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The primary historical sources detailing Lombard kings before the Frankish conquest are the *Annals of Rome* and the writings of Tacitus.
Answer: False
Explanation: The principal sources for Lombard kings before the Frankish conquest are the *Origo Gentis Langobardorum* and Paul the Deacon's *Historia Langobardorum*, not the *Annals of Rome* or Tacitus.
According to the *Origo Gentis Langobardorum*, the earliest listed Lombard kings were historical figures confirmed by contemporary archaeological evidence.
Answer: False
Explanation: The earliest kings listed in the *Origo Gentis Langobardorum* are generally considered legendary figures, not historical figures confirmed by contemporary archaeological evidence.
Tato is recognized as the earliest Lombard ruler independently attested outside of Lombard tradition.
Answer: True
Explanation: Tato is indeed recognized as the earliest Lombard ruler whose existence is independently attested by historical records outside of the traditional Lombard narratives.
The Lething dynasty, founded by Lethuc, included kings like Wacho and Walthari who ruled in the 6th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Lething dynasty, founded by Lethuc, encompassed significant rulers including Wacho and his son Walthari, both of whom held sway during the 6th century.
Which of the following texts serves as a primary source for Lombard kings before the Frankish conquest?
Answer: The *Historia Langobardorum* by Paul the Deacon
Explanation: The principal sources for reconstructing the history of the Lombard kings preceding the Frankish conquest include the anonymous 7th-century text, the *Origo Gentis Langobardorum*, and the 8th-century *Historia Langobardorum*, authored by Paul the Deacon. These works form the foundational narratives for the early Lombard period.
According to the provided text, who is considered the earliest Lombard ruler independently attested outside of Lombard tradition?
Answer: Tato
Explanation: Tato is recognized as the earliest Lombard ruler whose existence is independently attested by historical records outside of the traditional Lombard narratives.
Which of the following was a legendary ruler mentioned in the early history of the Lombards, supposedly leading their emigration from Scandinavia?
Answer: Agio
Explanation: According to legend, early rulers included Agio, who, along with his brother Ybor and mother Gambara, supposedly led the Lombards' emigration from Scandinavia.
Which of the following rulers was NOT part of the Lething dynasty?
Answer: Audoin
Explanation: Audoin, who founded the Gausian dynasty, succeeded the Lething dynasty and therefore was not a member of the Lething dynasty.
King Godehoc of the Lething dynasty led the Lombards into Pannonia during the 480s.
Answer: False
Explanation: King Godehoc of the Lething dynasty led the Lombards into the region of modern-day Austria during the 480s, not Pannonia.
Audoin, founder of the Gausian dynasty, moved the Lombards into the region of modern-day Austria.
Answer: False
Explanation: Audoin, founder of the Gausian dynasty, led the Lombards into Pannonia, not modern-day Austria. Godehoc of the Lething dynasty is associated with the move into Austria.
Alboin was the first Lombard king to establish rule within the territory of Italy.
Answer: True
Explanation: Alboin, ruling from 565 to 572 AD, was indeed the first Lombard king to establish Lombard rule within the territory of Italy.
Which dynasty was founded by Audoin, who led the Lombards into Pannonia?
Answer: Gausian dynasty
Explanation: Audoin founded the Gausian dynasty, which succeeded the Lething dynasty, and led the Lombards into Pannonia.
Who was the first king to rule in Italy, belonging to the Gausian dynasty?
Answer: Alboin
Explanation: Alboin, ruling from 565 to 572 AD, was indeed the first Lombard king to establish Lombard rule within the territory of Italy and belonged to the Gausian dynasty.
Agilulf, who succeeded Authari, was Authari's son and continued the same dynasty.
Answer: False
Explanation: Agilulf succeeded King Authari and ruled from 591 AD. However, he was Authari's cousin, not his son, and thus did not continue the same direct dynastic line.
Adaloald is identified as the first king belonging to the Harodingian dynasty.
Answer: False
Explanation: Adaloald is identified as the first king associated with the Bavarian dynasty of the Lombards, not the Harodingian dynasty.
The first restoration of the Bavarian dynasty involved the joint rule of brothers Perctarit and Godepert.
Answer: True
Explanation: The first restoration of the Bavarian dynasty saw Aripert I rule from 653 to 661 AD, followed by the joint rule of his sons, Perctarit and Godepert, from 661 to 662 AD.
Grimoald belonged to the Bavarian dynasty and seized the throne after Authari.
Answer: False
Explanation: Grimoald belonged to the Beneventan dynasty and seized the throne following the period of joint rule by Perctarit and Godepert, not directly after Authari's reign.
Following Grimoald's reign, his son Garibald ruled for a significant period before being overthrown.
Answer: False
Explanation: After King Grimoald's death in 671 AD, his son Garibald briefly held the title of king for a short period in the same year but was quickly overthrown.
The second restoration of the Bavarian dynasty occurred when Perctarit returned from exile and ruled alongside his son Cunincpert.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Bavarian dynasty was restored with Perctarit, who returned from exile and ruled from 671 to 688 AD. His son Cunincpert subsequently took the throne.
Liutprand, who ruled from 712 to 744 AD, was a non-dynastic king known for his extensive legal reforms.
Answer: True
Explanation: King Liutprand's reign, from 712 to 744 AD, was one of the longest and most influential in Lombard history. He enacted significant legal reforms and expanded the kingdom's territory, leaving a substantial mark on Lombard governance and law.
Which of the following kings belonged to the Harodingian family?
Answer: Rothari
Explanation: The Harodingian family produced two kings: Rothari, who reigned from 636 to 652 AD, and his son Rodoald, who ruled briefly from 652 to 653 AD.
Grimoald, who ruled from 662 to 671 AD, belonged to which dynastic line?
Answer: Beneventan dynasty
Explanation: Grimoald ruled as king from 662 to 671 AD and belonged to the Beneventan dynasty. He seized the throne during a period of instability following the joint rule of Perctarit and Godepert.
Who were the joint rulers representing the first restoration of the Bavarian dynasty?
Answer: Perctarit and Godepert
Explanation: The first restoration of the Bavarian dynasty saw Aripert I rule from 653 to 661 AD, followed by the joint rule of his sons, Perctarit and Godepert, from 661 to 662 AD.
What happened to King Grimoald's son, Garibald, after Grimoald's death?
Answer: He briefly held the title of king before being quickly overthrown.
Explanation: After King Grimoald's death in 671 AD, his son Garibald briefly held the title of king for a short period in the same year but was quickly overthrown.
Which king is noted for enacting significant legal reforms and having one of the longest reigns in Lombard history (712-744 AD)?
Answer: Liutprand
Explanation: King Liutprand's reign, from 712 to 744 AD, was one of the longest and most influential in Lombard history. He enacted significant legal reforms and expanded the kingdom's territory, leaving a substantial mark on Lombard governance and law.
Which dynasty followed the Lething dynasty, founded by Audoin?
Answer: Gausian dynasty
Explanation: Audoin founded the Gausian dynasty, which succeeded the Lething dynasty.
Who was the first king associated with the Bavarian dynasty of the Lombards?
Answer: Adaloald
Explanation: Adaloald is identified as the first king associated with the Bavarian dynasty of the Lombards.
Authari, son of King Cleph, successfully ended the 'Rule of the Dukes' and re-established royal authority.
Answer: True
Explanation: Authari, son of King Cleph, re-established royal authority in 584 AD, effectively ending the ten-year 'Rule of the Dukes'.
The Edict of Rothari, issued in 643 AD, was a significant compilation of Lombard laws and customs.
Answer: True
Explanation: King Rothari, a monarch from the Harodingian family, is prominently associated with the issuance of the Edict of Rothari in 643 AD. This significant legal code served as a comprehensive compilation of Lombard laws and customs, marking a crucial advancement in the formalization of the kingdom's legal framework.
What significant event occurred in Lombard history immediately after the reign of King Cleph (572-574 AD)?
Answer: The beginning of the 'Rule of the Dukes,' a ten-year interregnum.
Explanation: Immediately subsequent to the reign of King Cleph, who governed from 572 to 574 AD, the Lombards entered a period characterized by the 'Rule of the Dukes.' This represented a ten-year interregnum marked by the dominance of ducal authority, preceding the establishment of a new monarch.
Who re-established royal authority after the 'Rule of the Dukes'?
Answer: Authari
Explanation: Authari, son of King Cleph, re-established royal authority in 584 AD, effectively ending the ten-year 'Rule of the Dukes'.
The Edict of Rothari, a significant legal compilation, is associated with which Lombard king?
Answer: Rothari
Explanation: King Rothari, a monarch from the Harodingian family, is prominently associated with the issuance of the Edict of Rothari in 643 AD. This significant legal code served as a comprehensive compilation of Lombard laws and customs, marking a crucial advancement in the formalization of the kingdom's legal framework.
The period of the 'Rule of the Dukes' occurred after the reign of which king?
Answer: Cleph
Explanation: Immediately subsequent to the reign of King Cleph, who governed from 572 to 574 AD, the Lombards entered a period characterized by the 'Rule of the Dukes.'
The title 'kings of the Lombards' exclusively referred to rulers of Lombard ethnicity throughout their entire history.
Answer: False
Explanation: The title 'kings of the Lombards' did not exclusively refer to rulers of Lombard ethnicity throughout their entire history. Notably, after the Frankish conquest in 774 AD, the rulers who held this title were Franks, not Lombards.
The Iron Crown of Lombardy was historically worn by the Lombard kings as a symbol of their authority during their reigns.
Answer: False
Explanation: Although the Iron Crown of Lombardy retrospectively became a symbol of Lombard rule from the 12th century onwards, historical accounts indicate it was never worn by the Lombard kings themselves during their actual reigns.
Desiderius was the last Lombard king, reigning until Charlemagne conquered the Lombards in 774 AD.
Answer: True
Explanation: The last Lombard king before the Frankish conquest was Desiderius, who reigned from 756 to 774 AD. His reign ended when Charlemagne conquered the Lombards.
Charlemagne conquered the Lombards in 774 AD at the request of Pope Gregory VII.
Answer: False
Explanation: Charlemagne conquered the Lombards in 774 AD at the invitation of Pope Adrian I, not Pope Gregory VII.
After 774, the title 'kings of the Lombards' continued to be used, but the rulers were exclusively Italian nobles.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text explicitly states that after Charlemagne's conquest in 774 AD, the rulers of the Lombards were Franks, not Lombards or Italian nobles.
Who was the last Lombard king before the Frankish conquest?
Answer: Desiderius
Explanation: The last Lombard king before the Frankish conquest was Desiderius, who reigned from 756 to 774 AD. His reign ended when Charlemagne conquered the Lombards.
What was the primary reason Pope Adrian I invited Charlemagne to intervene against the Lombards?
Answer: To gain assistance against the Lombard king Desiderius.
Explanation: Charlemagne achieved the conquest of the Lombards in 774 AD following an invitation to intervene extended by Pope Adrian I. The Pope sought Charlemagne's military assistance against the Lombard king Desiderius, an event that ultimately signified the conclusion of the Lombard kingdom's independent existence.
The title 'kings of the Lombards' became synonymous with which other title after the Carolingian era, continuing into the High Middle Ages?
Answer: King of Italy (rex Italiae)
Explanation: The title 'rex Langobardorum,' which became synonymous with 'rex Italiae' (King of Italy), continued to be used well into the High Middle Ages, signifying the enduring legacy of rule over the Lombard territories.
What is the historical significance of the Iron Crown of Lombardy according to the text?
Answer: It was a reliquary that became a symbol of Lombard rule from the 12th century onwards.
Explanation: Although the Iron Crown of Lombardy retrospectively became a symbol of Lombard rule from the 12th century onwards, historical accounts indicate it was never worn by the Lombard kings themselves during their actual reigns.
What does the text imply about the rulers of the Lombards after 774 AD?
Answer: They were no longer Lombards but Franks.
Explanation: Following Charlemagne's conquest in 774 AD, the text implies that the rulers of the Lombards were no longer Lombards but Franks.