
What characterized the ethnic and racial dynamics of the 2001 Houston mayoral election?
Answer: The election featured the city's first African-American mayor against its first Hispanic candidate.
Explanation: The election was characterized by ethnic undertones, pitting the city's first African-American mayor (Brown) against its first Hispanic mayoral candidate (Sanchez). Voting patterns predominantly aligned along racial and party affiliations.
What was Lee P. Brown's performance in the runoff election for Mayor of Houston in 1997?
Answer: He won the runoff election with 52.67% of the vote.
Explanation: In the 1997 election, Lee P. Brown garnered 42.26% of the vote in the initial round and subsequently secured victory in the runoff election with 52.67% of the vote.
What was Lee P. Brown's vote percentage upon winning the Houston mayoral election in 1999?
Answer: 67.29%
Explanation: Lee P. Brown achieved victory in the 1999 mayoral election, securing 67.29% of the popular vote.
How narrow was the victory margin in the 2001 Houston Mayoral Election runoff between Lee P. Brown and Orlando Sanchez?
Answer: Brown won by a margin of three percentage points.
Explanation: Lee P. Brown narrowly secured re-election in the 2001 runoff by a margin of three percentage points, obtaining 51.67% of the vote against Orlando Sanchez.
What development program did Lee P. Brown initiate at Houston's airport during his mayoral term?
Answer: A $2.9 billion program including new terminals and runways.
Explanation: During his time as Mayor of Houston, Lee P. Brown oversaw the initiation of a substantial $2.9 billion development program for the city's airport, encompassing new terminals and runways.
Lee P. Brown did not serve as the "Drug Czar" under President George W. Bush.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown served as the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) under President Bill Clinton, not George W. Bush.
Lee P. Brown has not been married three times.
Answer: True
Explanation: According to the provided information, Lee P. Brown has been married twice.
In 2004, a building was named in Lee P. Brown's honor in recognition of his contributions to city revitalization and public service.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2004, the Metropolitan Transit Authority Administration Building in Houston was named in honor of Lee P. Brown, acknowledging his significant contributions.
A publication authored by Lee P. Brown is titled 'Policing in the 21st Century: Community Policing'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown authored the publication 'Policing in the 21st Century: Community Policing', released in 2012.
Lee P. Brown's 2013 publication is indeed titled 'Growing up to be Mayor'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown authored a publication in 2013 titled 'Growing up to be Mayor'.
The Honey Brown Hope Foundation commissioned a mural, titled 'Houston in Harmony,' in honor of Lee P. Brown.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1999, the Honey Brown Hope Foundation commissioned the mural 'Houston in Harmony' as a tribute to Lee P. Brown's contributions.
Lee P. Brown's appointment as Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy was not rejected by the U.S. Senate; it was unanimously confirmed.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lee P. Brown's nomination to lead the Office of National Drug Control Policy received unanimous confirmation from the U.S. Senate.
What federal position did President Bill Clinton appoint Lee P. Brown to in 1993?
Answer: Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
Explanation: In 1993, Lee P. Brown was appointed by President Bill Clinton to serve as the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), a role commonly designated as "Drug Czar."
According to the source material, how many times has Lee P. Brown been married?
Answer: Twice
Explanation: Lee P. Brown has been married on two occasions. His first spouse was Yvonne Brown, and his second wife is Frances Young.
What significant honor was bestowed upon Lee P. Brown in 2004 in relation to his public service contributions?
Answer: The Metropolitan Transit Authority Administration Building was named in his honor.
Explanation: In 2004, the Metropolitan Transit Authority Administration Building in Houston was designated in his honor, acknowledging his significant contributions to transportation, police protection, education, and city revitalization.
What was the significance of Lee P. Brown's appointment as Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)?
Answer: His appointment was unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
Explanation: Lee P. Brown's nomination to lead the Office of National Drug Control Policy received unanimous confirmation from the U.S. Senate, positioning him in a pivotal federal role concerning drug policy.
Which of the following publications is attributed to Lee P. Brown?
Answer: Growing up to be Mayor
Explanation: Lee P. Brown authored a publication in 2013 titled 'Growing up to be Mayor'.
What commemorative action was undertaken by the Honey Brown Hope Foundation in honor of Lee P. Brown in 1999?
Answer: Commissioned a mural titled 'Houston in Harmony'.
Explanation: In 1999, the Honey Brown Hope Foundation commissioned the mural 'Houston in Harmony' as a tribute to Lee P. Brown's contributions.