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Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah, also recognized as Mohammed III, maintained a continuous reign over the Sultanate of Morocco from 1757 until his demise in 1790.
Answer: True
Explanation: Mohammed ben Abdallah, also known as Mohammed III, reigned as the Sultan of Morocco continuously from 1757 until his death in 1790.
Historian Abdallah Laroui characterized Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah as 'the father of modern Morocco,' attributing this designation solely to his military achievements.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Abdallah Laroui characterized Mohammed ben Abdallah as 'the father of modern Morocco,' this designation encompassed broader contributions beyond mere military prowess.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah was succeeded on the throne by his son, Moulay Yazid.
Answer: True
Explanation: Upon the death of Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah, he was succeeded by his son, Moulay Yazid.
The provided historical account offers detailed circumstances surrounding Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's brief sultanate in 1748.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the text acknowledges Mohammed ben Abdallah's brief sultanate in 1748, it does not provide detailed circumstances regarding this specific period.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's father was Sultan Abdallah bin Ismail.
Answer: True
Explanation: Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's father was indeed Sultan Abdallah bin Ismail.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah was a member of the 'Alawi dynasty, which has governed Morocco since the 17th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: Mohammed ben Abdallah belonged to the 'Alawi dynasty, the ruling dynasty of Morocco since the mid-17th century.
Identify Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah and delineate the primary period of his rule.
Answer: Sultan of Morocco who briefly reigned in 1748 and again from 1757 to 1790.
Explanation: Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah, also known as Mohammed III, presided over the Sultanate of Morocco from 1757 to 1790. His reign also included a prior, brief tenure as sultan in 1748.
How did the historian Abdallah Laroui characterize the role of Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah in the historical development of Morocco?
Answer: As 'The Architect of Modern Morocco'.
Explanation: Abdallah Laroui designated Mohammed ben Abdallah as 'the architect of modern Morocco,' signifying his profound impact on the nation's development and modernization.
Which of Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's sons succeeded him on the throne of Morocco?
Answer: Moulay Yazid
Explanation: Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah was succeeded by his son, Moulay Yazid.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah belonged to which ruling dynasty that has governed Morocco since the 17th century?
Answer: The 'Alawi dynasty
Explanation: Mohammed ben Abdallah was a member of the 'Alawi dynasty, the ruling house of Morocco since the mid-17th century.
The significant Lisbon earthquake of 1755 served as a catalyst for Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's initiation of extensive reconstruction efforts in Moroccan urban centers, notably Mogador and Rabat.
Answer: True
Explanation: The devastating Lisbon earthquake of 1755 prompted Mohammed ben Abdallah to initiate the reconstruction of Moroccan cities, including Mogador and Rabat.
Upon its development by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah commencing in 1769, the city of Essaouira was estimated to have a population of approximately 12,000 inhabitants.
Answer: True
Explanation: When Essaouira was developed by Mohammed ben Abdallah starting in 1769, its estimated population was around 12,000 people, establishing it as a significant port city.
During Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign, Rabat was significantly developed into an imperial city, featuring notable constructions such as the Dar al-Makhzen palace.
Answer: True
Explanation: Rabat was indeed developed into an imperial city during Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign, with significant constructions including the Dar al-Makhzen palace and the As-Sunna Mosque.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign was characterized by a notable absence of focus on infrastructure and urban development.
Answer: False
Explanation: Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign was marked by significant investment in infrastructure and urban development, including city reconstruction and the establishment of new ports.
By developing Essaouira into the principal port for external trade, Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah effectively strengthened central authority and limited European intervention.
Answer: True
Explanation: The strategic development of Essaouira as the primary port for external trade allowed Mohammed ben Abdallah to consolidate control over commerce, thereby strengthening central authority and managing European influence.
Coins minted in Essaouira between 1760 and 1767, as depicted, indicate the city's prominence as a minting center during Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's rule.
Answer: True
Explanation: The minting of coins in Essaouira between 1760 and 1767 signifies the city's role as a significant center for currency production during Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign.
Théodore Cornut, a French architect, played a crucial role in designing the model city of Essaouira during Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign.
Answer: True
Explanation: The French architect Théodore Cornut was instrumental in the design and construction of the model city of Essaouira under the patronage of Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah.
Which historical cataclysm directly prompted Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah to undertake significant reconstruction efforts in cities such as Mogador and Rabat?
Answer: The major earthquake that struck Lisbon in 1755.
Explanation: The devastating Lisbon earthquake of 1755 served as the direct impetus for Mohammed ben Abdallah's extensive reconstruction projects in Moroccan cities, including Mogador and Rabat.
What was the estimated population of Essaouira when it was developed by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah as the principal port for external trade starting in 1769?
Answer: Approximately 12,000 people
Explanation: Upon its development by Mohammed ben Abdallah beginning in 1769, Essaouira was estimated to house approximately 12,000 inhabitants, establishing its significance as a major port.
Which significant architectural contributions were made in Rabat during Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign, transforming it into an imperial city?
Answer: The development of the Dar al-Makhzen palace and the As-Sunna Mosque.
Explanation: During Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign, Rabat was enhanced as an imperial city through notable constructions, including the Dar al-Makhzen palace and the As-Sunna Mosque.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign is historically significant for Moroccan infrastructure and urban development because:
Answer: He rebuilt cities devastated by an earthquake and established a major port.
Explanation: Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign was pivotal for infrastructure and urban development, characterized by the rebuilding of earthquake-damaged cities and the establishment of a crucial new port.
By developing Essaouira into the principal port for external trade, Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah aimed to:
Answer: Strengthen central authority and consolidate control over commerce.
Explanation: The strategic development of Essaouira as the primary port for external trade enabled Mohammed ben Abdallah to consolidate control over commerce and thereby strengthen central authority.
The image depicting coins minted in Essaouira between 1760 and 1767 signifies:
Answer: Essaouira's importance as a center for minting currency.
Explanation: The minting of coins in Essaouira between 1760 and 1767 underscores the city's significance as a center for currency production during Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign.
Upon his accession, Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah diminished the significance of the Arab guich forces in an effort to consolidate central authority.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to diminishing their importance, Mohammed ben Abdallah reinstated the significance of the Arab guich forces upon his accession to strengthen central authority.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah successfully suppressed the Wadaya revolt in 1760 by apprehending their leaders and subsequently dispersing them to Meknes.
Answer: True
Explanation: Mohammed ben Abdallah effectively quelled the Wadaya revolt in 1760 by arresting their leaders and dispersing them to Meknes, thereby restoring order.
In 1775, Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah ordered the 'Black Guard' to relocate from Meknes to Tangier, a command they readily obeyed.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Black Guard' resisted the 1775 order to transfer from Meknes to Tangier and subsequently attempted to install Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's son, Yazid, as the new sultan.
During Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's early reign, the 'Abid military corps held significant power and were central to his administration.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Abid military corps had declined in power and abandoned their positions prior to Mohammed ben Abdallah's accession; he focused on restoring other military structures.
In 1775, the Black Guard successfully instigated a coup, installing Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's son Yazid as the new sultan.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the Black Guard attempted to install Moulay Yazid as sultan in 1775, their efforts were thwarted when Yazid reconciled with his father, Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah.
To restore stability early in his reign, Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah took which action regarding military forces?
Answer: He reinstated the importance of the Arab guich forces and pacified restless Berber tribes.
Explanation: Early in his reign, Mohammed ben Abdallah reinstated the significance of the Arab guich forces and pacified restless Berber tribes to restore stability and central authority.
In 1760, Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah marched an army to Fes to quell a revolt by which specific group?
Answer: The Wadaya
Explanation: In 1760, Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah led an army to Fes to suppress a revolt initiated by the Wadaya.
In 1775, the 'Black Guard' resisted Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's orders and undertook what specific action?
Answer: They attempted to install his son Yazid as sultan.
Explanation: Resisting transfer orders in 1775, the 'Black Guard' attempted to proclaim Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's son, Yazid, as the new sultan.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah was the first sovereign globally to formally acknowledge the independence of the United States of America.
Answer: True
Explanation: Mohammed ben Abdallah was the first leader in the world to recognize the independence of the United States of America, issuing a declaration on December 20, 1777.
The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship, ratified in 1786, represented the initial treaty established between the United States and any European nation.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship, signed in 1786, was the first treaty concluded between the United States and any Muslim, Arab, or African country, not a European nation.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah ordered the seizure of the American merchant vessel Betsey in 1784 as a punitive measure for perceived insults from the U.S. government.
Answer: False
Explanation: The seizure of the American ship Betsey in 1784 was primarily a strategic maneuver by Mohammed ben Abdallah to pressure the United States government into concluding a treaty, rather than retaliation for insults.
The image depicting Captain van Kinsbergen negotiating a treaty with the Emperor of Morocco illustrates the resolution of the Franco-Moroccan War.
Answer: False
Explanation: The image of Captain van Kinsbergen negotiating a treaty pertains to the resolution of the Dutch-Moroccan War (1775-1777), not the Franco-Moroccan War.
George Washington's 1787 letter to Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah expressed concerns regarding Moroccan piracy against American vessels.
Answer: False
Explanation: George Washington's letter to Mohammed ben Abdallah in 1787 conveyed appreciation for the established Treaty of Peace and Friendship, not concerns about piracy.
The image of the Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship represents a diplomatic agreement primarily focused on military cooperation against European powers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship primarily established peaceful relations and mutual recognition, not military cooperation against European powers.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign was pivotal for Moroccan foreign relations, establishing the first treaty relationship between the United States and an Arab/African nation.
Answer: True
Explanation: Mohammed ben Abdallah's reign was indeed pivotal, marked by the establishment of the first treaty relationship between the United States and an Arab/African nation.
In December 1777, Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah undertook a significant diplomatic initiative by:
Answer: Recognizing the independence of the United States of America.
Explanation: On December 20, 1777, Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah formally recognized the independence of the United States, marking a significant early diplomatic acknowledgment.
The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship, signed in 1786, holds historical significance primarily because:
Answer: It was the first treaty concluded between the United States and any Muslim, Arab, or African country.
Explanation: The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship (1786) is historically significant as the first treaty established between the United States and any Muslim, Arab, or African nation, representing a unique diplomatic milestone.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah ordered the seizure of the American ship Betsey in 1784 primarily to:
Answer: Pressure the US government into concluding a treaty.
Explanation: The seizure of the American ship Betsey was a strategic action by Mohammed ben Abdallah to expedite treaty negotiations between Morocco and the United States.
Luis de Unzaga established an alliance with Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah. What related activity is mentioned concerning Unzaga's family?
Answer: His brothers-in-law were involved in the Sultan's secret intelligence service.
Explanation: Luis de Unzaga's brothers-in-law, Antonio and Matías de Gálvez, were involved in Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's secret intelligence service, indicating a collaborative effort.
What was the principal motivation behind Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah ordering the seizure of the American ship Betsey in 1784?
Answer: To expedite treaty negotiations between Morocco and the United States.
Explanation: The seizure of the American ship Betsey in 1784 was a strategic tactic employed by Mohammed ben Abdallah to expedite the conclusion of a treaty with the United States.
What sentiment did George Washington convey in his 1787 letter to Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah?
Answer: An expression of appreciation for the established Treaty of Peace and Friendship.
Explanation: George Washington's 1787 correspondence to Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah expressed gratitude for the established Treaty of Peace and Friendship between their nations.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah maintained a consistently strained and uncooperative relationship with the ulama (Muslim religious scholars).
Answer: False
Explanation: Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah cultivated a productive relationship with the ulama, whose support contributed to the stability and legitimacy of his rule.
Lalla Fatima bint Suleiman, a principal wife of Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah, originated from a slave concubine background of Genoese descent.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lalla Fatima bint Suleiman was Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's chief wedded wife and cousin, not a slave concubine of Genoese origin. That description pertains to Lalla Dawiya (Marthe Franceschini).
Lalla Dawiya, originally Marthe Franceschini, was of Moroccan Berber origin and became a favored wife of the Sultan.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lalla Dawiya, originally Marthe Franceschini, was of Corsican or Genoese origin, not Moroccan Berber. She was initially a slave concubine whom the Sultan later married.
The sons of Helen Gloag, a Scottish captive within Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's harem, were reportedly assassinated by Moulay Yazid upon his ascension to the sultanate.
Answer: True
Explanation: According to historical accounts, the sons of Helen Gloag, a Scottish captive, were assassinated by Moulay Yazid after he became Sultan.
Elizabeth Marsh, an English captive, was compelled to remain indefinitely within Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's harem due to her perceived value.
Answer: False
Explanation: Elizabeth Marsh, an English captive, was eventually granted freedom and permission to leave Morocco, contrary to being forced to remain indefinitely.
Lalla Fatima bint Suleiman held the esteemed position of chief wedded wife and was a cousin to Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lalla Fatima bint Suleiman was recognized as the chief wedded wife and was also a cousin to Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah, holding a position of significant esteem.
Lalla Dawiya, originally Marthe Franceschini, was of Moroccan origin and captured during a tribal conflict.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lalla Dawiya (Marthe Franceschini) was of Genoese or Corsican origin, not Moroccan. She entered the Sultan's service as a slave concubine.
Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's relationship with the ulama (Muslim religious scholars) is best characterized as:
Answer: Productive, with their support contributing to the stability and legitimacy of his rule.
Explanation: Mohammed ben Abdallah maintained a productive relationship with the ulama, whose support was instrumental in bolstering the stability and legitimacy of his reign.
Who was Lalla Fatima bint Suleiman in relation to Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah?
Answer: His chief wedded wife and cousin.
Explanation: Lalla Fatima bint Suleiman held the esteemed position of chief wedded wife and was a cousin to Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah.
Lalla Dawiya, originally named Marthe Franceschini, is described as:
Answer: A Corsican/Genoese woman who was initially a slave concubine and later married the Sultan.
Explanation: Lalla Dawiya, formerly Marthe Franceschini, was of Corsican or Genoese origin. She entered Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's service as a slave concubine and subsequently married him.
What fate befell the sons of Helen Gloag, a Scottish captive within Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's harem, according to the historical narrative?
Answer: They were assassinated by Moulay Yazid upon his ascension.
Explanation: The sons of Helen Gloag, a Scottish captive, were reportedly assassinated by Moulay Yazid following his assumption of the sultanate.
Elizabeth Marsh, an English captive within Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah's harem, was eventually:
Answer: Granted freedom and permission to leave Morocco.
Explanation: Elizabeth Marsh, an English captive, was eventually granted her freedom and permitted to depart from Morocco.
During the 1765 Larache expedition, Moroccan forces successfully repelled a French naval incursion, inflicting substantial losses upon the fleet.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the 1765 Larache expedition, Moroccan naval forces counter-attacked and defeated the French fleet, inflicting significant casualties and capturing numerous personnel.
Following the Portuguese evacuation of Mazagan in 1769, the city was subsequently renamed Casablanca.
Answer: False
Explanation: Upon the Portuguese evacuation of Mazagan in 1769, the city was renamed al-Jadida ('the new'), not Casablanca.
The Dutch-Moroccan War (1775-1777) concluded with a decisive Moroccan victory, establishing dominance over Dutch maritime trade routes.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Dutch-Moroccan War (1775-1777) concluded unfavorably for Morocco, primarily due to a Dutch naval blockade and the loss of key Moroccan vessels.
The 1774 siege of Melilla, initiated by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah, resulted in the successful capture of the city by Moroccan forces.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 1774 siege of Melilla was unsuccessful; the city's defenses held, and the subsequent Treaty of Aranjuez (1780) formally recognized Spanish rule over Melilla.
The conflict over Mazagan in 1769 resulted in the Portuguese reinforcing their control over the city.
Answer: False
Explanation: The conflict over Mazagan in 1769 led to the Portuguese evacuation of the city, not a reinforcement of their control.
The Treaty of Aranjuez (1780) involved Morocco ceding territory to Spain in exchange for Spanish recognition of Moroccan rule over Melilla.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Treaty of Aranjuez (1780) resulted in Morocco recognizing Spanish rule over Melilla, not the other way around. Morocco received territorial concessions from Spain in return.
What was the decisive outcome of the Larache expedition in 1765 involving Moroccan naval forces and the French fleet?
Answer: Moroccan vessels counter-attacked, inflicting significant losses and defeating the French expedition.
Explanation: During the 1765 Larache expedition, Moroccan naval forces executed a successful counter-attack, encircling and defeating the French fleet with substantial losses.
What was the disposition of the city of Mazagan subsequent to the Portuguese evacuation in 1769?
Answer: It was renamed al-Jadida and later restored.
Explanation: Following the Portuguese evacuation of Mazagan in 1769, the city was renamed al-Jadida ('the new') and subsequently underwent restoration.
The Dutch-Moroccan War (1775-1777) concluded with an unfavorable outcome for Morocco primarily due to:
Answer: A Dutch naval blockade and the loss of key Moroccan ships.
Explanation: The Dutch-Moroccan War concluded unfavorably for Morocco due to a Dutch naval blockade and the subsequent loss of critical Moroccan vessels.
The 1774 siege of Melilla initiated by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah concluded with which diplomatic resolution?
Answer: The Treaty of Aranjuez recognized Spanish rule over Melilla in exchange for concessions.
Explanation: The siege of Melilla concluded with the Treaty of Aranjuez (1780), wherein Morocco formally recognized Spanish sovereignty over Melilla in exchange for territorial concessions.
What was the primary outcome of the Treaty of Aranjuez (1780) concerning Morocco and Spain?
Answer: The formal recognition of Spanish rule over Melilla by Morocco.
Explanation: The Treaty of Aranjuez (1780) formally recognized Spanish rule over Melilla, with Morocco receiving territorial concessions from Spain in return.
The illustration showing Captain Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen negotiating a treaty with the Emperor of Morocco relates to which historical event?
Answer: The resolution of the Dutch-Moroccan War (1775-1777).
Explanation: The depiction of Captain Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen negotiating a treaty with the Emperor of Morocco illustrates the resolution of the Dutch-Moroccan War (1775-1777).