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List of Spanish governors of New Mexico Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge

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Study Guide: Spanish Governors of New Mexico: 1598-1822

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Spanish Governors of New Mexico: 1598-1822 Study Guide

Overview of Spanish Governorship (1598-1822)

The office of the Spanish Governor of New Mexico functioned as the principal political executive authority for the province throughout its continuous existence from 1598 until the declaration of Mexican independence in 1822.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Spanish Governors held the position of political chief executive for Santa Fe de Nuevo México from its establishment in 1598 until the formal end of Spanish rule in January 1822, coinciding with Mexico's declaration of independence.

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The Flag of the Cross of Burgundy, shown in the infobox, represents the specific province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Flag of the Cross of Burgundy, depicted in the infobox, symbolizes the broader Viceroyalty of New Spain, not the specific province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.

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The Spanish Governor of New Mexico was elected by the provincial council.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Spanish Governor of New Mexico was appointed by the King of Spain, not elected by the provincial council.

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The list of Spanish Governors covers the period from 1598 up to the establishment of Mexican independence in 1821.

Answer: False

Explanation: The list of Spanish Governors covers the period from 1598 until the formal end of Spanish governorship in January 1822, which followed Mexico's declaration of independence in 1821.

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The Spanish Governors of New Mexico reported directly to the King of Spain, bypassing the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Spanish Governors of New Mexico were subordinate to the Viceroyalty of New Spain and reported through that administrative structure, rather than directly to the King, bypassing the Viceroy.

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The governorship of New Mexico under Spanish rule lasted for approximately 224 years.

Answer: True

Explanation: The period of Spanish governorship in New Mexico, from 1598 to 1822, spanned approximately 224 years.

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Who held the position of political chief executive for the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México from 1598 to 1822?

Answer: The Spanish Governors of New Mexico

Explanation: The Spanish Governors of New Mexico served as the political chief executives of the province throughout its existence from 1598 until the transition to Mexican rule in 1822.

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What was the primary role of the Spanish Governors of New Mexico?

Answer: To serve as the political chief executives of the province

Explanation: The primary role of the Spanish Governors of New Mexico was to function as the political chief executives responsible for the administration and governance of the province.

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Founding and Early Colonial Period (1598-1680)

Juan de Oñate is credited with founding the settlement of Santa Fe in 1598.

Answer: False

Explanation: While Juan de Oñate established the province of New Mexico in 1598, the settlement of Santa Fe itself was founded later, in 1610, by Governor Pedro de Peralta.

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The official residence for the Spanish Governor of New Mexico was situated in the city of San Juan Pueblo (Ohkay Owingeh).

Answer: False

Explanation: The official residence for the Spanish Governor of New Mexico was located in Santa Fe, not San Juan Pueblo (Ohkay Owingeh).

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The establishment of the province in November 1598 marked the beginning of the Spanish governorship in New Mexico.

Answer: True

Explanation: The formal establishment of the province of New Mexico in November 1598 signified the commencement of the Spanish governorship in the region.

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Juan de Oñate was the first Spanish Governor of New Mexico.

Answer: True

Explanation: Juan de Oñate holds the distinction of being the first Spanish Governor of New Mexico, appointed to lead the establishment of the province.

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The 'Camino Real de Tierra Adentro' was a trade route established by Pedro de Peralta connecting Mexico City to Santa Fe.

Answer: False

Explanation: The 'Camino Real de Tierra Adentro' was pioneered by Juan de Oñate, not Pedro de Peralta, and it connected Mexico City to San Juan Pueblo (Ohkay Owingeh), not Santa Fe.

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Governor Pedro de Peralta founded the settlement of Santa Fe in 1605.

Answer: False

Explanation: Governor Pedro de Peralta founded the settlement of Santa Fe in 1610, not 1605.

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The province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was established by Pedro de Peralta.

Answer: False

Explanation: The province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was established by Juan de Oñate in 1598. Pedro de Peralta later founded the settlement of Santa Fe in 1610.

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Who pioneered the route known as 'El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro' when establishing the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México?

Answer: Juan de Oñate

Explanation: Juan de Oñate pioneered the route known as 'El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro' during his establishment of the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México in 1598.

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In what year was the settlement of Santa Fe founded by Governor Pedro de Peralta?

Answer: 1610

Explanation: Governor Pedro de Peralta founded the settlement of Santa Fe in the year 1610.

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Where was the official residence of the Spanish Governor of New Mexico located?

Answer: Santa Fe

Explanation: The official residence for the Spanish Governor of New Mexico was situated in the capital city of Santa Fe.

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The establishment of the province in November 1598 is considered the event that marked the formation of what?

Answer: The Spanish governorship in New Mexico

Explanation: The establishment of the province of New Mexico in November 1598 marked the formal beginning of the Spanish governorship in the region.

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Which governor is credited with establishing the settlement of Santa Fe in 1610?

Answer: Pedro de Peralta

Explanation: Governor Pedro de Peralta is credited with the establishment of the settlement of Santa Fe in 1610.

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The 'Camino Real de Tierra Adentro' connected Mexico City to which specific location in New Mexico?

Answer: San Juan Pueblo (Ohkay Owingeh)

Explanation: The 'Camino Real de Tierra Adentro' connected Mexico City to San Juan Pueblo (Ohkay Owingeh) in New Mexico.

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The Pueblo Revolt of 1680

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was primarily triggered by Spanish demands for increased tribute payments and the forced relocation of Pueblo villages.

Answer: False

Explanation: The primary triggers for the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 were the Spanish suppression of indigenous religious practices and the imposition of the encomienda system, rather than increased tribute or forced relocation of villages.

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A key outcome of the Pueblo Revolt was the granting of substantial communal land grants to each Pueblo and the establishment of a public defender to represent their rights.

Answer: True

Explanation: Following the Pueblo Revolt, significant concessions were made, including the provision of substantial communal land grants to each Pueblo and the establishment of a public defender to advocate for their rights within the Spanish legal system.

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Juan Francisco Treviño's policies against the Pueblo Indians did not contribute to the outbreak of the Pueblo Revolt.

Answer: False

Explanation: Juan Francisco Treviño's policies towards the Pueblo Indians were perceived as oppressive and are considered to have contributed to the eventual outbreak of the Pueblo Revolt.

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The Puebloans governed themselves under their own rulers from 1680 until 1692, following their revolt against Spanish rule.

Answer: True

Explanation: During the period of the Pueblo Revolt, from 1680 to 1692, the Pueblo peoples successfully expelled the Spanish and governed themselves under their traditional leadership.

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Popé and Luis Tupatu were key Spanish governors during the Pueblo Revolt period (1680-1692).

Answer: False

Explanation: Popé and Luis Tupatu were prominent Pueblo leaders who spearheaded the revolt against Spanish rule, not Spanish governors.

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The three stages of Spanish governorship mentioned include the Pueblo Revolt period (1680-1692) where Pueblo leaders governed.

Answer: True

Explanation: The historical periodization of Spanish governorship in New Mexico includes the Pueblo Revolt era (1680-1692) as a distinct stage, during which Pueblo leaders exercised self-governance.

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The Pueblo Revolt resulted in the complete expulsion of all Spanish individuals from New Mexico.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Pueblo Revolt led to the expulsion of most Spanish individuals from New Mexico, but it did not result in the complete eradication of all Spanish presence.

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Which of the following was a major grievance of the Pueblo peoples against the Spanish administration leading up to the Pueblo Revolt?

Answer: The prohibition of traditional Pueblo religions

Explanation: A significant grievance leading to the Pueblo Revolt was the Spanish administration's suppression and prohibition of traditional Pueblo religious practices.

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The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 led to which significant outcome for the Pueblo people?

Answer: The granting of communal land grants and a public defender

Explanation: A key outcome of the Pueblo Revolt was the subsequent granting of substantial communal land grants to each Pueblo and the establishment of a public defender to represent their rights.

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During the period of the Pueblo Revolt (1680-1692), who governed the Pueblo peoples?

Answer: Their own traditional rulers

Explanation: Following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, the Pueblo peoples governed themselves under their own traditional rulers until the Spanish reconquest in 1692.

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Who were the key Pueblo leaders mentioned as governing during the revolt period (1680-1692)?

Answer: Popé and Luis Tupatu

Explanation: The principal Pueblo leaders during the revolt period (1680-1692) were Popé, who led from 1680 to 1685, and Luis Tupatu, who led from 1685 to 1692.

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Reconquest and Later Administration (1692-1821)

Diego de Vargas is recognized for his role in the reconquest and for placating the Pueblo Revolt through a peace treaty.

Answer: True

Explanation: Diego de Vargas played a pivotal role in the reconquest of New Mexico following the Pueblo Revolt and is credited with negotiating a peace treaty that helped pacify the region.

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Which governor is credited with placating the Pueblo Revolt through a peace treaty?

Answer: Diego de Vargas

Explanation: Diego de Vargas is recognized for his role in the reconquest of New Mexico and for negotiating a peace treaty that helped to pacify the region following the Pueblo Revolt.

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Key Governors and Their Actions

Governor Luis de Rosas was exiled to Spain after his term ended.

Answer: False

Explanation: Governor Luis de Rosas met a more severe fate; he was imprisoned and subsequently killed at the conclusion of his government, rather than being exiled.

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Juan Flores de Sierra y Valdés is noted as the governor who died in office during the early period of Spanish governorship.

Answer: True

Explanation: Juan Flores de Sierra y Valdés is recorded as having died while in office during the initial phase of Spanish governorship in New Mexico.

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Francisco Gomes served as the governor from 1641 to 1642.

Answer: True

Explanation: Francisco Gomes held the position of acting governor during the period of 1641 to 1642.

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Diego Dionisio de Peñalosa Briceño y Berdugo faced prosecution by the Inquisition due to a dispute with the governor.

Answer: False

Explanation: Diego Dionisio de Peñalosa Briceño y Berdugo was prosecuted by the Inquisition, but this was due to a dispute with a Franciscan missionary, not with the governor.

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Pedro Rodríguez Cubero succeeded Juan Francisco Treviño as governor.

Answer: False

Explanation: Pedro Rodríguez Cubero succeeded Diego de Vargas, not Juan Francisco Treviño, as governor.

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Francisco Cuervo y Valdés served as the provisional governor starting in June 1705.

Answer: True

Explanation: Francisco Cuervo y Valdés assumed the role of provisional governor of New Mexico beginning in June 1705.

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Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon's tenure as governor lasted from 1712 to 1715.

Answer: True

Explanation: Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon served as governor of New Mexico during the period spanning from 1712 to 1715.

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Félix Martínez de Torrelaguna and Juan Páez Hurtado both served as acting governors between 1715 and 1717.

Answer: True

Explanation: During the interim period of 1715 to 1717, both Félix Martínez de Torrelaguna and Juan Páez Hurtado held the responsibilities of acting governor.

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Antonio Valverde y Cosío served as interim governor for a period ending in 1721.

Answer: True

Explanation: Antonio Valverde y Cosío held the position of interim governor, with his term concluding in 1721.

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Juan Domingo de Bustamante held the longest continuous governorship during the third stage (1688-1822).

Answer: True

Explanation: Juan Domingo de Bustamante is recognized for serving the longest uninterrupted term as governor during the third stage of Spanish administration in New Mexico (1688-1822).

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Tomás Vélez Cachupín served as governor only once, from 1749 to 1754.

Answer: False

Explanation: Tomás Vélez Cachupín served as governor on two separate occasions: first from 1749 to 1754, and again from 1762 to 1767.

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Pedro Fermín de Mendinueta governed New Mexico during the years 1767 to 1777.

Answer: True

Explanation: Pedro Fermín de Mendinueta held the governorship of New Mexico for the decade spanning from 1767 to 1777.

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Juan Bautista de Anza served as governor immediately after Fernando de la Concha.

Answer: False

Explanation: Fernando de la Concha served as governor from 1789 to 1794, succeeding Juan Bautista de Anza, who served from 1778 to 1788. Therefore, de la Concha served after de Anza.

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Joaquín del Real Alencaster held the governorship between 1808 and 1814.

Answer: False

Explanation: Joaquín del Real Alencaster served as governor from 1804 to 1807. The period of 1808 to 1814 was covered by Governor José Manrique.

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Juan Páez Hurtado served as governor only once, from 1704 to 1705.

Answer: False

Explanation: Juan Páez Hurtado served multiple terms, including as governor from 1704 to 1705 and as acting governor during the 1715-1717 period.

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What fate befell Governor Luis de Rosas at the conclusion of his government?

Answer: He was imprisoned and subsequently killed.

Explanation: At the conclusion of his government, Governor Luis de Rosas was imprisoned and subsequently killed.

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Which governor died while in office during the first stage of Spanish governorship (1598-1680)?

Answer: Juan Flores de Sierra y Valdés

Explanation: Juan Flores de Sierra y Valdés died in office during the first stage of Spanish governorship (1598-1680).

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Who succeeded Diego de Vargas as governor, serving from 1697 to 1703?

Answer: Pedro Rodríguez Cubero

Explanation: Pedro Rodríguez Cubero succeeded Diego de Vargas, serving as governor of New Mexico from 1697 to 1703.

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Which governor served the longest continuous term during the third stage of Spanish governorship (1688-1822)?

Answer: Juan Domingo de Bustamante

Explanation: Juan Domingo de Bustamante held the longest continuous governorship during the third stage of Spanish administration in New Mexico, serving from 1723 to 1731.

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Tomás Vélez Cachupín held the position of governor during two distinct periods: 1749-1754 and which other period?

Answer: 1762-1767

Explanation: Tomás Vélez Cachupín served as governor from 1749 to 1754, and again from 1762 to 1767.

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Which governor was prosecuted by the Inquisition following a dispute with a Franciscan missionary?

Answer: Diego Dionisio de Peñalosa Briceño y Berdugo

Explanation: Diego Dionisio de Peñalosa Briceño y Berdugo faced prosecution by the Inquisition as a consequence of a dispute he had with the Franciscan missionary Alonso de Posada.

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Colonial Policies and Indigenous Relations

The primary purposes for establishing Spanish missions in New Mexico included the conversion of indigenous populations and the support of the territory's agricultural industry.

Answer: True

Explanation: The establishment of Spanish missions in New Mexico was driven by dual objectives: the evangelization of indigenous peoples and the bolstering of the region's agricultural economy under Spanish administration.

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Juan de Oñate's governorship was characterized by the initiation of Indian slaving through the encomienda system and the seizure of Native children.

Answer: True

Explanation: Juan de Oñate's administration is noted for instituting Indian slaving via the encomienda system and permitting the seizure of Native children, practices that generated significant controversy.

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Felipe de Sotelo Osorio utilized Native Americans to capture individuals from rival tribes for the purpose of slave trade.

Answer: True

Explanation: Felipe de Sotelo Osorio engaged in the practice of using Native Americans to capture individuals from competing tribes, facilitating the slave trade within the region.

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Governor Luis de Rosas exploited enslaved Native Americans by forcing them into agricultural labor, with crops being exported to Spain.

Answer: False

Explanation: Governor Luis de Rosas exploited enslaved Native Americans primarily through forced labor in sweatshop textile manufacturing, not agricultural labor for export to Spain.

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Bernardo López de Mendizábal confiscated Native American property, including livestock and clothing, using them as gifts for officials in Mexico City.

Answer: True

Explanation: Bernardo López de Mendizábal engaged in the confiscation of Native American property, such as livestock and clothing, which he then utilized as gifts for officials in Mexico City.

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The primary role of the Spanish Governors was to oversee the construction of missions and convert indigenous peoples.

Answer: False

Explanation: While mission construction and conversion were important activities, the primary role of the Spanish Governors was to serve as the political chief executives of the province, overseeing administration and governance.

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The encomienda system, mentioned in relation to the Pueblo Revolt, involved the forced labor of Native Americans.

Answer: True

Explanation: The encomienda system was a colonial labor practice that compelled Native Americans to perform forced labor for Spanish settlers.

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What were the two primary purposes for the establishment of Spanish missions in New Mexico?

Answer: To convert indigenous populations and support agriculture

Explanation: The establishment of Spanish missions in New Mexico served the dual objectives of converting indigenous peoples to Christianity and supporting the territory's agricultural development.

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What exploitative practice did Juan de Oñate initiate concerning the Native American population?

Answer: Initiation of Indian slaving through the encomienda system

Explanation: Juan de Oñate initiated the exploitative practice of Indian slaving through the encomienda system and permitted the seizure of Native children.

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Governor Luis de Rosas exploited enslaved Native Americans primarily through which activity?

Answer: Sweatshop manufacturing of textiles

Explanation: Governor Luis de Rosas exploited enslaved Native Americans by compelling them into sweatshop manufacturing of textiles, which were then exported.

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What action did Governor Bernardo López de Mendizábal take that involved confiscating property from Native Americans?

Answer: He seized their livestock, clothing, and other items to use as gifts.

Explanation: Governor Bernardo López de Mendizábal confiscated property from Native Americans, including livestock and clothing, which he then presented as gifts to officials in Mexico City.

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Transition to Mexican Rule

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