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Marine regression Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge

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Study Guide: Marine Regression: Causes, Impacts, and Geological Evidence

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Marine Regression: Causes, Impacts, and Geological Evidence Study Guide

Defining Marine Regression and Transgression

A marine regression is defined as a geological process where sea level rises, causing land to be submerged.

Answer: False

Explanation: A marine regression is fundamentally characterized by a drop in sea level, leading to the exposure of previously submerged seafloor, not a rise that submerges land.

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What is the fundamental definition of a marine regression?

Answer: A geological process characterized by a drop in sea level, exposing previously submerged seafloor.

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How does a marine regression primarily differ from a marine transgression?

Answer: Regression exposes seafloor, while transgression covers land with sea.

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Tectonic and Volcanic Drivers of Sea Level Change

Marine regressions are considered a normal variation in the rates of plate tectonic activity.

Answer: True

Explanation: Major marine regressions are indeed viewed as a normal aspect of variations in the rates of plate tectonic activity.

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A slowdown in sea-floor spreading is hypothesized to cause marine transgressions due to mid-ocean ridges occupying more space.

Answer: False

Explanation: A slowdown in sea-floor spreading is hypothesized to cause marine *regressions*, not transgressions, because mid-ocean ridges would occupy *less* space, increasing ocean basin volume and lowering sea level.

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Major marine regressions are often associated with global volcanism episodes like the Siberian Traps and the Deccan Traps.

Answer: True

Explanation: Major marine regressions are indeed associated with significant episodes of global volcanism, such as the Siberian Traps and the Deccan Traps, as part of plate tectonic activity variations.

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The formation of the supercontinent Pangaea is a universally accepted explanation for all major marine regressions throughout Earth's history.

Answer: False

Explanation: The hypothesis linking the Permian regression to Pangaea's formation is not universally applicable to all marine regressions, indicating other mechanisms must also be at play.

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The formation of Pangaea could have contributed to the Permian regression by slightly enlarging the ocean basins.

Answer: True

Explanation: The hypothesis suggests that the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea could have contributed to the Permian regression by slightly enlarging the ocean basins as landmasses coalesced.

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The hypothesis linking a slowdown in sea-floor spreading to marine regression suggests mid-ocean ridges would occupy more space, causing sea level to drop.

Answer: False

Explanation: The hypothesis states that a slowdown in sea-floor spreading would cause mid-ocean ridges to occupy *less* space, thereby increasing the overall volume of ocean basins and causing sea level to drop.

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The Permian regression might have been related to the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Permian regression is hypothesized to be related to the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea, which could have slightly enlarged the ocean basins.

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Which geological phenomenon is hypothesized to be linked to a generalized drop in sea level due to mid-ocean ridges occupying less space?

Answer: A slowdown in sea-floor spreading

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Major marine regressions are considered an aspect of normal variations in the rates of what large-scale Earth process?

Answer: Plate tectonic activity

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What significant geological events are associated with major marine regressions and variations in plate tectonic activity?

Answer: Major episodes of global volcanism, such as the Siberian Traps.

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What specific hypothesis links the Permian regression to the formation of a supercontinent?

Answer: The formation of Pangaea, which could have slightly enlarged the ocean basins.

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According to one hypothesis, how does a slowdown in sea-floor spreading lead to marine regression?

Answer: It causes mid-ocean ridges to occupy less space, increasing the overall volume of ocean basins.

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Glaciation and Eustatic Sea Level Fluctuations

During the Pleistocene ice ages, there was a clear correlation between marine regressions and episodes of glaciation.

Answer: True

Explanation: During the Pleistocene epoch, a clear correlation was observed between marine regressions and episodes of glaciation, highlighting a direct relationship between these phenomena.

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The global sea level at the height of the last ice age, approximately 18,000 years ago, was 120 to 130 meters *higher* than today.

Answer: False

Explanation: At the height of the last ice age, approximately 18,000 years ago, the global sea level was significantly *lower* than today, by 120 to 130 meters (390-425 feet).

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The Messinian salinity crisis, which occurred around 6 million years ago, was associated with a cold spell, glaciation, and a marine regression.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Messinian salinity crisis, beginning around 6 million years ago in the Mediterranean basin, was indeed associated with a cold spell, an advance in glaciation, and a marine regression.

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All major marine regressions are directly caused by glaciation episodes.

Answer: False

Explanation: Not all major marine regressions are directly caused by glaciation; for example, the regression at the end of the Cretaceous period appears to be unrelated to glaciation.

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The 8.2-kiloyear event refers to a period of rapid global warming that occurred approximately 8,200 years ago.

Answer: False

Explanation: The 8.2-kiloyear event refers to a period of rapid global *cooling*, not warming, that occurred approximately 8,200 years ago.

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The cryosphere refers to the parts of Earth's surface where water is in liquid form, such as oceans and rivers.

Answer: False

Explanation: The cryosphere refers to the parts of Earth's surface where water is in *solid* form, such as ice sheets and glaciers, not liquid form.

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The Messinian salinity crisis was a period of global warming that led to a marine transgression in the Mediterranean basin.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Messinian salinity crisis was associated with a *cold spell*, glaciation, and a marine *regression*, not global warming and transgression.

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The balance between the global cryosphere and hydrosphere shifts during glaciation, leading to more water in the oceans.

Answer: False

Explanation: During glaciation, more water becomes locked in the cryosphere (ice sheets), leading to *less* water in the oceans (hydrosphere), thus causing a sea level drop.

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The 8.2-kiloyear event refers to a period of rapid global cooling that occurred approximately 8,200 years ago.

Answer: True

Explanation: The 8.2-kiloyear event is indeed a period of rapid global cooling that took place approximately 8,200 years ago.

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During which geological epoch was a clear correlation observed between marine regressions and episodes of glaciation?

Answer: The Pleistocene epoch

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What is the mechanism by which glaciation causes marine regression?

Answer: More of the planet's water becomes locked up in ice sheets, reducing ocean volume.

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At the height of the last ice age, approximately 18,000 years ago, how much lower was the global sea level compared to today?

Answer: 120 to 130 meters (390-425 feet)

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The Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean basin, around 6 million years ago, was linked to which set of events?

Answer: A cold spell, glaciation, and marine regression.

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Which of the following major marine regressions is explicitly stated as *not* being linked to glaciation episodes?

Answer: The regression coinciding with the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period.

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The 8.2-kiloyear event refers to a period of rapid global cooling that occurred approximately how long ago?

Answer: 8,200 years ago

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What is the cryosphere, and how does its balance with the hydrosphere affect sea level during ice ages?

Answer: The cryosphere is solid water; more cryosphere means lower sea level.

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Marine Regression and Mass Extinction Events

The Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest in Earth's history, was associated with a global sea level drop of approximately 820 feet.

Answer: True

Explanation: The Permian-Triassic extinction event, which occurred 250 million years ago, was indeed associated with a significant global sea level drop of 250 meters (820 feet).

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Marine regressions are generally viewed as primary causes of mass extinctions because they directly impact both terrestrial and aquatic species.

Answer: False

Explanation: Marine regressions are generally viewed as correlates or associated events rather than primary causes of mass extinctions, largely because they do not readily explain widespread extinctions of terrestrial species.

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The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event occurred approximately 250 million years ago.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event occurred approximately 66 million years ago (Ma), not 250 million years ago, which was the Permian-Triassic event.

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Marine regressions are believed to have caused or contributed to several mass extinction events throughout Earth's history.

Answer: True

Explanation: Fluctuations between marine regressions and transgressions are indeed believed to have caused or contributed to multiple mass extinction events throughout Earth's history.

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The Permian–Triassic extinction event occurred 66 million years ago.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Permian–Triassic extinction event occurred approximately 250 million years ago (Ma). The 66 million years ago date refers to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.

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What is a significant consequence of the large episodes of global volcanism linked to marine regressions?

Answer: Large extinction events.

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Which two specific mass extinction events are mentioned as potentially influenced by sea level changes?

Answer: The Permian–Triassic and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinctions.

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What was the approximate global sea level drop during the Permian-Triassic extinction event?

Answer: 250 meters (820 feet)

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Why are marine regressions generally considered correlates rather than primary causes of mass extinctions?

Answer: Mass extinctions typically affect both terrestrial and aquatic species, and regressions alone don't explain land animal extinctions.

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What is the estimated age of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event?

Answer: 66 million years ago (Ma)

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What is the estimated age of the Permian–Triassic extinction event?

Answer: 250 million years ago (Ma)

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What is a significant impact of a major marine regression on marine organisms?

Answer: It causes the extinction of marine organisms that inhabit shallow seas.

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Sedimentary Records and Coastal Geomorphology

Evidence of marine regressions and transgressions is primarily found in deep-sea sediment cores, not the fossil record.

Answer: False

Explanation: Evidence of marine regressions and transgressions is found throughout the fossil record, indicating their repeated occurrence in Earth's history.

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The term 'onlap' describes the pattern of sedimentary deposition during a marine regression, where younger layers extend further seaward.

Answer: False

Explanation: 'Onlap' describes deposition during a marine *transgression* where younger layers extend landward. During a marine regression, 'offlap' occurs, where younger layers are deposited progressively seaward.

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The term 'offlap' in sedimentary facies indicates that younger sedimentary layers are deposited progressively seaward of older layers.

Answer: True

Explanation: In sedimentary facies, 'offlap' precisely describes the pattern where younger sedimentary layers are deposited progressively seaward of older layers, typically during a marine regression.

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A marine terrace is a submerged coastal landform created by a rise in sea level.

Answer: False

Explanation: A marine terrace is an *emergent* coastal landform, typically created by uplifting land or a *drop* in sea level, not a submerged one created by a rise.

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The source material includes cross-sectional diagrams illustrating the shift of sedimentary facies during both marine transgression and regression.

Answer: True

Explanation: The source material explicitly states that it includes cross-sectional diagrams illustrating the shift of sedimentary facies during both marine transgression (onlap) and regression (offlap).

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Where can evidence of both marine regressions and transgressions be found?

Answer: Throughout the fossil record.

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What do the cross-sectional diagrams in the source material visually illustrate regarding sedimentary facies?

Answer: The shift of sedimentary facies during marine transgression (onlap) and regression (offlap).

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In the context of sedimentary facies, what does 'offlap' specifically refer to?

Answer: Younger sedimentary layers deposited progressively seaward of older layers.

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What is the definition of a marine terrace, as mentioned in the 'See also' section?

Answer: An emergent coastal landform created by uplifting land or a drop in sea level.

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What does 'onlap' signify in the context of sedimentary facies?

Answer: Younger sedimentary layers extend further landward over older layers.

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