Explanation: Migraine is classified as a complex neurological disorder, not an infectious disease.

Explanation: Migraine is considered a highly heterogeneous condition, presenting differently in various individuals, and is better understood as a spectrum disease rather than a single distinct clinical entity.

Explanation: Hemiplegic migraine is a specific type of migraine characterized by temporary motor symptoms, including weakness on one side of the body.

Explanation: Status migrainosus is defined as a migraine attack that lasts longer than 72 hours, not less than 24 hours.

Explanation: A silent migraine, also known as acephalgic migraine, occurs when a person experiences aura symptoms without a subsequent headache.

Explanation: Familial hemiplegic migraine is a rare form of migraine linked to single-gene disorders affecting ion transport or axonal proteins.

Explanation: According to the International Headache Society's '5, 4, 3, 2, 1 criteria' for migraine without aura, at least one associated symptom, such as nausea/vomiting or photophobia/phonophobia, must be present.

Explanation: The International Classification of Headache Disorders recognizes multiple subclasses of migraine, including migraine without aura, migraine with aura (which encompasses various subtypes), probable migraine, and chronic migraine, among others.

Explanation: Chronic migraine is defined by headaches occurring on 15 or more days per month for longer than three months, with specific criteria for migraine headaches on at least 8 of those days.

Explanation: Migraine should be differentiated from tension headaches, which are typically bilateral, non-pulsating, and less disabling, unlike the unilateral and pulsating nature of migraine.

Explanation: The term 'migraine' is derived from the Greek word 'hemikrania,' which translates to 'pain in half of the head'.

Explanation: Early descriptions consistent with migraine can be found in texts dating back much earlier, such as ancient Egyptian papyri (c. 1500 BCE) and writings from the Hippocratic school (c. 200 BCE).

Explanation: In the second century CE, Galen of Pergamon proposed that migraine pain originated from the meninges and blood vessels of the head, influencing medical thought for centuries.

Explanation: The distinction between migraine with aura and migraine without aura was first made in 1887 by Louis Hyacinthe Thomas.

Explanation: Trepanation, the historical practice of drilling holes into the skull, was recommended by William Harvey in the 17th century as a potential treatment for migraine.

Explanation: Migraine is considered a spectrum disease due to its heterogeneity, meaning it presents differently across individuals, rather than similarly.

Explanation: Migraine is primarily classified as a complex neurological disorder, characterized by recurrent episodes of moderate to severe headaches, which are typically unilateral and often accompanied by sensory disturbances.

Explanation: Hemiplegic migraine is a type of migraine characterized by motor symptoms, specifically weakness, which indicates motor involvement in the aura.

Explanation: Status migrainosus is defined as a migraine attack that persists for longer than 72 hours, representing a prolonged and severe form of the condition.

Explanation: A silent migraine, also known as acephalgic migraine, occurs when a person experiences aura symptoms without a subsequent headache.

Explanation: According to the International Headache Society's '5, 4, 3, 2, 1 criteria' for migraine without aura, at least one associated symptom, such as nausea/vomiting or photophobia/phonophobia, must be present.

Explanation: The International Classification of Headache Disorders lists main subclasses including migraine without aura, migraine with aura (which encompasses various subtypes), probable migraine, and chronic migraine. 'Migraine with brainstem aura' is a subtype of migraine with aura, not listed as a distinct main subclass.

Explanation: Chronic migraine is defined by the occurrence of headaches on 15 or more days per month for longer than three months, with specific criteria for migraine headaches on at least 8 of those days.

Explanation: Tension headache is considered in the differential diagnosis of migraine, characterized by typically bilateral, non-pulsating pain, and generally less disabling symptoms compared to migraine.

Explanation: The term 'migraine' is derived from the Greek word 'hemikrania,' which translates to 'pain in half of the head'.

Explanation: In the second century CE, Galen of Pergamon proposed that migraine pain originated from the meninges and blood vessels of the head, influencing medical thought for centuries.

Explanation: Trepanation, the historical practice of drilling holes into the skull, was recommended by William Harvey in the 17th century as a potential treatment for migraine.

Explanation: Migraine headaches are classically described as unilateral and pulsating. While bilateral pain can occur, it is not the typical presentation, and pulsating quality is a key characteristic.

Explanation: Nausea and sensitivity to light (photophobia) are common sensory disturbances frequently associated with migraine headaches.

Explanation: Approximately one-third of individuals experiencing migraines report having aura, not two-thirds.

Explanation: The prodrome phase of a migraine attack can indeed include symptoms such as fatigue and food cravings.

Explanation: Aura refers to transient focal neurological symptoms that typically occur before or during a migraine headache, not the headache pain itself.

Explanation: Visual disturbances are the most frequent type of aura experienced during a migraine, occurring in up to 99% of cases.

Explanation: A scintillating scotoma is a visual disturbance, not a sensory aura involving tingling sensations, which are typically described as paresthesias.

Explanation: Sensory auras, manifesting as tingling sensations, are the second most common type of aura; visual disturbances are the most frequent.

Explanation: Migraine pain is often described as moderate to severe in intensity and can be debilitating.

Explanation: Neck pain is commonly associated with migraine headaches, particularly in individuals experiencing bilateral pain.

Explanation: Sensory disturbances like nausea and photophobia are typically associated with the pain phase or prodrome of a migraine, not the postdrome phase, which often involves fatigue or cognitive difficulties.

Explanation: The pain phase of a migraine typically worsens with physical activity.

Explanation: Migraine headaches are frequently associated with sensory disturbances such as nausea, sensitivity to light (photophobia), and sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis).

Explanation: Approximately one-third of individuals experiencing migraines report having aura, which is a transient period of sensory disturbance that typically precedes or accompanies the headache.

Explanation: The prodrome phase of a migraine attack can include symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, and food cravings, occurring hours or days before the headache.

Explanation: Visual disturbances are the most frequent type of aura experienced during a migraine, occurring in up to 99% of cases. These can include scintillating scotoma or zigzag lines.

Explanation: A scintillating scotoma is a visual disturbance often experienced during migraine aura, described as an area of partial alteration in the field of vision that flickers.

Explanation: The pain phase of a migraine is classically described as unilateral, pulsating, and moderate to severe in intensity. It typically worsens with physical activity.

Explanation: The exact cause of migraine is not fully understood and is thought to result from a combination of environmental factors and genetic predispositions.

Explanation: Genetics plays a significant role in migraine susceptibility, with studies indicating a substantial genetic influence ranging from approximately 34% to 51%.

Explanation: Psychological stress and hunger are commonly reported triggers for migraine attacks.

Explanation: Estrogen fluctuations are believed to play a considerable role in provoking migraine pain, particularly in women, with episodes often correlating with menstrual cycles and other hormonal changes.

Explanation: Genetics plays a significant role in migraine susceptibility, with studies indicating a substantial genetic influence ranging from approximately 34% to 51%.

Explanation: Familial hemiplegic migraine, a rare form of migraine, is associated with several genes, including PRRT2, which encodes an axonal protein involved in the exocytosis complex.

Explanation: Common triggers for migraine attacks include various factors such as psychological stress, hunger, fatigue, certain foods (e.g., those containing MSG or tyramine), alcohol, weather changes, and sensory stimuli.

Explanation: Estrogen fluctuations are believed to play a considerable role in provoking migraine pain, particularly in women, with episodes often correlating with menstrual cycles and other hormonal changes.

Explanation: Common triggers for migraine attacks include various factors such as weather changes (specifically temperature and barometric pressure), stress, certain foods, and sensory stimuli.

Explanation: Globally, migraine affects approximately 15% of the population, not less than 5%.

Explanation: While migraine prevalence is similar between boys and girls before puberty, women experience migraines more frequently than men after puberty.

Explanation: The World Health Organization ranks severe migraine as a condition causing significant disability, comparable to other severe chronic illnesses.

Explanation: Migraine is recognized as the most costly neurological disorder in the European Community due to substantial direct medical costs and indirect costs related to lost productivity.

Explanation: Migraine with aura is identified as a risk factor for ischemic stroke, potentially doubling the risk.

Explanation: Globally, migraine affects approximately 15% of the population, translating to about one billion people worldwide.

Explanation: While migraine prevalence is similar between boys and girls before puberty, it increases more significantly in women than in men after puberty.

Explanation: The World Health Organization recognizes severe migraine as a condition causing significant disability, ranking it among the highest categories of disability comparable to other severe chronic illnesses.

Explanation: Migraine imposes a significant economic burden, being recognized as the most costly neurological disorder in the European Community due to substantial direct medical costs and indirect costs related to lost productivity.

Explanation: Migraine with aura is identified as a risk factor for ischemic stroke, potentially doubling the risk, especially when combined with other factors like hormonal birth control use or smoking.

Explanation: Preventive migraine medications work by inhibiting migraine pathophysiology through various mechanisms, rather than increasing nerve cell excitability.

Explanation: Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is the accepted mechanism believed to cause the aura experienced during migraine attacks, not the headache pain itself.

Explanation: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) contributes to pain transmission in migraines by causing vasodilation and releasing inflammatory mediators, not vasoconstriction.

Explanation: CGRP targeting is a therapeutic strategy for migraine that involves affecting CGRP receptors or the peptide itself.

Explanation: Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is the accepted mechanism believed to cause the aura experienced during migraine attacks. CSD involves a wave of neuronal excitation followed by a period of inactivity.

Explanation: The proposed pathophysiological mechanism for migraine aura is cortical spreading depression (CSD), which involves a wave of neuronal excitation followed by a period of inactivity across the cerebral cortex.

Explanation: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a significant role in migraine pathophysiology by promoting vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels and facilitating the release of inflammatory mediators, thereby contributing to pain transmission.

Explanation: The primary mechanism proposed for the aura phase of a migraine is cortical spreading depression (CSD), characterized by a wave of neuronal excitation followed by a period of inactivity.

Explanation: Initial treatments for acute migraine attacks typically involve over-the-counter pain relievers and anti-nausea medications.

Explanation: Triptans and ergotamines are specific medications prescribed for migraines that do not respond adequately to over-the-counter treatments.

Explanation: Preventive medication is generally recommended for individuals experiencing four or more migraine attacks per month, or for those whose attacks significantly impact their quality of life.

Explanation: Commonly prescribed prophylactic medications for migraine include classes such as beta-blockers, anticonvulsants, and antidepressants.

Explanation: Non-pharmacological preventive therapies for migraine encompass strategies such as nutritional supplementation and improved sleep hygiene.

Explanation: Migraine management involves multiple aspects, including trigger avoidance, acute treatment for attacks, and preventive control for frequent or severe migraines, not solely acute medication.

Explanation: Ergotamine, a medication derived from ergot fungus, was first used clinically for the treatment of migraines in 1925, following its isolation in 1918.

Explanation: Emerging research indicates that a ketogenic diet may offer benefits in preventing migraine attacks.

Explanation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an emerging area of research for migraine prevention.

Explanation: Initial treatments for acute migraine attacks typically involve over-the-counter pain relievers and anti-nausea medications, along with avoiding known triggers.

Explanation: For individuals whose migraines do not respond adequately to over-the-counter pain medications, specific treatments such as triptans, ergotamines, or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors may be prescribed.

Explanation: Preventive medication is generally recommended for individuals experiencing four or more migraine attacks per month, or for those whose attacks significantly impact their quality of life.

Explanation: Commonly prescribed prophylactic medications for migraine include beta-blockers like propranolol, anticonvulsants such as sodium valproate, and antidepressants like amitriptyline.

Explanation: Preventive medications work by inhibiting migraine pathophysiology through various mechanisms, such as blocking ion channels or interfering with cellular processes.

Explanation: Non-pharmacological preventive therapies for migraine include dietary adjustments, nutritional supplementation, improving sleep hygiene, and engaging in regular aerobic exercise.

Explanation: Ergotamine, a medication derived from ergot fungus, was first used clinically for the treatment of migraines in 1925, following its isolation in 1918.

Explanation: Potential non-pharmacological preventive therapies for migraine include dietary adjustments, nutritional supplementation, improved sleep hygiene, and regular aerobic exercise.