Explanation: No, CBD is known to attenuate, or reduce, the psychoactive properties of THC, influencing the overall effect profile of cannabis preparations.

Explanation: Yes, *Cannabis indica* and *Cannabis sativa* are the two primary species within the genus *Cannabis* recognized for producing significant amounts of psychoactive cannabinoids.

Explanation: Yes, cannabis contains over 460 identified compounds, of which at least 80 are classified as cannabinoids.

Explanation: No, CB1 receptors are predominantly found in the brain and are linked to psychoactive effects, while CB2 receptors are located more peripherally and are thought to modulate pain and inflammation.

Explanation: No, *Cannabis ruderalis* is known for having minimal psychogenic properties, unlike *Cannabis indica* and *Cannabis sativa*.

Explanation: Yes, THC is the principal psychoactive cannabinoid in cannabis, responsible for the characteristic 'high'.

Explanation: Yes, the endocannabinoid system comprises receptors that interact with both the body's own endocannabinoids and plant-derived phytocannabinoids like THC and CBD.

Explanation: No, CB1 receptors are primarily associated with psychoactive effects in the brain, while CB2 receptors are more involved in modulating pain and inflammation in peripheral tissues.

Explanation: Yes, THC is the main psychoactive compound, whereas CBD is non-psychoactive and known to modulate or reduce THC's psychoactive properties, possessing its own therapeutic potential.

Explanation: No, the primary function of CB2 receptors is associated with modulating pain and inflammation in peripheral tissues, whereas CB1 receptors mediate psychoactive effects.

Explanation: A 2014 review indicated that CBD is known to attenuate, or reduce, the psychoactive properties of THC, influencing the overall effect profile of cannabis preparations.

Explanation: The primary species of the *Cannabis* genus known for producing significant amounts of psychoactive cannabinoids are *Cannabis indica* and *Cannabis sativa*.

Explanation: Cannabis contains over 460 identified compounds, with at least 80 of these classified as cannabinoids. These compounds interact with the body's cannabinoid receptors.

Explanation: CB1 receptors are predominantly located in the central nervous system and are associated with psychoactive effects, while CB2 receptors are found more in peripheral tissues and are linked to immune function and inflammation modulation.

Explanation: THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid responsible for the 'high' associated with cannabis.

Explanation: The endocannabinoid system is a crucial biological system that includes endocannabinoids produced by the body and cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). Phytocannabinoids from the cannabis plant, such as THC and CBD, interact with these same receptors, influencing various physiological processes.

Explanation: THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid responsible for the 'high' associated with cannabis.

Explanation: CB1 receptors are primarily located in the brain and are associated with psychoactive effects. CB2 receptors are predominantly found in peripheral tissues and are linked to modulating pain and inflammation.

Explanation: No, inhalation or vaporization of THC generally results in higher bioavailability and faster absorption compared to oral administration.

Explanation: No, the liver metabolism of THC into 11-OH-THC from edibles often results in heightened and prolonged psychoactive effects compared to inhalation.

Explanation: No, THC and CBD metabolites are primarily excreted via feces, with a smaller proportion excreted in urine.

Explanation: No, the terminal half-life of THC (25-36 hours) is comparable to, and potentially longer than, that of CBD (18-32 hours), indicating prolonged presence in the body.

Explanation: Inhaled or vaporized THC exhibits higher bioavailability (10-35%) and faster onset compared to oral administration, which is more variable and has a delayed peak plasma concentration.

Explanation: When consumed as edibles, THC undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver into 11-OH-THC, which contributes to more potent and prolonged psychoactive effects compared to other routes of administration.

Explanation: Due to extensive metabolism, THC and CBD metabolites are primarily excreted via feces, with a smaller portion eliminated through urine. Approximately 65% of THC and a similar proportion of CBD are excreted in feces.

Explanation: The terminal half-life of THC is estimated to range between 25 to 36 hours, indicating that this compound can persist in the body for a considerable period.

Explanation: No, William Brooke O'Shaughnessy introduced cannabis to Western medicine after discovering its analgesic and anticonvulsant effects in India in the 1830s, bringing it back to Europe.

Explanation: No, the medical use of cannabis declined due to difficulties in dosage control and the rise of more easily administered drugs, not due to ease of administration or solubility.

Explanation: No, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 imposed strict regulations and taxes, contributing to the decline of medical cannabis use, not a resurgence.

Explanation: Yes, the Ebers Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical text, describes the use of cannabis for various ailments, including pain relief.

Explanation: Ancient Greek physicians used cannabis for various purposes, including treating horses' wounds and expelling tapeworms in humans, but its primary use for insomnia is more strongly associated with ancient Indian texts.

Explanation: Yes, the Ebers Papyrus, dating to approximately 1550 BCE, is one of the earliest known documents describing the medical use of cannabis.

Explanation: No, medieval Arabic physicians extensively utilized *Cannabis sativa*, recognizing and documenting its diuretic, antiemetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Explanation: Yes, the advent of the hypodermic syringe favored injectable drugs over cannabis, which is not water-soluble, contributing to its decline in medical use.

Explanation: William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, an Irish physician, is credited with introducing cannabis to Western medicine. His research in India during the 1830s identified its analgesic and anticonvulsant properties, leading to its introduction in Europe and the United States.

Explanation: The medical use of cannabis declined due to challenges in dosage control and the emergence of more easily administered drugs, such as opium derivatives. The development of the hypodermic syringe also favored injectable medications over cannabis, which is not water-soluble.

Explanation: The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 imposed significant regulations and taxes on cannabis, contributing to its removal from the U.S. Pharmacopeia and a substantial decline in its medical use.

Explanation: The Ebers Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical text from approximately 1550 BCE, is significant for being one of the earliest known documents describing the medical use of cannabis, including prescriptions for inflammation and pain.

Explanation: Ancient Greek physicians used cannabis for horses' wounds and expelling tapeworms. Ancient Indian texts mention its use for insomnia and headaches. Relieving hemorrhoid pain is mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts (Ebers Papyrus), not specifically India or Greece in the provided context.

Explanation: During the medieval Islamic Golden Age (8th-18th centuries), Arabic physicians extensively utilized *Cannabis sativa*, recognizing and documenting its diuretic, antiemetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties, integrating it into their medical practices.

Explanation: The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 imposed significant regulations and taxes on cannabis, contributing to its removal from the U.S. Pharmacopeia and a substantial decline in its medical use.

Explanation: Systematic reviews indicate that the evidence for the benefits of cannabis-based medicines is generally of low-to-moderate quality and often inconclusive, with frequent mild adverse effects reported.

Explanation: No, research indicates that while low-quality evidence suggests modest relief for chronic pain, the evidence is limited and inconsistent, and harms may outweigh benefits.

Explanation: No, analysis of NHANES data did not find significant differences in sleep duration between cannabis users and non-users.

Explanation: Medical cannabis may be considered an option for patients who do not improve with standard antiemetic treatments, but it is not typically considered a primary treatment option.

Explanation: A Cochrane review suggested cannabinoids were probably effective for chemotherapy-induced nausea in children, but noted a high side-effect profile, primarily drowsiness and dizziness.

Explanation: No, the efficacy of cannabis for neurological conditions like MS is not clearly established and requires more research, although some evidence suggests potential benefits for spasticity.

Explanation: While some users report anxiety relief, the overall evidence is inconclusive, and the relationship between cannabis use and anxiety is complex.

Explanation: Systematic reviews indicate that the evidence for the benefits of cannabis-based medicines is generally of low-to-moderate quality and often inconclusive, with frequent mild adverse effects reported.

Explanation: Low-quality evidence suggests that cannabis-based medicines may offer modest relief for chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain, and may provide slight improvements in function and sleep. However, the evidence is limited and inconsistent, and potential harms might outweigh benefits.

Explanation: Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data did not reveal significant differences in sleep duration between cannabis users and non-users, suggesting no substantial alteration in overall sleep patterns across the population.

Explanation: A 2016 Cochrane review indicated that cannabinoids were likely effective for chemotherapy-induced nausea in children. However, a significant concern was the high side-effect profile, primarily drowsiness and dizziness, along with altered moods and increased appetite.

Explanation: The efficacy of cannabis for neurological conditions, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS), is not definitively established and requires further research. While some evidence suggests oral cannabis extract may reduce spasticity, its widespread approval is limited.

Explanation: Yes, short-term use of medical cannabis can lead to common adverse effects such as dizziness and feeling tired, which may impair abilities like driving until tolerance develops.

Explanation: No, potential long-term concerns include possible memory and cognition problems, and the risk of addiction, rather than memory enhancement or addiction reduction.

Explanation: No, CHS is paradoxically characterized by recurrent nausea and vomiting, often occurring with long-term, heavy cannabis use.

Explanation: No, the ACOG recommends that cannabis should not be used during pregnancy or lactation due to potential risks to fetal development and infants.

Explanation: Yes, research indicates that cannabis use is linked to an earlier onset of psychosis, particularly in adolescents and genetically predisposed individuals.

Explanation: No, the ACOG advises against cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation due to potential risks to fetal development and infants.

Explanation: Common short-term adverse effects of medical cannabis include dizziness and feeling tired, which may impair abilities such as driving until tolerance develops.

Explanation: Potential long-term concerns include possible memory and cognition problems, the risk of addiction, and the potential to trigger schizophrenia in susceptible individuals, particularly adolescents.

Explanation: Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is paradoxically characterized by recurrent episodes of severe nausea and vomiting, often occurring with long-term, heavy cannabis use.

Explanation: Evidence suggests that cannabis use, particularly high-THC varieties, is associated with an increased risk of psychosis, especially in adolescents and genetically predisposed individuals. It can trigger acute psychotic episodes and may contribute to the development of chronic psychotic disorders.

Explanation: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists advises against cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation due to potential risks to fetal development and infant well-being.

Explanation: Evidence suggests that cannabis use, particularly high-THC varieties, is associated with an increased risk of psychosis, especially in adolescents and genetically predisposed individuals. It can trigger acute psychotic episodes and may contribute to the development of chronic psychotic disorders.

Explanation: Cannabis use is linked to an increased risk of psychosis, especially in adolescents and genetically predisposed individuals. It can trigger acute psychotic episodes and may contribute to the development of chronic psychotic disorders.

Explanation: No, the U.S. FDA has not approved smoked cannabis for any medical condition due to a lack of evidence concerning its safety and efficacy.

Explanation: Yes, cannabis is classified as a Schedule I drug under the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, indicating medical indispensability but also risks of abuse.

Explanation: No, medical cannabis is illegal at the federal level in the US (Schedule I drug) but is legal in many states, with federal prosecution restricted by amendments like Rohrabacher-Farr.

Explanation: No, health insurance companies generally do not cover medical marijuana because it lacks federal FDA approval, which stems from its Schedule I classification.

Explanation: No, the AMA does not strongly advocate for legalization but rather supports rescheduling cannabis to facilitate research into its safety and efficacy.

Explanation: Yes, Dronabinol (synthetic delta-9-THC) and Nabilone (a synthetic cannabinoid analog) are recognized International Nonproprietary Names (INN).

Explanation: No, Nabiximols (Sativex) is approved in several European countries and Canada for MS spasticity, but not yet in the United States.

Explanation: Yes, Dronabinol (synthetic THC) and Nabilone are classified as Schedule II substances by the FDA, indicating a high potential for abuse and addiction.

Explanation: No, the UN drug control treaties classify cannabis as medically indispensable but require control over its abuse potential, allowing for regulated medical use.

Explanation: No, the American Academy of Pediatrics opposes the legalization of medical cannabis, while also supporting rescheduling to facilitate research.

Explanation: No, medical organizations advocate for rescheduling primarily to facilitate more extensive research into its safety and efficacy, not for recreational availability.

Explanation: Yes, WHO recommendations have influenced UN treaty scheduling, such as the removal of cannabis from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in 2020.

Explanation: Yes, the Rohrabacher-Farr amendment limits the Department of Justice's ability to interfere with the implementation of state medical cannabis laws.

Explanation: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved smoked cannabis for any medical condition due to insufficient evidence regarding its safety and efficacy. In 2006, the FDA stated marijuana has a high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use in the U.S., and lacks accepted safety for medical supervision.

Explanation: Cannabis is classified as a Schedule I drug under the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, indicating medical indispensability but also risks of abuse and addiction.

Explanation: Health insurance companies in the US generally do not cover medical marijuana primarily because it lacks FDA approval. This lack of approval is largely due to cannabis's federal Schedule I classification, which has historically impeded comprehensive research.

Explanation: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) reaffirms its opposition to the legalization of marijuana for medical use, citing potential risks, while also supporting rescheduling to facilitate research.

Explanation: The International Nonproprietary Names (INN) granted for specific cannabinoids include Dronabinol (for synthetic delta-9-THC), Cannabidiol (CBD), and Nabilone (a synthetic cannabinoid analog).

Explanation: Nabiximols, marketed as Sativex, is an oromucosal spray containing a THC-CBD mixture. It is approved in several European countries, Canada, and New Zealand for conditions such as MS spasticity and cancer pain, but it is not yet approved in the United States.

Explanation: Studying medical cannabis is challenging due to significant legal and governmental restrictions that have historically limited research. The complexity of the plant, containing over 400 compounds including around 70 cannabinoids, also presents difficulties in isolating and studying specific effects.

Explanation: In the United States, dronabinol (synthetic delta-9-THC) is classified as a Schedule II substance by the FDA, indicating a high potential for abuse and addiction.

Explanation: Medical organizations advocate for rescheduling cannabis primarily to facilitate more extensive research into its safety and efficacy, enabling better regulatory oversight and safer patient access.

Explanation: The UN drug control treaties regulate cannabis, classifying it as medically indispensable but requiring control over its abuse potential, influencing international availability and member state obligations.

Explanation: Medical cannabis is defined as the use of the whole plant or its extracts to treat symptoms or diseases, contrasting with conventional medications that typically use single or few isolated chemicals. Thus, it is not defined solely as isolated compounds.

Explanation: No, landrace strains are cultivars that developed naturally in specific geographic regions over centuries, distinct from modern hybrids created through selective breeding.

Explanation: No, 'medical marijuana' and 'medical cannabis' are often used interchangeably and refer to the therapeutic use of cannabis for diseases or symptoms, not recreational use.

Explanation: NIDA defines medical cannabis as the use of the whole plant or its extracts to treat diseases or symptoms, contrasting with conventional medications that typically utilize single or few isolated chemicals.

Explanation: A 'landrace strain' refers to a cannabis cultivar that has developed naturally over centuries in a specific geographic region, adapting to local environmental conditions. These are distinct from modern hybrids created through selective breeding.