Explanation: The assertion that low technology is exclusively defined by its antiquity is inaccurate. While many low-tech examples are ancient, the definition primarily relates to simplicity of design and application, not solely age.

Explanation: The assertion that pre-Industrial Revolution machines like windmills are classified as high-technology is incorrect. These technologies are generally classified as low-technology due to their relative simplicity compared to modern industrial machinery.

Explanation: This definition is inaccurate. The Cambridge International Dictionary of English defines low-tech as techniques that are not recent or that employ old materials, contrasting it with advanced or modern technologies.

Explanation: This statement is accurate. Scientific literature since the 2000s has increasingly utilized the term 'low-tech,' frequently examining foundational works from the 1970s and referencing authors like Hirsch-Kreinsen and Gordon in discussions about technological classification.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. While some definitions might be narrow, the common understanding and broader approaches to low-tech often focus on technologies meeting basic needs, rather than exclusively complex entertainment needs.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. The preference for 'lower tech' arises from the view that technology exists on a relative spectrum rather than in discrete, absolute categories, acknowledging the nuances of technological advancement.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. The binary or dictionary definition of low-tech typically focuses on simplicity and the use of old materials or non-recent techniques, rather than encompassing future-oriented ecological methods.

Explanation: This statement is accurate. Some restrictive definitions of low-tech focus solely on technologies essential for basic survival needs like shelter, food, and heating. However, this is not the universally accepted definition.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. The preference for 'lower tech' arises from the perspective that technology exists on a relative spectrum rather than in rigidly defined, separate categories, acknowledging the nuances of technological development.

Explanation: The fundamental characteristic defining low technology is its basic design and application, distinguishing it from complex, high-technology systems. While often associated with older inventions, its core attribute is simplicity.

Explanation: The Cambridge International Dictionary of English provides a concise definition of low-tech as techniques that are not recent or that utilize old materials, emphasizing its contrast with modern technological advancements.

Explanation: The statement that E. F. Schumacher described low technologies as 'liberating' during the 1970s low-tech movement is incorrect. While Schumacher was a key figure, the provided source indicates he described them as 'intermediaries,' and M. Bookchin used the term 'liberating'.

Explanation: This statement is contrary to the historical context. The 1970s low-tech movement arose from doubts about progress and growth, influenced by reports like 'The Limits to Growth,' rather than being driven by rapid advancements and economic expansion.

Explanation: This assertion is incorrect. E. F. Schumacher's concept of 'intermediate technology,' introduced in his book 'Small is beautiful,' is closely aligned with and often considered synonymous with low technology, focusing on appropriate and accessible solutions.

Explanation: This statement is accurate. Langdon Winner was among the scholars who conducted studies on low technology during the 1970s, contributing to the discourse on technological alternatives.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. E. F. Schumacher's 'Small is beautiful' championed 'intermediate technology,' which is closely related to and often considered synonymous with the concept of low technology, focusing on appropriate scale and accessibility.

Explanation: This statement is accurate. The 'low-tech movement' that gained prominence in the 1970s was significantly influenced by critical analyses of progress and growth, including the seminal 1972 report 'The Limits to Growth'.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. Langdon Winner was a proponent of studying and understanding low technology during the 1970s, contributing to a discourse that questioned the uncritical embrace of high-tech solutions.

Explanation: The 'low-tech movement' gained traction during the 1970s. This period was marked by growing skepticism towards unchecked technological progress and was influenced by critical analyses of growth, exemplified by 'The Limits to Growth'.

Explanation: E. F. Schumacher, in his influential work 'Small is beautiful,' described 'intermediate technology'—a concept closely aligned with low technology—as 'intermediaries.' M. Bookchin, another figure of the era, used the term 'liberating' for such technologies.

Explanation: E. F. Schumacher is credited with introducing the concept of 'intermediate technology,' which is highly congruent with the principles of low technology, emphasizing appropriate scale and accessibility for development.

Explanation: The 1970s low-tech movement was partly a reaction against the prevailing technological optimism and economic expansion, fueled by growing concerns regarding environmental degradation and the finite nature of resources, as highlighted by reports like 'The Limits to Growth'.

Explanation: The concept of 'intermediate technology,' popularized by E. F. Schumacher, is closely aligned with low technology. It refers to technologies that are appropriate in scale and complexity, bridging the gap between basic tools and advanced industrial systems.

Explanation: This statement is accurate. Julia Watson introduced the term 'Lo-Tek' (or LoTek) in her work, signifying a global exploration of nature-based technologies.

Explanation: This characterization is inaccurate. 'Easy-tech' is defined by its simplicity of implementation and ease of use, making it accessible to a broad range of individuals, which is a core tenet of low-technology.

Explanation: This statement is inaccurate. 'Wild-tech' is presented as a concept that aims to offer alternative frameworks for understanding manufacturing methods, moving beyond the simple binary opposition of high-tech and low-tech.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. The '(s)lowtech' movement, a play on words with 'slow,' primarily focuses on exploring the drawbacks of technology, its impact on human development, and promoting a slower, more mindful approach to technology use, rather than increasing speed and efficiency.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. The 'no-tech' philosophy represents a critical stance towards modern technologies, advocating for their avoidance whenever feasible, rather than encouraging their maximum use.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. 'Mid-tech' is conceptualized not as an exclusive adoption of low-tech simplicity, but rather as an integration that seeks to balance the resilience and autonomy of low technology with the efficiency and capabilities of high technology.

Explanation: This definition is incorrect. 'Retro-tech' refers to older inventions that were particularly ingenious or clever. While it shares parallels with low-tech in terms of simpler manufacturing, it is fundamentally rooted in the past, not exclusively new innovation.

Explanation: This statement is inaccurate. The '(s)lowtech' movement addresses technology addiction, but its primary focus is on its effects on human health and development, with a particular emphasis on reducing addiction among young people, and promoting a slower lifestyle.

Explanation: This definition is inaccurate. 'Retro-tech' primarily refers to older inventions that were particularly ingenious or clever. While it shares parallels with low-tech in terms of simpler manufacturing, it is fundamentally rooted in the past, not exclusively new innovation.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. 'Small-tech' is positioned as a counterpoint to 'Big Tech' (GAFAM), focusing on digital issues through principles of commons, collaboration, and social justice, rather than optimizing the performance of large corporations.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. The '(s)lowtech' movement seeks to explore the drawbacks of technology and promote a slower, more mindful lifestyle, actively working against increased dependency on digital devices.

Explanation: This definition is inaccurate. 'Easy-tech' is characterized by its accessibility, simplicity of implementation, and ease of use, making it available to a broad audience, which is a fundamental aspect of low-technology principles.

Explanation: This statement is accurate. The 'no-tech' philosophy is rooted in a critique of modern technologies, promoting a lifestyle that consciously avoids their use whenever possible.

Explanation: This statement is accurate. 'Mid-tech' is conceptualized as a synthesis that combines the robustness and autonomy associated with low technology with the advanced capabilities and efficiency found in high technology.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. 'Wild-tech' is presented as a concept that offers tools for thinking about manufacturing methods outside the traditional high-tech/low-tech dichotomy, and is distinct from the 'no-tech' philosophy which advocates for avoiding technology altogether.

Explanation: 'Mid-tech' is conceptualized as a synthesis that integrates the resilience and autonomy often found in low technology with the efficiency and capabilities of high technology, representing a balanced approach.

Explanation: 'Retro-tech' refers to older inventions that were particularly clever or ingenious. It shares parallels with low-tech as these inventions often involved simpler manufacturing processes and decentralized production, frequently created by individuals.

Explanation: 'Small-tech' is presented as a counter-movement to 'Big Tech' (GAFAM), focusing on digital technologies developed through principles of commons, collaborative work, democracy, and social justice, rather than large-scale industrial automation or corporate optimization.

Explanation: The term '(s)lowtech' uses a deliberate play on 'slow' to emphasize concerns regarding the negative impacts of technology on human health and development. It advocates for a more deliberate and mindful approach to technology use.

Explanation: 'Easy-tech' is characterized by its straightforward implementation, user-friendliness, and broad accessibility, aligning with the fundamental principles of low-technology.

Explanation: The core philosophy of 'no-tech' is the conscious promotion of a lifestyle that minimizes or avoids the use of technology, stemming from a critical perspective on the potential downsides and pervasiveness of modern technological systems.

Explanation: Julia Watson introduced the term 'Lo-Tek' (or LoTek) in her publication, signifying a global exploration focused on nature-based technologies and indigenous knowledge systems.

Explanation: 'Small-tech' contrasts with 'Big Tech' by emphasizing principles of commons, collaborative work, democracy, and social justice in addressing digital issues, positioning itself as an alternative to corporate dominance.

Explanation: 'Wild-tech' aims to provide conceptual tools for examining manufacturing methods that transcend the conventional high-tech versus low-tech dichotomy, offering alternative perspectives on technological development.

Explanation: 'Retro-tech' specifically refers to older inventions recognized for their ingenuity and clever design. It highlights the value found in past technological solutions, often characterized by simpler construction and decentralized production.

Explanation: 'Easy-tech' is defined by its accessibility and simplicity of use, making it straightforward to implement and operate. This aligns directly with the core principles of low-technology.

Explanation: 'Lo-Tek' signifies Julia Watson's global exploration of nature-based technologies, emphasizing the integration of indigenous knowledge and sustainable, environmentally harmonious design principles.

Explanation: The text discusses concepts such as Mid-tech, High-tech, and No-tech in relation to low technology. 'Hyper-tech' is not mentioned as a related or contrasting concept in the provided material.

Explanation: 'Retro-tech' implies that valuable and ingenious technological solutions can be rediscovered and appreciated by looking to the past, particularly at older inventions that demonstrated clever design and simpler construction.

Explanation: The '(s)lowtech' movement specifically aims to reduce technology addiction, with a notable emphasis on addressing its prevalence and impact among young people.

Explanation: The primary aim of the '(s)lowtech' movement is to critically examine the negative consequences of technology and advocate for a lifestyle characterized by greater mindfulness and a slower pace, rather than accelerating technological adoption.

Explanation: 'Mid-tech' represents a synthesis that integrates the resilience and autonomy characteristic of low technology with the efficiency and advanced capabilities found in high technology.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. The 'wider and more balanced approach' views low-tech innovation positively, often contrasting it with planned obsolescence and consumerist principles, and seeing potential in future-oriented ecological methods.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. Resource scarcity, particularly concerning minerals, has recently intensified criticism primarily directed towards *high-tech* solutions, prompting a re-evaluation of technological dependencies.

Explanation: This assertion is incorrect. Philippe Bihouix's 2014 argument, presented in 'L'Âge des low tech,' proposed that a nation like France, facing resource limitations, should instead transition towards becoming a 'low-tech' nation aligned with sustainable development goals, rather than solely focusing on high-tech innovation.

Explanation: This definition is incomplete and inaccurate. The 'wider and more balanced approach' expands the definition beyond mere simplicity and age, incorporating future-oriented, ecological, and community-building aspects, and critically examining consumerist principles.

Explanation: This statement is accurate. The 'See also' section includes concepts such as 'Degrowth' and 'Simple living,' which are philosophically and practically associated with the principles and societal implications of low technology.

Explanation: This assertion is incorrect. Bihouix's argument for a 'low-tech' approach was based on the premise of *limited* mineral and energy resources in nations like France, suggesting it as a more sustainable path compared to high-tech dependency.

Explanation: This statement is accurate. This broader perspective suggests that the accessibility of low-tech, enabling widespread creation and knowledge sharing, can serve as a mechanism to mitigate economic disparities.

Explanation: This statement is accurate. This broader perspective on low-tech challenges the prevailing consumerist and materialist ethos by questioning practices like planned obsolescence and promoting more durable, repairable, and sustainable technological solutions.

Explanation: The growing recognition of resource scarcity, particularly concerning critical minerals, has significantly amplified criticism of high-tech systems and their sustainability, prompting a critical re-evaluation of current technological development models.

Explanation: Philippe Bihouix, in 'L'Âge des low tech,' argued that nations facing resource limitations, such as France, should adopt a 'low-tech' national strategy aligned with sustainable development goals, rather than solely pursuing a 'start-up' nation model focused on high-tech innovation.

Explanation: This broader perspective includes not only traditional low-tech but also new, future-oriented methodologies that are ecological in nature and aim to foster social connections, moving beyond a purely historical or simplistic definition.

Explanation: The 'wider and more balanced approach' posits that low-tech's inherent accessibility empowers individuals to create and disseminate knowledge ('know-how'), thereby democratizing technology and potentially reducing economic disparities by making creation and knowledge widely available.

Explanation: The 'See also' section includes 'Planned Obsolescence' as a related concept. This term critiques a common practice in high-tech manufacturing, aligning with the broader critical discourse surrounding technology that low-tech perspectives often engage with.

Explanation: This approach broadens the definition of low-tech beyond historical limitations, recognizing its potential for future application, ecological sustainability, and the rebuilding of social connections, thereby challenging purely historical or simplistic interpretations.

Explanation: Bihouix argues that nations confronting limitations in mineral and energy resources can benefit significantly from adopting a 'low-tech' strategy, as it aligns better with sustainable development and resource conservation compared to high-tech dependencies.

Explanation: This broader approach to low-tech challenges modern production paradigms by questioning the emphasis on planned obsolescence and advocating for greater durability and repairability, contrasting with the focus on constant innovation and speed.

Explanation: Criticism of high-tech due to resource scarcity is intrinsically linked to concerns about the long-term sustainability of current technological development models, highlighting the finite nature of resources required for advanced technologies.

Explanation: This classification is incorrect. Bushcraft and tools made from fundamental materials like stone are archetypal examples of low technology, representing early human ingenuity and basic tool-making principles.

Explanation: This representation is inaccurate. The image of a farmer using a horse and plough exemplifies traditional, low-technology agricultural practices, predating modern mechanized farming techniques.

Explanation: This assertion is incorrect. A controlled open fire, a fundamental technology developed millions of years ago and still used for cooking, represents an ancient and enduring example of low technology, not a recent innovation.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. The infographic 'Low-techs: Sustainably securing the essentials for all' visually presents the criteria and principles associated with low-tech innovation, focusing on sustainability and the provision of essential needs, not complex high-tech solutions.

Explanation: This classification is inaccurate. Skateboarding in Mexico City is cited as an example of low-tech mobility, characterized by its simplicity and human-powered nature.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. Handmade brooms from regions like the Philippines are presented as examples of low-tech craftsmanship, utilizing traditional methods and local materials rather than advanced, automated manufacturing.

Explanation: This assertion is incorrect. The continued use of the horse and cart in 2004 illustrates the persistence of low-technology transportation in various parts of the world, demonstrating that it has not been entirely replaced globally by high-tech alternatives.

Explanation: This statement is incorrect. 'Low-Tech Magazine' and 'Low-tech lab' focus on exploring and advocating for technologies that are simple, sustainable, and often overlooked, challenging the notion that technological advancement necessitates complexity and industrial scale.

Explanation: This representation is inaccurate. A rotary clothesline is an example of a simple, efficient, and low-technology solution for drying laundry, utilizing basic mechanical principles without significant energy input.

Explanation: Bushcraft, along with tools fashioned from basic materials like wood and stone, represents primitive technologies that are fundamentally classified as low-tech due to their simplicity and foundational nature.

Explanation: Skateboarding in Mexico City is cited as an illustration of low-tech mobility, representing a simple, human-powered mode of transportation that relies on basic mechanical principles.

Explanation: The depiction of a farmer utilizing horses and a plough illustrates traditional agricultural practices that are characteristic of low-technology systems, predating the widespread adoption of mechanized farming.

Explanation: The primary goal of 'Low-Tech Magazine' and 'Low-tech lab' is to investigate and champion technologies that are simple, sustainable, and often disregarded, thereby challenging conventional notions of technological progress.