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Study Guide: The History of Lockheed Corporation

Cheat Sheet:
The History of Lockheed Corporation Study Guide

Founding and Early Years (1912-1930s)

The Lockheed Corporation, established in 1926, was originally named Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Lockheed Aircraft Company was formed in 1926. Its predecessor, the Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company, operated from 1912 to 1920. Thus, the 1926 entity was not originally named Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company.

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The Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company ceased operations in 1920 due to intense competition from established European aircraft manufacturers.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company ceased operations in 1920 due to market saturation from surplus aircraft after World War I, not direct competition from European manufacturers.

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The Lockheed Aircraft Company was officially formed in Hollywood, California, on December 13, 1926.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed Aircraft Company was officially established on December 13, 1926, in Hollywood, California.

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The name 'Lockheed' was chosen for the company to accurately reflect the founders' original surname, 'Loughead'.

Answer: False

Explanation: The name 'Lockheed' was adopted as a phonetic spelling to avoid mispronunciation of the founders' original surname, 'Loughead'.

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The Lockheed Vega was the first aircraft model designed by the company after its official formation in 1926.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed Vega was indeed the first aircraft model designed by the company following its official formation in 1926.

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In 1929, Allan Loughead purchased the majority share of Lockheed Aircraft Company from Fred Keeler.

Answer: False

Explanation: In 1929, Fred Keeler, the majority shareholder, sold his stake to the Detroit Aircraft Corporation, not Allan Loughead. Allan Loughead subsequently resigned.

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Robert E. Gross led the group that purchased Lockheed out of receivership during the Great Depression for $40,000.

Answer: True

Explanation: During the Great Depression, Robert E. Gross led a group that acquired the company out of receivership for $40,000 after Detroit Aircraft Corporation's bankruptcy.

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The Lockheed Corporation was founded by brothers Allan and Malcolm Loughead.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed Corporation was founded by brothers Allan and Malcolm Loughead (originally Loughead).

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The Lockheed Vega Model utilized technology from the earlier Loughead S-1 aircraft.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed Vega Model incorporated design elements and technology derived from the earlier Loughead S-1 aircraft.

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What was the original name of the Lockheed brothers' first aviation venture?

Answer: Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company

Explanation: The Lockheed brothers' initial aviation venture, operational from 1912 to 1920, was named the Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company.

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Why did the Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company face difficulties and eventually fold?

Answer: The market was saturated with surplus aircraft after World War I.

Explanation: The Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company folded in 1920 due to the significant market saturation caused by surplus aircraft available after World War I.

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In which city was the Lockheed Aircraft Company officially formed in December 1926?

Answer: Hollywood, California

Explanation: The Lockheed Aircraft Company was officially formed in Hollywood, California, on December 13, 1926.

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What was the reason cited for spelling the company name 'Lockheed' instead of 'Loughead'?

Answer: It was a phonetic spelling to avoid mispronunciation.

Explanation: The name was spelled 'Lockheed' phonetically to prevent mispronunciation of the founders' original surname, 'Loughead'.

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Which aircraft model was the first designed by the Lockheed Aircraft Company after its 1926 formation?

Answer: Vega Model

Explanation: The Lockheed Vega Model was the first aircraft designed by the company after its official formation in 1926.

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Which Lockheed aircraft was famously flown by Amelia Earhart and Wiley Post?

Answer: Vega

Explanation: The Lockheed Vega was famously flown by pioneering aviators Amelia Earhart and Wiley Post, who achieved numerous records with it.

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The Lockheed Model 10 Electra is most famously associated with the attempted circumnavigation flight of which aviator?

Answer: Amelia Earhart

Explanation: The Lockheed Model 10 Electra is most famously associated with Amelia Earhart's attempted circumnavigation flight in 1937.

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World War II Contributions

The Lockheed Hudson bomber, developed from the Model 14 Super Electra, was primarily used for anti-submarine warfare during World War II.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed Hudson bomber, derived from the Model 14 Super Electra, was extensively utilized for anti-submarine warfare during World War II.

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The Lockheed P-38 Lightning was the only American fighter aircraft produced throughout the entirety of U.S. involvement in World War II.

Answer: True

Explanation: The P-38 Lightning holds the distinction of being the sole American fighter aircraft manufactured continuously throughout the entire duration of U.S. involvement in World War II.

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The P-38 Lightning is credited with shooting down Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's plane during World War II.

Answer: True

Explanation: The P-38 Lightning is credited with the significant achievement of shooting down Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's aircraft during World War II.

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Lockheed's Burbank plant was camouflaged during World War II using a large, painted burlap covering resembling a neighborhood.

Answer: True

Explanation: During World War II, Lockheed's Burbank plant was ingeniously camouflaged with a large, painted burlap covering designed to resemble a residential neighborhood.

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Lockheed ranked first among U.S. corporations for the value of its wartime production contracts during World War II.

Answer: False

Explanation: Lockheed ranked tenth, not first, among U.S. corporations for the value of its wartime production contracts during World War II.

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The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra was license-built in Japan for the Imperial Japanese Army.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra was indeed license-built in Japan and utilized by the Imperial Japanese Army.

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The Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar was a single-engine transport aircraft.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar was a twin-engine transport aircraft, not a single-engine model.

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What was the primary role of the Lockheed Hudson bomber during World War II?

Answer: Submarine hunting

Explanation: The Lockheed Hudson bomber primarily served in a submarine hunting role during World War II.

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Who was the lead designer credited with guiding the development of the P-38 Lightning fighter?

Answer: Clarence 'Kelly' Johnson

Explanation: Clarence 'Kelly' Johnson was the lead designer credited with guiding the development of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter.

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What unique distinction did the Lockheed P-38 Lightning hold among American fighter aircraft in WWII?

Answer: It was the only fighter produced throughout the entire war.

Explanation: The Lockheed P-38 Lightning was the only American fighter aircraft produced continuously throughout the entire duration of U.S. involvement in World War II.

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How did Lockheed camouflage its Burbank plant during World War II?

Answer: By covering it with a large, painted burlap tarpaulin resembling a neighborhood.

Explanation: Lockheed camouflaged its Burbank plant during World War II by covering it with a large, painted burlap tarpaulin that resembled a neighborhood.

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What was Lockheed's approximate ranking by value of wartime production contracts during World War II?

Answer: Tenth

Explanation: Lockheed ranked tenth among U.S. corporations for the value of its wartime production contracts during World War II.

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The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra was notable for being license-built in which country?

Answer: Japan

Explanation: The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra was notably license-built in Japan for the Imperial Japanese Army.

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Post-War and Cold War Aircraft

Clarence 'Kelly' Johnson was instrumental in the design of the Lockheed Constellation airliner.

Answer: False

Explanation: Clarence 'Kelly' Johnson is prominently associated with the design of military aircraft such as the P-38 Lightning. The provided information does not directly link him as instrumental in the design of the Lockheed Constellation airliner.

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The Lockheed Constellation airliner's tri-tail design was primarily an aesthetic choice.

Answer: False

Explanation: The distinctive tri-tail design of the Lockheed Constellation airliner was a functional solution to accommodate airline hangars of limited height, not merely an aesthetic choice.

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The Lockheed C-130 Hercules, which first flew in 1954, is no longer in production.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Lockheed C-130 Hercules, which made its inaugural flight in 1954, remains in production today, underscoring its enduring utility.

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The Lockheed F-104 Starfighter was recognized as the world's first fighter jet capable of flying at Mach 2.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed F-104 Starfighter achieved recognition as the world's first fighter jet capable of sustained flight at Mach 2.

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The L-1011 TriStar project faced significant delays due to issues with its Rolls-Royce engines.

Answer: True

Explanation: The L-1011 TriStar project experienced significant delays, primarily attributed to developmental issues with its Rolls-Royce engines.

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The Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star was the United States' first operational fighter jet.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star holds the distinction of being the United States Air Force's first operational jet fighter.

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The Lockheed U-2 aircraft was developed to provide intelligence on European nations during the Cold War.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Lockheed U-2 aircraft was developed primarily for reconnaissance missions over Soviet bloc countries during the Cold War, not European nations specifically.

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The Lockheed F-104 Starfighter was nicknamed the 'missile with a man in it'.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed F-104 Starfighter earned the nickname 'missile with a man in it' due to its design emphasizing speed and altitude capabilities, resembling a missile.

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The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar was a narrow-body, twin-engine airliner.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar was a wide-body, tri-jet airliner, not a narrow-body, twin-engine aircraft.

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The Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star served as a trainer jet derived from the P-80 fighter.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star was indeed a trainer jet derived from the P-80 fighter aircraft.

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The Lockheed JetStar marked the company's entry into the corporate aviation market.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed JetStar was significant as it marked the company's entry into the corporate aviation market, commonly known as business jets.

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The Lockheed Constellation's advanced performance gave it a significant advantage in the post-war civilian air travel market.

Answer: True

Explanation: The advanced performance capabilities of the Lockheed Constellation provided it with a significant competitive advantage in the post-war civilian air travel market.

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The Lockheed P-3 Orion and CP-140 Aurora were developed for maritime patrol and reconnaissance.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed P-3 Orion and its derivative, the CP-140 Aurora, were developed for maritime patrol and reconnaissance roles.

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The Lockheed F-94 Starfire was designed as an all-weather fighter aircraft.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed F-94 Starfire was designed and utilized as an all-weather fighter aircraft.

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The Lockheed Constellation's distinctive tri-tail design was a solution to meet which requirement?

Answer: Accommodate airline hangars of limited height.

Explanation: The tri-tail design of the Lockheed Constellation was implemented to meet the requirement of fitting into airline hangars with limited vertical clearance.

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What is the current status of the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, which first flew in 1954?

Answer: It remains in production today.

Explanation: The Lockheed C-130 Hercules, which first flew in 1954, continues to be produced today.

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What distinction was the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter recognized for in the late 1950s?

Answer: Being the world's first fighter capable of Mach 2 flight.

Explanation: The Lockheed F-104 Starfighter was recognized in the late 1950s as the world's first fighter jet capable of sustained flight at Mach 2.

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What was the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star's historical significance in jet aviation?

Answer: It was the United States Air Force's first operational jet fighter.

Explanation: The Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star holds historical significance as the United States Air Force's first operational jet fighter.

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The Lockheed U-2 aircraft, which first flew in 1955, was designed for what primary purpose?

Answer: Reconnaissance over Soviet bloc countries

Explanation: The Lockheed U-2 aircraft, first flown in 1955, was designed for reconnaissance missions over Soviet bloc countries.

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What was the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar?

Answer: A wide-body, tri-jet airliner

Explanation: The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar was a wide-body, tri-jet airliner designed for long-haul passenger service.

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What was the Lockheed L-049 Constellation's key advantage in the post-war aviation market?

Answer: Advanced performance allowing a head-start.

Explanation: The Lockheed L-049 Constellation's advanced performance provided it with a key advantage, offering a head-start in the post-war aviation market.

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The Lockheed F-104 Starfighter was nicknamed the 'missile with a man in it' because:

Answer: Its design emphasized speed and altitude, resembling a missile.

Explanation: The F-104 Starfighter's nickname 'missile with a man in it' stemmed from its design, which prioritized speed and altitude, giving it a missile-like appearance and performance profile.

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The Lockheed JetStar was significant because it marked the company's entry into which market?

Answer: Corporate aviation (business jets)

Explanation: The Lockheed JetStar was significant as it marked Lockheed's entry into the corporate aviation market, commonly known as business jets.

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Advanced Development and Special Projects

The Lockheed Skunk Works was officially named the Advanced Development Division.

Answer: True

Explanation: The highly secretive Lockheed Skunk Works was officially designated as the Advanced Development Division.

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The name 'Skunk Works' for Lockheed's secret division was inspired by the Lockheed P-38 Lightning.

Answer: False

Explanation: The name 'Skunk Works' for Lockheed's secret division was inspired by Al Capp's comic strip 'Li'l Abner,' not the P-38 Lightning.

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The SR-71 Blackbird and the F-117 Nighthawk were developed by Lockheed's Skunk Works.

Answer: True

Explanation: Lockheed's Skunk Works is credited with the development of iconic aircraft such as the SR-71 Blackbird and the F-117 Nighthawk.

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The Lockheed Sea Shadow was a stealth reconnaissance aircraft.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Lockheed Sea Shadow was an experimental stealth naval vessel, not a reconnaissance aircraft.

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What is the official name for Lockheed's highly secretive Advanced Development Division, famously known as the Skunk Works?

Answer: Advanced Development Division

Explanation: The official name for Lockheed's highly secretive division, famously known as the Skunk Works, is the Advanced Development Division.

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Which of the following is NOT listed as a notable aircraft developed by Lockheed's Skunk Works?

Answer: P-38 Lightning

Explanation: The P-38 Lightning was developed by Lockheed but is not listed as a product of the Skunk Works division; the U-2, F-117, and SR-71 are.

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What was the Lockheed Sea Shadow?

Answer: An experimental stealth naval vessel

Explanation: The Lockheed Sea Shadow was an experimental stealth naval vessel, developed as a technology demonstrator.

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Which Lockheed division was responsible for developing advanced aircraft like the U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird?

Answer: Advanced Development Division (Skunk Works)

Explanation: The Advanced Development Division, known as the Skunk Works, was responsible for developing advanced aircraft such as the U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird.

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Missile, Space, and Other Ventures

Lockheed began developing submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) starting with the Trident program in 1956.

Answer: False

Explanation: Lockheed began developing SLBMs starting with the Polaris program in 1956, followed later by Poseidon and Trident programs.

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The Lockheed Flatbed was a military transport project that was successfully completed and entered service.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Lockheed Flatbed was a military transport project that was ultimately canceled and did not enter service.

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The Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne was a successful production attack helicopter.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne was a prototype attack compound helicopter developed by Lockheed, but it was not a successful production model.

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The Lockheed Corona program utilized satellites for reconnaissance during the Cold War.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed Corona program employed satellites for reconnaissance purposes during the Cold War era.

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Lockheed contributed to the Apollo program by developing the Saturn V rocket's main engines.

Answer: False

Explanation: Lockheed contributed to the Apollo program by developing the Launch Escape System (LES) for the command module, not the Saturn V rocket's main engines.

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Lockheed developed the RM-81 Agena primarily as a first-stage booster for intercontinental ballistic missiles.

Answer: False

Explanation: The RM-81 Agena was developed by Lockheed primarily as an upper rocket stage and target vehicle, not as a first-stage booster for ICBMs.

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Lockheed produced rail vehicles, specifically monorails, for lines in Japan.

Answer: True

Explanation: Lockheed produced rail vehicles, specifically monorails, for transit lines in Japan.

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The Lockheed X-7 was an experimental aircraft used for testing ramjet engines.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed X-7 was an experimental test vehicle primarily used for testing ramjet engines and high-speed flight technologies.

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Lockheed began developing which significant missile program starting in 1956?

Answer: Polaris

Explanation: Lockheed began developing submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) with the Polaris program, starting in 1956.

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Which of the following was NOT among the missile programs developed by Lockheed?

Answer: Minuteman

Explanation: Lockheed developed the Polaris, Poseidon, and Trident missile programs; Minuteman was developed by other contractors.

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What role did Lockheed play in the Apollo program?

Answer: Developing the Launch Escape System

Explanation: Lockheed contributed to the Apollo program by developing the Launch Escape System for the command module.

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What was the Lockheed X-7 primarily used for?

Answer: Testing ramjet engines and high-speed flight

Explanation: The Lockheed X-7 was primarily utilized as a test vehicle for ramjet engines and high-speed flight technologies.

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Which of the following was a prototype attack compound helicopter developed by Lockheed?

Answer: AH-56 Cheyenne

Explanation: The AH-56 Cheyenne was a prototype attack compound helicopter developed by Lockheed.

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What was the purpose of the Lockheed Corona program?

Answer: Conducting space reconnaissance

Explanation: The Lockheed Corona program was designed for conducting space reconnaissance missions.

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Corporate History, Challenges, and Mergers

The Lockheed Corporation was officially renamed from Lockheed Aircraft Corporation in 1977.

Answer: True

Explanation: The company officially changed its name from Lockheed Aircraft Corporation to Lockheed Corporation in 1977, reflecting its diversification beyond aircraft manufacturing.

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Lockheed requested a government loan guarantee in 1971 primarily due to a decline in military aircraft orders.

Answer: False

Explanation: Lockheed requested a government loan guarantee in 1971 to avert insolvency, citing financial difficulties stemming from projects like the C-5 Galaxy and L-1011 TriStar, not solely a decline in military orders.

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The Emergency Loan Guarantee Act provided Lockheed with $250 million and was signed into law in 1971.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Emergency Loan Guarantee Act, signed into law in 1971, provided a $250 million loan guarantee for Lockheed.

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The Lockheed bribery scandals involved illegal payments made to secure contracts for the F-104 Starfighter.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed bribery scandals involved illegal payments made to secure contracts for various aircraft, notably including the F-104 Starfighter.

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Harold Simmons attempted to acquire Lockheed Corporation in the late 1980s, partly motivated by its pension plan.

Answer: True

Explanation: Harold Simmons pursued an unsuccessful takeover attempt of Lockheed Corporation in the late 1980s, with its substantial pension plan being one of his motivations.

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Lockheed Corporation merged with General Dynamics in 1995 to form Lockheed Martin.

Answer: False

Explanation: Lockheed Corporation merged with Martin Marietta in 1995 to form Lockheed Martin, not General Dynamics.

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The merger between Lockheed and Martin Marietta was valued at approximately $10 billion.

Answer: True

Explanation: The merger between Lockheed and Martin Marietta, announced in 1994, was valued at approximately $10 billion.

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Lockheed's headquarters were located in Burbank, California, before the merger.

Answer: False

Explanation: While Lockheed had significant operations in Burbank, its corporate headquarters were located in Calabasas, California, prior to the 1995 merger.

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The Lockheed Corporation employed approximately 90,000 people before its 1995 merger.

Answer: True

Explanation: Prior to its 1995 merger, the Lockheed Corporation employed approximately 90,000 individuals.

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The Lockheed Corporation was headquartered in Calabasas, California.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Lockheed Corporation maintained its headquarters in Calabasas, California.

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Lockheed Martin Materials was spun off from the merged Lockheed Martin entity.

Answer: False

Explanation: The source indicates that Martin Marietta Materials was spun off, not a distinct entity named Lockheed Martin Materials.

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In what year was the company officially renamed Lockheed Corporation, reflecting broader activities?

Answer: 1977

Explanation: The company officially changed its name from Lockheed Aircraft Corporation to Lockheed Corporation in 1977.

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Why did Lockheed request a government loan guarantee in 1971?

Answer: To avoid insolvency and ensure national security.

Explanation: Lockheed requested a government loan guarantee in 1971 to prevent insolvency, arguing that its financial stability was crucial for national security.

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What was a significant consequence of the Lockheed bribery scandals in the United States?

Answer: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act was passed.

Explanation: A significant consequence of the Lockheed bribery scandals was the passage of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.

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Which entity was formed from segments of Lockheed and Martin Marietta not retained by the new Lockheed Martin company?

Answer: L-3 Communications

Explanation: Segments of Lockheed and Martin Marietta not retained by the merged Lockheed Martin entity formed the basis for L-3 Communications.

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The Lockheed Corporation merged with Martin Marietta in 1995 to form which new company?

Answer: Lockheed Martin

Explanation: The merger of Lockheed Corporation and Martin Marietta in 1995 resulted in the formation of the company Lockheed Martin.

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Which of these was NOT among the primary divisions of Lockheed's operations in 1984, according to the source?

Answer: Automotive Systems

Explanation: According to the provided information on Lockheed's 1984 divisions, Automotive Systems was not among them; the listed divisions included Aeronautical Systems and Missiles, Space, and Electronics Systems.

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