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The Republic of China's history of martial law provisions dates back to a 1908 draft constitution during the Qing dynasty.
Answer: True
Explanation: The history of martial law provisions in the Republic of China indeed traces back to a 1908 draft constitution from the late Qing dynasty.
Martial law was declared twice in Taiwan in 1947 solely due to an invasion threat from the Chinese Communist Party.
Answer: False
Explanation: Martial law was declared twice in Taiwan in 1947 due to the February 28 incident, which was a widespread protest against economic collapse, not solely an invasion threat from the Chinese Communist Party.
Chen Yi enacted the first period of martial law on February 28, 1947, and it was lifted on March 2, 1947, at the request of local councils.
Answer: True
Explanation: Chen Yi enacted the first period of martial law on February 28, 1947, and it was indeed lifted on March 2, 1947, following requests from local representative bodies.
The primary cause of the February 28 incident was a political dispute over national sovereignty.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary cause of the February 28 incident was the severe economic collapse under the Kuomintang's occupation administration, leading to widespread public discontent.
The second period of martial law in March 1947 was lifted by Wei Tao-ming on May 16, 1947.
Answer: True
Explanation: The second period of martial law, enacted in March 1947, was lifted by Wei Tao-ming on May 16, 1947.
President Chiang Kai-shek declared the first nationwide martial law on December 10, 1948, which included Taiwan as a 'War Zone'.
Answer: False
Explanation: President Chiang Kai-shek declared the first nationwide martial law on December 10, 1948, but this declaration explicitly excluded Taiwan.
Chiang Kai-shek resigned as president in January 1949 due to a military coup.
Answer: False
Explanation: Chiang Kai-shek resigned as president in January 1949 due to severe losses and defections of Kuomintang forces during the Chinese Civil War, not a military coup.
Acting President Li Zongren lifted the nationwide martial law in January 1949 to facilitate negotiations with the Chinese Communist Party.
Answer: True
Explanation: Acting President Li Zongren lifted the nationwide martial law in January 1949 with the explicit aim of easing tensions and facilitating negotiations with the Chinese Communist Party.
The second declaration of nationwide martial law by Acting President Li Zongren in July 1949 included all provinces south of the Yangtze River, designating them as the 'War Zone.'
Answer: True
Explanation: The second declaration of nationwide martial law by Acting President Li Zongren in July 1949 indeed designated all provinces south of the Yangtze River, including Fukien Province, as the 'War Zone.'
The Kuomintang-led Government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan on December 7, 1949, due to the Chinese Civil War.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Kuomintang-led Government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan on December 7, 1949, as a direct consequence of its defeat in the Chinese Civil War.
What historical precedent for martial law existed in the Republic of China prior to the 1949 declaration?
Answer: A 1908 draft constitution during the Qing dynasty.
Explanation: The Republic of China's history of martial law provisions dates back to a 1908 draft constitution from the Qing dynasty.
Who enacted the second period of martial law in Taiwan in March 1947, and who eventually lifted it?
Answer: Chen Yi; Wei Tao-ming.
Explanation: Chen Yi enacted the second period of martial law in March 1947, and it was eventually lifted by Wei Tao-ming.
Why did Chiang Kai-shek resign as president in January 1949?
Answer: Due to severe losses and defections of Kuomintang forces during the Chinese Civil War.
Explanation: Chiang Kai-shek resigned as president in January 1949 due to the severe losses and defections of Kuomintang forces during the Chinese Civil War.
What was Acting President Li Zongren's initial response to the nationwide martial law and the possibility of negotiations with the Chinese Communist Party in January 1949?
Answer: He decided to lift the nationwide martial law.
Explanation: Acting President Li Zongren's initial response was to lift the nationwide martial law in January 1949 to facilitate negotiations with the Chinese Communist Party.
When did the Kuomintang-led Government of the Republic of China retreat to Taiwan?
Answer: December 7, 1949.
Explanation: The Kuomintang-led Government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan on December 7, 1949.
How did the Chinese Civil War influence the martial law declarations in Taiwan?
Answer: It caused the Kuomintang government to retreat to Taiwan, citing the conflict as the reason for imposing martial law.
Explanation: The Chinese Civil War led to the Kuomintang government's retreat to Taiwan, and this conflict was subsequently cited as the primary justification for imposing and maintaining martial law.
Martial law in Taiwan refers exclusively to the period of military rule under the Republic of China Armed Forces after World War I.
Answer: False
Explanation: Martial law in Taiwan refers to periods of military rule after World War II, not World War I, and specifically under the Republic of China Armed Forces.
The longest consecutive martial law period in Taiwan lasted exactly 38 years, from May 20, 1949, to July 14, 1987.
Answer: False
Explanation: The longest consecutive martial law period in Taiwan lasted over 38 years, not exactly 38 years, from May 20, 1949, to July 14, 1987.
Chen Cheng, as chairman of the Taiwan Provincial Government and commander of the Taiwan Garrison Command, enacted the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' on May 19, 1949, effective the next day.
Answer: True
Explanation: Chen Cheng, in his dual capacity, enacted the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' on May 19, 1949, with its effective date being May 20, 1949.
The initial provincial martial law order in Taiwan covered only the Island of Taiwan, excluding Penghu.
Answer: False
Explanation: The initial provincial martial law order covered the territory of Taiwan Province, which included both the Island of Taiwan and Penghu.
The provincial martial law order was superseded by an amendment to the 'Declaration of Nationwide Martial Law' which received retroactive consent from the Legislative Yuan on March 14, 1950.
Answer: True
Explanation: The provincial martial law order was indeed superseded by an amendment to the 'Declaration of Nationwide Martial Law,' which gained retroactive consent from the Legislative Yuan on March 14, 1950.
The 'Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion' served as the legal basis for martial law in the Republic of China from 1948 to 1987.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion,' a constitutional amendment, indeed provided the factual legal basis for martial law in the Republic of China from 1948 to 1987.
Chen Cheng enacted the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' in May 1949 primarily to suppress local independence movements.
Answer: False
Explanation: Chen Cheng enacted the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' in May 1949 primarily in response to the increasing number of refugees fleeing the Chinese Civil War to Taiwan, not primarily to suppress local independence movements at that specific juncture.
Chen Cheng's proposal in September 1949 to include Hainan and Taiwan in the 'War Zone' was immediately ratified by Acting President Li Zongren.
Answer: False
Explanation: Chen Cheng's proposal in September 1949 to include Hainan and Taiwan in the 'War Zone' was not immediately ratified by Acting President Li Zongren, as Li Zongren fled to Hong Kong in November 1949.
The Legislative Yuan's endorsement in March 1950 made the provincial martial law declaration supersede the nationwide declaration in Taiwan.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Legislative Yuan's endorsement in March 1950 made the nationwide declaration supersede the provincial martial law declaration in Taiwan.
After the KMT government retreated to Taiwan, martial law's primary purpose was to suppress Communist and Taiwan Independent activities.
Answer: True
Explanation: After the Kuomintang government's retreat to Taiwan, the primary purpose of martial law became the suppression of Communist and Taiwan Independent activities, framed as necessary for national security.
What is the general definition of martial law in Taiwan as described in the source?
Answer: The temporary imposition of military rule over a civilian population, usually during an emergency or conflict.
Explanation: The source defines martial law as the temporary imposition of military rule over a civilian population, typically during an emergency or conflict.
How long did the longest consecutive martial law period in Taiwan last?
Answer: Over 38 years.
Explanation: The longest consecutive martial law period in Taiwan lasted over 38 years, from May 20, 1949, to July 14, 1987.
Who initially enacted the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' in May 1949?
Answer: Chen Cheng.
Explanation: Chen Cheng, as chairman of the Taiwan Provincial Government and commander of the Taiwan Garrison Command, enacted the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' in May 1949.
Which geographical areas were covered by the initial provincial martial law order in Taiwan?
Answer: The Island of Taiwan and Penghu.
Explanation: The initial provincial martial law order covered the territory of Taiwan Province, which included the Island of Taiwan and Penghu.
What constitutional amendment provided the factual legal basis for martial law in the Republic of China between 1948 and 1987?
Answer: The 'Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion'.
Explanation: The 'Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion,' a constitutional amendment, served as the factual legal basis for martial law in the Republic of China from 1948 to 1987.
What specific circumstances prompted Chen Cheng to enact the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' in May 1949?
Answer: An increasing number of refugees from the Chinese Civil War fleeing to Taiwan.
Explanation: Chen Cheng enacted the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' in May 1949 due to the increasing number of refugees from the Chinese Civil War seeking refuge in Taiwan.
How did the Legislative Yuan's endorsement in March 1950 impact the martial law declarations in Taiwan?
Answer: It made the nationwide declaration supersede the provincial martial law declaration.
Explanation: The Legislative Yuan's endorsement in March 1950 caused the nationwide martial law declaration to supersede the provincial martial law declaration in Taiwan.
What was the primary purpose of martial law in Taiwan after the Kuomintang government retreated there?
Answer: To suppress Communist and Taiwan Independent activities.
Explanation: After the Kuomintang government retreated to Taiwan, the primary purpose of martial law was to suppress Communist and Taiwan Independent activities.
What was the traditional Chinese name for 'Martial law in Taiwan'?
Answer: 戒嚴時期 (Jièyán Shíqí).
Explanation: The traditional Chinese name for 'Martial law in Taiwan' is 戒嚴時期 (Jièyán Shíqí).
How did the Kuomintang's claim of sovereignty over 'all China' contribute to the continuation of martial law in Taiwan?
Answer: It justified extraordinary powers to suppress perceived Communist and Taiwan independence activities, framing it as an ongoing national emergency.
Explanation: The Kuomintang's claim of sovereignty over 'all China' justified the extraordinary powers under martial law to suppress perceived Communist and Taiwan independence activities, framing the situation as an ongoing national emergency.
Under martial law in 1949, the ROC government promulgated regulations that allowed for unrestricted assembly and publication.
Answer: False
Explanation: Under martial law in 1949, the ROC government promulgated regulations that severely restricted, rather than allowed for unrestricted, assembly, association, procession, petition, strike, and publication.
During martial law, only the Kuomintang was permitted to exist as a political party.
Answer: False
Explanation: During martial law, in addition to the Kuomintang, the Chinese Youth Party and the China Democratic Socialist Party were also permitted to exist, though the formation of new parties was prohibited.
The 'lianzuo' system under martial law required a guarantor for employment, extending collective responsibility to all enterprises and institutions.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'lianzuo' or collective responsibility system, implemented under martial law, indeed required a guarantor for employment and extended collective responsibility across civil servants, enterprises, and institutions.
Under martial law, newspapers were encouraged to publish diverse viewpoints and were not subject to page limits.
Answer: False
Explanation: Under martial law, newspapers were compelled to publish propaganda, faced strict page limits, and were denied freedom of speech and publication, rather than being encouraged to publish diverse viewpoints.
The Taiwan Garrison Command had the authority to arrest anyone criticizing government policy and screen all publications.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Taiwan Garrison Command possessed extensive powers under martial law, including the authority to arrest critics of government policy and to pre-screen all publications.
The Executive Yuan reported that approximately 140,000 Taiwanese individuals were arrested, tortured, imprisoned, or executed during the martial law period.
Answer: True
Explanation: A report by the Executive Yuan of Taiwan indicated that approximately 140,000 Taiwanese individuals were subjected to arrest, torture, imprisonment, or execution during the martial law period.
The 'White Terror' in Taiwan refers to a period of economic prosperity and cultural flourishing during martial law.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'White Terror' in Taiwan refers to a period of severe political repression and persecution by the Kuomintang-led government during the martial law era, not economic prosperity or cultural flourishing.
Which of the following was NOT a restriction placed on public life under martial law in 1949?
Answer: Freedom to form new political parties.
Explanation: Under martial law in 1949, the formation of new political parties was prohibited, making 'Freedom to form new political parties' an incorrect option for what was not a restriction.
What was the 'lianzuo' or collective responsibility system implemented under martial law?
Answer: A system where individuals could be held responsible for the actions of others, requiring a guarantor for employment.
Explanation: The 'lianzuo' system under martial law was a collective responsibility system that required a guarantor for employment, extending accountability to individuals for the actions of others.
What restrictions were placed on language and media under martial law in Taiwan?
Answer: Denial of the right of assembly, free speech, and publication in Taiwanese Hokkien.
Explanation: Under martial law, there was a denial of the right of assembly, free speech, and publication in Taiwanese Hokkien, along with other media restrictions.
What extensive powers did the Taiwan Garrison Command possess under martial law?
Answer: Authority to arrest critics of government policy and screen all publications.
Explanation: The Taiwan Garrison Command held extensive powers under martial law, including the authority to arrest critics of government policy and to screen all publications.
According to the Executive Yuan, approximately how many Taiwanese individuals were arrested, tortured, imprisoned, or executed during the martial law period?
Answer: Approximately 140,000.
Explanation: A report by the Executive Yuan of Taiwan stated that approximately 140,000 Taiwanese individuals were arrested, tortured, imprisoned, or executed during the martial law period.
What is the 'White Terror' in Taiwan primarily associated with?
Answer: A period of political repression and persecution by the Kuomintang-led government.
Explanation: The 'White Terror' in Taiwan is primarily associated with a period of intense political repression and persecution by the Kuomintang-led government during the martial law era.
Martial law in the Taiwan Area was officially lifted by President Chiang Kai-shek on July 15, 1987.
Answer: False
Explanation: Martial law in the Taiwan Area was officially lifted by President Chiang Ching-kuo, not Chiang Kai-shek, on July 15, 1987.
The enforcement of martial law began to relax after Chiang Kai-shek's death in 1975, and the Donggang Incident contributed to its eventual lifting.
Answer: True
Explanation: The enforcement of martial law began to relax after Chiang Kai-shek's death in 1975, and the exposure of the Donggang Incident through international media reportage indeed contributed to the pressure for its eventual lifting.
President Chiang Ching-kuo officially proclaimed the lifting of martial law in Taiwan on July 14, 1987.
Answer: True
Explanation: President Chiang Ching-kuo officially proclaimed the lifting of martial law in Taiwan on July 14, 1987, marking a significant step towards democratization.
The lifting of martial law in Taiwan immediately led to the full restoration of all civil liberties without any new restrictions.
Answer: False
Explanation: The lifting of martial law did not immediately restore all civil liberties without new restrictions; instead, a new National Security Law was passed that maintained tight restrictions on freedoms.
The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was legally established after the official lifting of martial law in 1987.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was illegally established in September 1986, prior to the official lifting of martial law in 1987.
All declarations of martial law based on the 'Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion' were lifted when the provisions themselves were repealed on May 1, 1991.
Answer: True
Explanation: All declarations of martial law based on the 'Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion' were indeed lifted when these provisions were repealed on May 1, 1991.
After the repeal of the 'Temporary Provisions,' a temporary martial law was issued only for the South China Sea Islands.
Answer: False
Explanation: After the repeal of the 'Temporary Provisions,' a temporary martial law was issued for the frontier regions, specifically Fukien Province (Kinmen and Matsu) and the South China Sea Islands, not just the latter.
The temporary martial law in the frontier regions was formally lifted on November 7, 1992.
Answer: True
Explanation: The temporary martial law in the frontier regions, including Fukien Province and the South China Sea Islands, was formally lifted on November 7, 1992.
Statutory restrictions on civilians traveling to Kinmen or Matsu were completely removed immediately after the temporary martial law was lifted in 1992.
Answer: False
Explanation: Statutory restrictions on civilians traveling to Kinmen or Matsu remained effective until May 13, 1994, not immediately after the temporary martial law was lifted in 1992.
The 'Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts' was established in 1998 to provide compensation to victims of the White Terror.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts' was established in 1998 through legislation to provide compensation to victims and their families affected by the White Terror period.
Between 1998 and 2014, the 'Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts' accepted all 10,065 applications it received.
Answer: False
Explanation: Between 1998 and 2014, the 'Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts' received 10,065 applications but accepted only 7,965, rejecting others for various reasons.
The Executive Yuan designated July 15 as 'Commemoration Day of the Lifting of Martial Law' in 2007.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2007, the Executive Yuan officially designated July 15 as 'Commemoration Day of the Lifting of Martial Law' to mark the end of military rule in Taiwan.
President Ma Ying-jeou made an official apology for the White Terror era in 2010.
Answer: False
Explanation: President Ma Ying-jeou made an official apology regarding the White Terror era in 2008, not 2010.
When was martial law in the Taiwan Area officially lifted, and by which President?
Answer: July 15, 1987, by Chiang Ching-kuo.
Explanation: Martial law in the Taiwan Area was officially lifted on July 15, 1987, by President Chiang Ching-kuo.
What event significantly contributed to the eventual lifting of martial law in Taiwan after Chiang Kai-shek's death?
Answer: The exposure of the Donggang Incident through international media.
Explanation: The exposure of the Donggang Incident through international media reportage significantly contributed to the pressure that led to the eventual lifting of martial law in Taiwan.
What was the immediate political impact of the lifting of martial law on Taiwan?
Answer: Opposition political parties were permitted to be formed legally for the first time.
Explanation: The immediate political impact of the lifting of martial law was that opposition political parties were permitted to be formed legally for the first time, marking a key step in Taiwan's democratic transition.
When was the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) illegally established, prior to the official lifting of martial law?
Answer: September 1986.
Explanation: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was illegally established in September 1986, prior to the official lifting of martial law.
What new law maintained restrictions on freedoms even after martial law was lifted in 1987?
Answer: The National Security Law.
Explanation: The National Security Law was passed just days before the lifting of martial law in 1987, maintaining restrictions on freedoms.
When were all declarations of martial law based on the 'Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion' finally lifted?
Answer: May 1, 1991.
Explanation: All declarations of martial law based on the 'Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion' were finally lifted when the provisions themselves were repealed on May 1, 1991.
What specific regions were covered by the temporary martial law issued after the repeal of the 'Temporary Provisions' in 1991?
Answer: Fukien Province (Kinmen and Matsu) and the South China Sea Islands.
Explanation: After the repeal of the 'Temporary Provisions,' temporary martial law was issued for Fukien Province (Kinmen and Matsu) and the South China Sea Islands.
When was the temporary martial law in the frontier regions of the Republic of China formally lifted?
Answer: November 7, 1992.
Explanation: The temporary martial law in the frontier regions of the Republic of China was formally lifted on November 7, 1992.
Until when did statutory restrictions on civilians traveling to Kinmen or Matsu remain effective?
Answer: May 13, 1994.
Explanation: Statutory restrictions on civilians traveling to Kinmen or Matsu remained effective until May 13, 1994.
What initiative was established in 1998 to provide compensation to victims of the White Terror?
Answer: The Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts.
Explanation: The 'Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts' was established in 1998 to provide compensation to victims of the White Terror.
How many applications were accepted by the 'Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts' between 1998 and 2014?
Answer: 7,965.
Explanation: Between 1998 and 2014, the 'Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts' accepted 7,965 applications out of 10,065 received.
What special day did the Executive Yuan designate in 2007 to commemorate the end of military rule in Taiwan?
Answer: July 15th, Commemoration Day of the Lifting of Martial Law.
Explanation: The Executive Yuan designated July 15th as 'Commemoration Day of the Lifting of Martial Law' in 2007 to commemorate the end of military rule in Taiwan.
Who made an official apology regarding the White Terror era in 2008?
Answer: Ma Ying-jeou.
Explanation: President Ma Ying-jeou made an official apology regarding the White Terror era in 2008.
Who were the key signatories of the Presidential Order on Lifting of Martial Law in Taiwan?
Answer: Chiang Ching-kuo, Yu Kuo-hwa, and Cheng Wei-yuan.
Explanation: The key signatories of the Presidential Order on Lifting of Martial Law in Taiwan were President Chiang Ching-kuo, Premier Yu Kuo-hwa, and Minister of National Defense Cheng Wei-yuan.
What was the significance of the 1987 Lieyu Massacre in the context of martial law in Taiwan?
Answer: Its exposure contributed to the pressure that led to the eventual lifting of martial law.
Explanation: The exposure of the 1987 Lieyu Massacre contributed to the mounting pressure that ultimately led to the lifting of martial law in Taiwan.