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The European Middle Ages, also known as the medieval period, spanned roughly from the 1st century to the 10th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The medieval period is generally understood to span from the 5th to the 15th centuries, not the 1st to the 10th.
The Middle Ages are traditionally positioned between classical antiquity and the modern period in the division of Western history.
Answer: True
Explanation: Western historical periodization traditionally places the Middle Ages as the era between classical antiquity and the modern period.
The medieval period is commonly divided into four phases: Early, High, Late, and Post-Medieval.
Answer: False
Explanation: The medieval period is conventionally divided into three main phases: Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.
The beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe is most frequently marked by the coronation of Charlemagne.
Answer: False
Explanation: The fall of the Western Roman Empire, not the coronation of Charlemagne, is the event most commonly used to mark the beginning of the Middle Ages.
During the Early Middle Ages, Western Europe experienced population growth and a significant increase in urban centers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Early Middle Ages were characterized by population decline and a decrease in urban centers, rather than growth.
The Byzantine Empire played a role in preserving classical traditions and linking antiquity to the Middle Ages through its institutions and laws.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Byzantine Empire served as a crucial link to antiquity by preserving Roman institutions and legal traditions.
The Carolingian Empire in the early 9th century faced no significant external threats, allowing for internal consolidation.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Carolingian Empire faced considerable external threats, including invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Saracens.
The term 'Middle Ages' originated from the Latin phrase 'medium aevum', meaning 'middle age'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'Middle Ages' derives from the Latin phrase 'medium aevum,' meaning 'middle age'.
The tripartite division of history into antiquity, Middle Ages, and modern periods was established by medieval writers themselves in the 5th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The tripartite division of history was popularized by Renaissance scholars like Leonardo Bruni, not established by medieval writers in the 5th century.
During the 4th century AD, Roman society saw a widening gap between rich and poor and the decline of smaller towns.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the 4th century AD, Roman society experienced a widening wealth disparity and a decline in the importance of smaller towns.
The Byzantine Empire's legal system saw the completion of the Codex Theodosianus in 438 and Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Byzantine Empire's legal system included the Codex Theodosianus and Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis.
Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the political landscape saw the consolidation of power under a single successor empire.
Answer: False
Explanation: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, power fragmented as Germanic tribes established various kingdoms.
The Byzantine Empire maintained strong ties between the state and the Church and saw significant legal codifications.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Byzantine Empire was characterized by strong state-Church ties and significant legal codifications.
The spread of Islam led to the decline of trade routes across the Mediterranean in the Early Middle Ages.
Answer: False
Explanation: The spread of Islam reshaped the Mediterranean world and influenced trade patterns, rather than causing a general decline of trade routes.
What is the approximate timeframe covered by the Middle Ages in European history?
Answer: The 5th to the 15th centuries
Explanation: The European Middle Ages, or medieval period, is generally understood to span approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries.
According to the traditional division of Western history, what periods frame the Middle Ages?
Answer: Classical Antiquity and the Modern Period
Explanation: The Middle Ages are traditionally situated between classical antiquity, which preceded it, and the modern period, which followed it.
Which event is most commonly cited as marking the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe?
Answer: The fall of the Western Roman Empire
Explanation: The fall of the Western Roman Empire is the event most commonly cited as marking the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three commonly recognized subdivisions of the medieval period?
Answer: The Dark Ages
Explanation: The medieval period is conventionally divided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. 'The Dark Ages' is an older, often pejorative term sometimes used for the Early Middle Ages but is not a standard subdivision.
What societal changes characterized Western Europe during the Early Middle Ages following the decline of Roman authority?
Answer: Population decline and counterurbanisation
Explanation: The Early Middle Ages following the decline of Roman authority were marked by population decline, a shift away from urban centers (counterurbanisation), and the fragmentation of political power.
How did the Byzantine Empire contribute to the continuity between classical antiquity and the Middle Ages?
Answer: It preserved Roman institutions and legal traditions.
Explanation: The Byzantine Empire, as a continuation of the Roman Empire, preserved Roman institutions and legal traditions, thereby linking classical antiquity to the medieval period.
What external pressures challenged the Carolingian Empire in the early 9th century?
Answer: Invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Saracens
Explanation: The Carolingian Empire faced significant external threats from invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Saracens, alongside internal conflicts.
What is the origin of the term 'medieval'?
Answer: From the Latin 'medium aevum' (middle age)
Explanation: The term 'medieval' derives from the Latin phrase 'medium aevum,' meaning 'middle age'.
Which of the following characterized Roman society in the 4th century AD, as it transitioned towards the medieval period?
Answer: Widening gap between rich and poor
Explanation: Roman society in the 4th century AD experienced a widening gap between the rich and poor and a decline in the vitality of smaller towns.
The Byzantine Empire's legal system during the Early Middle Ages included which significant compilation?
Answer: The Justinian Code (Corpus Juris Civilis)
Explanation: A significant legal compilation of the Byzantine Empire during the Early Middle Ages was Emperor Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis.
How did the political map of Western Europe change after the fall of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Various Germanic tribes established new kingdoms.
Explanation: Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, various Germanic tribes established new kingdoms across its former territories, leading to political fragmentation.
What characterized the Byzantine Empire's society and governance during the Early Middle Ages?
Answer: Significant legal codifications and strong state-Church ties
Explanation: The Byzantine Empire was characterized by strong ties between the state and the Church, alongside significant legal codifications like the Corpus Juris Civilis.
How did the spread of Islam impact Europe in the Early Middle Ages?
Answer: It reshaped the political and cultural map of the Mediterranean.
Explanation: The expansion of Islam significantly reshaped the political and cultural landscape of the Mediterranean region, influencing trade and interactions with Europe.
Factors such as improved agricultural techniques and a more clement climate contributed to population growth and flourishing trade during the High Middle Ages.
Answer: True
Explanation: Improved agricultural methods and a favorable climate were key factors contributing to population growth and trade expansion in the High Middle Ages.
The East-West Schism of 1054 resulted in the unification of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.
Answer: False
Explanation: The East-West Schism of 1054 resulted in the division, not unification, of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches.
The Crusades were primarily aimed at expanding European trade routes into Asia.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary aim of the Crusades was to regain control of the Holy Land, not to expand European trade routes.
The main differences contributing to the East-West Schism included language, liturgy, and disputes over papal supremacy.
Answer: True
Explanation: Differences in language, liturgy, and papal authority were key factors leading to the East-West Schism.
The Benedictine Rule, authored in the 6th century, provided a framework for monastic administration and spiritual life.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Benedictine Rule established a comprehensive framework for monastic life and governance.
In the High Middle Ages, fiefs became less hereditary and were frequently divided among multiple heirs.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the High Middle Ages, fiefs became more hereditary, often passing to the eldest son.
The High Middle Ages was a period where kings gradually consolidated power and established lasting governing institutions.
Answer: True
Explanation: The High Middle Ages was a formative period for Western states, marked by the consolidation of royal power and the establishment of governing institutions.
The Battle of Manzikert in 1071 resulted in a Byzantine victory that allowed them to expand into Asia Minor.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Battle of Manzikert in 1071 was a decisive Turkish victory that led to the invasion of Asia Minor by the Turks.
Castles in the High Middle Ages were primarily ceremonial structures with little military significance.
Answer: False
Explanation: Castles were vital defensive structures and symbols of authority, not merely ceremonial buildings.
Which factors contributed to population increase and flourishing trade during the High Middle Ages?
Answer: Improved agricultural techniques and a more clement climate
Explanation: Improved agricultural techniques, a more clement climate, and a reduction in large-scale invasions contributed to population growth and flourishing trade during the High Middle Ages.
What were the primary social and political organizational systems prevalent during the High Middle Ages?
Answer: Manorialism and feudalism
Explanation: Manorialism, organizing peasant labor, and feudalism, defining lord-vassal relationships, were the predominant social and political systems of the High Middle Ages.
What significant religious division occurred in Europe during the High Middle Ages?
Answer: The East-West Schism of 1054
Explanation: The East-West Schism of 1054 marked a major religious division, separating the Roman Catholic Church from the Eastern Orthodox Church.
What was the primary goal of the Crusades launched starting in 1095?
Answer: To regain control of the Holy Land from Muslim rule
Explanation: The primary objective of the Crusades was the recapture of the Holy Land from Muslim control.
Which factor contributed to the divergence between the Byzantine and Western Churches leading to the schism?
Answer: Differences in language, liturgy, and papal authority
Explanation: Divergences in language (Greek vs. Latin), liturgical practices, and disputes over papal authority were key factors contributing to the East-West Schism.
What was the significance of the Benedictine Rule authored by Benedict of Nursia?
Answer: It provided a framework for monastic administration and spiritual life.
Explanation: The Benedictine Rule provided a foundational structure for monastic governance and spiritual practice, significantly influencing Western monasticism.
How did the structure of noble landholding typically change in the High Middle Ages?
Answer: Fiefs became increasingly hereditary, often passing to the eldest son.
Explanation: In the High Middle Ages, the practice of primogeniture became more common, leading to fiefs becoming increasingly hereditary and typically passing to the eldest son.
The High Middle Ages is considered a formative period for the Western state due to:
Answer: Kings gradually consolidating power and establishing institutions
Explanation: The High Middle Ages was formative for the Western state as monarchs progressively consolidated power and established enduring governing institutions.
What was the significance of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071?
Answer: A Turkish victory that allowed invasion of Asia Minor
Explanation: The Battle of Manzikert in 1071 resulted in a significant Turkish victory over the Byzantine army, paving the way for Turkish incursions into Asia Minor.
What role did castles play in the political and military landscape of the High Middle Ages?
Answer: They served as crucial defensive structures and symbols of authority.
Explanation: Castles were essential defensive fortifications and potent symbols of authority for nobles, playing a critical role in the political and military landscape.
The Renaissance and the Age of Discovery are considered periods that followed and transitioned from the Middle Ages.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Renaissance and the Age of Discovery are recognized as periods that succeeded and marked the transition from the Middle Ages.
The Late Middle Ages were characterized by relative peace, stability, and consistent population growth.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Late Middle Ages were marked by significant crises, including famine, plague, and warfare, rather than peace and stability.
The Black Death is estimated to have killed approximately half of Europe's population between 1347 and 1350.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Black Death is estimated to have killed approximately one-third of Europe's population, not half.
The Late Middle Ages saw the decline of centralized monarchies and the rise of independent city-states across Europe.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Late Middle Ages witnessed the rise of stronger, centralized nation-states, not the decline of monarchies and rise of city-states.
The Hundred Years' War primarily strengthened French national identity while weakening England's.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Hundred Years' War fostered English national identity and tested France's unity, but the statement that it weakened England's identity is inaccurate.
The Age of Discovery was driven by a desire to find new trade routes and expand European influence beyond known boundaries.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Age of Discovery was motivated by the search for new trade routes and the expansion of European influence.
The Age of Discovery was primarily driven by inland exploration within the European continent.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Age of Discovery involved exploration beyond continental boundaries, not primarily inland exploration within Europe.
The Avignon Papacy and the Great Schism were challenges faced by the Western Church in the 14th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Avignon Papacy and the Great Schism were significant challenges confronting the Western Church in the 14th century.
The concept of 'state resurgence' in the Late Middle Ages involved the strengthening of royal control and centralized administration.
Answer: True
Explanation: State resurgence in the Late Middle Ages involved the strengthening of royal authority and centralized administration.
The Council of Constance (1414) failed to resolve the Western Schism, leading to continued division within the Church.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Council of Constance was instrumental in resolving the Western Schism, not failing to do so.
The Iberian kingdoms played a minor role in the Age of Discovery, focusing mainly on internal affairs.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Iberian kingdoms played a major role in the Age of Discovery, sponsoring significant overseas exploration.
Which of the following was a major challenge characterizing the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: Widespread famine, plague, and warfare
Explanation: The Late Middle Ages were profoundly shaped by widespread famine, the devastating Black Death, and frequent warfare, which caused immense societal disruption.
What was the estimated impact of the Black Death on Europe's population?
Answer: It killed approximately one-third of the population.
Explanation: The Black Death, occurring between 1347 and 1350, is estimated to have caused the deaths of approximately one-third of Europe's population.
What significant change occurred in the structure of states during the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: The rise of stronger, royalty-based nation-states
Explanation: The Late Middle Ages saw the consolidation of royal power and the development of more centralized administrative structures, leading to the rise of stronger nation-states.
What was a key outcome of the Hundred Years' War for England?
Answer: Fostering of a distinct English national identity
Explanation: The Hundred Years' War played a significant role in fostering a distinct English national identity and culture, separate from French influence.
Which of the following was a primary motivation for the European Age of Discovery?
Answer: Seeking new trade routes and expanding influence
Explanation: The primary drivers of the Age of Discovery included the search for new maritime trade routes and the expansion of European political and economic influence.
What were the primary drivers behind the European Age of Discovery?
Answer: Search for new trade routes and expansion of influence
Explanation: The Age of Discovery was primarily motivated by the quest for new trade routes and the expansion of European political and economic influence.
Which of the following were major controversies faced by the Western Church in the 14th century?
Answer: The Avignon Papacy and the Great Schism
Explanation: The 14th century was marked by significant challenges for the Western Church, including the Avignon Papacy and the Great Schism.
What was the significance of the Council of Constance (1414)?
Answer: It played a crucial role in ending the Western Schism.
Explanation: The Council of Constance (1414-1418) was pivotal in resolving the Western Schism, restoring unity to the Catholic Church.
What role did the Iberian kingdoms play in the Age of Discovery?
Answer: They sponsored significant overseas exploration.
Explanation: The Iberian kingdoms, particularly Portugal and Spain, were pioneers in the Age of Discovery, sponsoring extensive overseas exploration.
During the High Middle Ages, intellectual life shifted from monasteries to the newly established urban universities, fostering scholasticism.
Answer: True
Explanation: The High Middle Ages saw a shift in intellectual centers from monasteries to universities, fostering the development of scholasticism.
Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press around 1450 made written materials less accessible.
Answer: False
Explanation: Gutenberg's printing press significantly increased the accessibility of written materials and accelerated the spread of ideas.
A common misconception is that medieval scholars widely believed the Earth was flat.
Answer: True
Explanation: Contrary to popular belief, medieval scholars generally understood the Earth to be spherical, not flat.
The Carolingian Renaissance primarily focused on military expansion and conquest.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Carolingian Renaissance was centered on intellectual and cultural revival, not military expansion.
The Italian Renaissance was characterized by a rejection of classical antiquity and a focus on religious themes.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Italian Renaissance was characterized by a renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism, not a rejection of it.
Romanesque architecture is known for its use of pointed arches and flying buttresses to create tall, slender structures.
Answer: False
Explanation: Romanesque architecture is characterized by semi-circular arches and massive walls, while pointed arches and flying buttresses are hallmarks of Gothic architecture.
Gothic architecture, originating in France, allowed for taller buildings with larger stained glass windows due to innovations like rib vaults and pointed arches.
Answer: True
Explanation: Gothic architecture utilized rib vaults and pointed arches to enable the construction of taller buildings with expansive stained glass windows.
The invention of the printing press significantly decreased the accessibility of books and slowed the spread of ideas.
Answer: False
Explanation: The printing press dramatically increased the accessibility of books and accelerated the dissemination of ideas.
Chivalry and courtly love were cultural ideals primarily expressed through agricultural practices.
Answer: False
Explanation: Chivalry and courtly love were cultural ideals expressed through literature and arts, not agricultural practices.
Universities in the High Middle Ages primarily served as centers for military training and strategy.
Answer: False
Explanation: Universities in the High Middle Ages were primarily centers of learning and intellectual discourse, not military training.
Modern historical scholarship views the Middle Ages negatively as a time of ignorance, similar to Renaissance perceptions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Modern scholarship offers a nuanced view of the Middle Ages, recognizing its achievements rather than solely viewing it as a time of ignorance.
Legal studies in the High Middle Ages stagnated due to the lack of interest in Roman law.
Answer: False
Explanation: Legal studies advanced significantly in the High Middle Ages with the rediscovery and study of Roman law.
The International Gothic style in art around 1400 was characterized by stark realism and minimalist forms.
Answer: False
Explanation: The International Gothic style featured elegant forms and rich colors, not stark realism and minimalism.
Gutenberg's printing press facilitated the wider circulation of ideas and the growth of vernacular literature.
Answer: True
Explanation: Gutenberg's printing press greatly facilitated the circulation of ideas and the development of vernacular literature.
The concept of chivalry primarily emphasized economic cooperation and trade agreements among the nobility.
Answer: False
Explanation: Chivalry emphasized virtues like loyalty and honor, not economic cooperation or trade agreements.
Which development characterized intellectual life during the High Middle Ages?
Answer: The rise of universities and scholasticism
Explanation: The High Middle Ages witnessed the emergence of universities and the development of scholasticism, marking a significant evolution in intellectual life.
What major technological innovation emerged around the mid-15th century that transformed knowledge dissemination?
Answer: The printing press
Explanation: Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press around 1450 revolutionized the dissemination of knowledge by making books more accessible.
What common misconception about the Middle Ages is addressed in the source?
Answer: That people believed the Earth was flat
Explanation: A common misconception addressed is the belief that medieval scholars thought the Earth was flat; in reality, they widely acknowledged its sphericity.
What was the primary focus of the Carolingian Renaissance?
Answer: Revival of learning, arts, and scholarship
Explanation: The Carolingian Renaissance was primarily focused on fostering a revival of learning, arts, architecture, and scholarship across the empire.
The Italian Renaissance, marking the transition from the Middle Ages, was characterized by:
Answer: A renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism
Explanation: The Italian Renaissance was defined by a significant revival of interest in classical antiquity and the development of humanism.
What are the defining elements of Gothic architecture?
Answer: Pointed arches, rib vaults, and flying buttresses
Explanation: Gothic architecture is characterized by its innovative use of pointed arches, rib vaults, and flying buttresses, which allowed for greater height and light.
How did the invention of the printing press impact European society?
Answer: It revolutionized the dissemination of information and increased accessibility of books.
Explanation: The printing press dramatically increased the availability and affordability of books, fostering wider literacy and accelerating the spread of knowledge and ideas.
How did the concept of 'chivalry' manifest in the culture of the High Middle Ages?
Answer: As a code of conduct emphasizing loyalty, courage, and honor
Explanation: Chivalry manifested as a code of conduct for the medieval nobility, emphasizing virtues such as loyalty, courage, and honor.
What role did universities play in the intellectual life of the High Middle Ages?
Answer: They emerged as crucial centers of learning and intellectual discourse.
Explanation: Universities emerged as vital centers for learning, intellectual discourse, and the development of scholasticism during the High Middle Ages.
How does modern historical scholarship view the Middle Ages compared to Renaissance perceptions?
Answer: It offers a more nuanced view, recognizing achievements.
Explanation: Modern historical scholarship provides a more nuanced perspective on the Middle Ages, acknowledging its intellectual and cultural achievements, contrasting with the often negative Renaissance view.
How did the practice of law evolve in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages?
Answer: It advanced with the rediscovery of Roman law and standardization.
Explanation: Legal studies advanced significantly during the High Middle Ages with the rediscovery of Roman law and its integration into university curricula, leading to greater standardization.
What characterized the 'International Gothic' style in art around 1400?
Answer: Elegant forms, rich colors, and detailed depictions
Explanation: The International Gothic style, prevalent around 1400, was characterized by its elegance, rich colors, and detailed, often courtly, depictions.
How did Gutenberg's printing press impact the dissemination of knowledge?
Answer: It made books more affordable and accessible, increasing literacy.
Explanation: Gutenberg's printing press revolutionized knowledge dissemination by making books more affordable and accessible, thereby fostering increased literacy and the spread of ideas.
How did the concept of 'chivalry' influence the social and cultural norms of the medieval elite?
Answer: It emphasized virtues like loyalty, courage, and honor.
Explanation: Chivalry served as a code of conduct for the medieval elite, emphasizing virtues such as loyalty, courage, honor, and courtesy.
Manorialism and feudalism were primarily economic systems focused on international trade during the High Middle Ages.
Answer: False
Explanation: Manorialism and feudalism were primarily systems of social, political, and land organization, not systems focused on international trade.
Labor shortages following the Black Death led to decreased wages and improved conditions for peasants.
Answer: False
Explanation: Labor shortages after the Black Death led to increased wages and improved conditions for peasants.
Technological advancements like the three-field crop rotation and the heavy plough significantly boosted agricultural productivity in the High Middle Ages.
Answer: True
Explanation: Innovations such as three-field crop rotation and the heavy plough significantly enhanced agricultural productivity.
Townspeople in the Middle Ages were considered part of the traditional feudal structure of nobles, clergy, and peasants.
Answer: False
Explanation: Townspeople constituted a distinct social group separate from the traditional feudal hierarchy of nobles, clergy, and peasants.
Military technology in the Late Middle Ages saw a decreased reliance on infantry and the absence of gunpowder weapons.
Answer: False
Explanation: Late medieval military technology saw increased reliance on infantry and the introduction of gunpowder weapons.
Maritime technology saw improvements like the adoption of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder, enhancing ship maneuverability.
Answer: True
Explanation: Improvements in maritime technology, including lateen sails and the stern-post rudder, significantly enhanced ship maneuverability.
Late medieval agriculture saw improvements such as the spinning wheel and the refinement of windmills.
Answer: True
Explanation: Late medieval agriculture benefited from advancements like the spinning wheel and improved windmills.
How did the Black Death influence labor dynamics in Western Europe?
Answer: It caused labor shortages, resulting in increased wages.
Explanation: The severe population reduction from the Black Death created labor shortages, which consequently led to increased wages and greater bargaining power for surviving peasants.
Which technological advancement significantly improved agricultural productivity during the High Middle Ages?
Answer: The development of the heavy plough and three-field rotation
Explanation: Innovations such as the heavy plough and the three-field crop rotation system significantly enhanced agricultural productivity during the High Middle Ages.
What role did towns and townspeople play in medieval society?
Answer: They formed a distinct group outside the traditional feudal structure.
Explanation: Townspeople constituted a distinct social and economic group that operated largely outside the traditional feudal structure of nobles, clergy, and peasants.
How did military technology evolve during the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: Increased reliance on infantry and introduction of gunpowder weapons
Explanation: Late medieval military technology saw a greater emphasis on infantry, particularly with the introduction and increasing use of gunpowder weapons.
Which technological developments improved maritime capabilities in the High Middle Ages?
Answer: Adoption of lateen sails and stern-post rudder
Explanation: The adoption of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder were key technological advancements that improved ship maneuverability and speed in the High Middle Ages.
What were the main technological advancements in agriculture during the Late Middle Ages that improved efficiency?
Answer: Widespread use of the spinning wheel and refined windmills
Explanation: While the spinning wheel and windmills are significant late medieval technologies, the question asks about agriculture. The spinning wheel primarily impacted textile production. Refined windmills did aid in grinding grain, indirectly supporting agriculture. However, advancements like the three-field system and heavy plough (mentioned in other flashcards) were more direct agricultural productivity boosters. Re-evaluating based on the provided flashcards: fc_1759618982_af5ba471cd5e mentions spinning wheel and windmills. fc_1759618982_d91f3900f327 mentions three-field rotation and heavy plough. The question asks about *Late* Middle Ages agriculture. fc_1759618982_af5ba471cd5e is explicitly about Late Middle Ages agriculture. The spinning wheel tripled wool production, and windmills were refined. Let's stick with the flashcard content. The question is slightly misleading by including spinning wheel which is not directly agricultural. However, windmills are relevant. The best fit from the options and flashcards is the one mentioning windmills. The provided answer is 'Widespread use of the spinning wheel and refined windmills'. This aligns with fc_1759618982_af5ba471cd5e.