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NHGRI was originally established in 1988 as the National Center for Human Genome Research (NCHGR).
Answer: False
Explanation: NHGRI originated in 1988 as the Office of Human Genome Research. It was later transitioned to the National Center for Human Genome Research (NCHGR) in 1989, not established as NCHGR in 1988.
The renaming of NCHGR to NHGRI in 1997 signified a reduction in the institute's scope and responsibilities within the NIH.
Answer: False
Explanation: The renaming of NCHGR to NHGRI in 1997 signified an elevation in status to a research institute, reflecting an expansion, not a reduction, in scope and responsibilities.
NHGRI is an independent institute with no organizational ties to the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Answer: False
Explanation: NHGRI is an institute that is part of the larger National Institutes of Health (NIH), indicating a clear organizational tie.
In what year was the precursor to NHGRI, the Office of Human Genome Research, initially established?
Answer: 1988
Explanation: The precursor to NHGRI, the Office of Human Genome Research, was initially established in 1988.
What significant expansion occurred within NHGRI (then NCHGR) in 1993?
Answer: Establishment of the Division of Intramural Research (DIR).
Explanation: In 1993, the NCHGR established the Division of Intramural Research (DIR) to conduct research directly on the NIH campus.
The transition from NCHGR to NHGRI in 1997 signified what change for the institute?
Answer: An elevation in its status to a research institute.
Explanation: The renaming of NCHGR to NHGRI in 1997 marked an elevation in its status to that of a formal research institute within the NIH structure.
What does the acronym NCHGR stand for?
Answer: National Center for Human Genome Research
Explanation: NCHGR is the acronym for the National Center for Human Genome Research, the predecessor to NHGRI.
The primary role of the NCHGR upon its establishment in 1989 was to manage the NIH's contribution to the International Human Genome Project.
Answer: True
Explanation: Upon its establishment in 1989, the National Center for Human Genome Research (NCHGR) was tasked with managing the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) participation in the International Human Genome Project.
The International Human Genome Project officially commenced in 1990 with the goal of mapping and sequencing the entire human genome.
Answer: True
Explanation: The International Human Genome Project officially began in 1990, aiming to map and sequence the complete human genome.
NHGRI announced the complete sequencing of the human genome in April 2003, with no remaining gaps.
Answer: False
Explanation: While NHGRI announced the successful sequencing of the human genome in April 2003, this initial sequence still contained gaps. The complete sequencing, filling all gaps, was achieved later with the T2T-CHM13 release in 2022.
What was the primary objective of the International Human Genome Project that began in 1990?
Answer: To sequence the complete human genome.
Explanation: The primary objective of the International Human Genome Project, commencing in 1990, was to map and sequence the entire human genome.
Which milestone did NHGRI announce in April 2003?
Answer: The successful sequencing of the human genome.
Explanation: In April 2003, NHGRI announced the successful sequencing of the human genome, a significant achievement, though not yet complete with all gaps filled.
In 1993, NHGRI established the Division of Extramural Research to fund genome research outside the institute.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 1993, the NCHGR established the Division of Intramural Research (DIR) to conduct research on the NIH campus, not the Division of Extramural Research for external funding.
NHGRI's organizational structure includes seven divisions, with four dedicated to extramural research funding.
Answer: True
Explanation: NHGRI is organized into seven divisions, four of which are specifically focused on funding extramural research.
The Division of Intramural Research (DIR) focuses on funding external research projects related to genome technologies.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Division of Intramural Research (DIR) conducts research directly on the NIH campus, focusing on applying genome technologies to the study of specific diseases, rather than funding external projects.
What is the function of the Division of Intramural Research (DIR) within NHGRI?
Answer: To conduct research directly on the NIH campus, focusing on diseases.
Explanation: The Division of Intramural Research (DIR) within NHGRI is responsible for conducting research directly on the NIH campus, with a focus on applying genome technologies to the study of specific diseases.
James Watson was the first Director of NHGRI, serving from 1989 until his term ended in 1992.
Answer: True
Explanation: James Watson served as the inaugural Director of NHGRI, commencing his tenure in 1989 and concluding it in 1992.
Michael M. Gottesman served as acting director after James Watson's departure, from 1992 to 1993.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following James Watson's resignation, Michael M. Gottesman assumed the role of acting director of NHGRI from 1992 to 1993.
Francis S. Collins directed NHGRI for fifteen years, stepping down in 2009.
Answer: True
Explanation: Francis S. Collins served as the Director of NHGRI for a period of fifteen years before stepping down in 2009.
Alan Edward Guttmacher succeeded Francis Collins as acting director in August 2008.
Answer: True
Explanation: Alan Edward Guttmacher was appointed as the acting director of NHGRI in August 2008, following the departure of Francis S. Collins.
Vence L. Bonham Jr. is listed as the current Acting Director of NHGRI.
Answer: True
Explanation: As per the provided information, Vence L. Bonham Jr. is listed as the current Acting Director of NHGRI.
Who was the first Director of NHGRI, serving from 1989?
Answer: James Watson
Explanation: James Watson was appointed as the first Director of NHGRI in 1989.
Which individual served as acting director of NHGRI following James Watson's departure?
Answer: Michael M. Gottesman
Explanation: Michael M. Gottesman served as the acting director of NHGRI subsequent to James Watson's departure.
Francis S. Collins served as the Director of NHGRI for how many years?
Answer: Fifteen years
Explanation: Francis S. Collins directed NHGRI for a period of fifteen years.
Who succeeded Francis S. Collins as the acting director of NHGRI?
Answer: Alan Edward Guttmacher
Explanation: Alan Edward Guttmacher succeeded Francis S. Collins as the acting director of NHGRI.
Who is currently listed as the Acting Director of NHGRI?
Answer: Vence L. Bonham Jr.
Explanation: Vence L. Bonham Jr. is currently listed as the Acting Director of NHGRI, according to the provided information.
The Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) was established in 1996 to investigate the genetic basis of complex human disorders.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) was indeed established in 1996 with the objective of investigating the genetic underpinnings of complex human disorders.
The ELSI program was established in 1990 to address the ethical, legal, and social implications of genomic research.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program was instituted in 1990 to examine the societal impacts arising from genomic research.
Initially, the ELSI program was allocated 10% of NHGRI's annual budget.
Answer: False
Explanation: Initially, the ELSI program was allocated 5% of NHGRI's annual budget, not 10%.
The Centers for Excellence in ELSI research (CEER) were established in 2004 and funded solely by NHGRI.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Centers for Excellence in ELSI research (CEER) were established in 2004, but they were funded by multiple sources, including the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, not solely by NHGRI.
The University of Washington's CGHE focused on equitable distribution of genomic research, especially in underserved communities.
Answer: True
Explanation: The University of Washington's Center for Genomics and Healthcare Equality (CGHE) indeed focused on the equitable distribution of genomic research, with particular attention to underserved communities.
The acronym ELSI refers to the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications research program within NHGRI.
Answer: True
Explanation: The acronym ELSI correctly refers to the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications research program within NHGRI.
What was the main purpose of the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), established in 1996?
Answer: To investigate the genetic components of complex human disorders.
Explanation: The Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), established in 1996, was designed to investigate the genetic factors contributing to complex human disorders.
What does the acronym ELSI stand for in the context of NHGRI's research program?
Answer: Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications
Explanation: The acronym ELSI represents the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications research program within NHGRI.
What percentage of NHGRI's annual budget was initially allocated to the ELSI program?
Answer: 5%
Explanation: Initially, the ELSI program was allocated 5% of NHGRI's annual budget.
In what year were the Centers for Excellence in ELSI research (CEER) first established?
Answer: 2004
Explanation: The Centers for Excellence in ELSI research (CEER) were first established in 2004.
Which of the following was NOT among the initial CEER centers established in 2004?
Answer: Johns Hopkins University's Center for Genomics Research
Explanation: Johns Hopkins University's Center for Genomics Research was not among the initial CEER centers established in 2004; the initial centers included those at Case Western Reserve, Duke, Stanford, and the University of Washington.
The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) is a federal research institute located within the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland.
Answer: True
Explanation: The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) is indeed a federal research institute situated within the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland.
A memorandum of understanding between the NIH and the Department of Energy (DOE) concerning human genome research was signed in 1998.
Answer: False
Explanation: The memorandum of understanding between the NIH and the DOE concerning human genome research was signed in 1988, not 1998.
NHGRI receives its funding exclusively from private donations and grants.
Answer: False
Explanation: NHGRI is primarily publicly funded through federal appropriations, not exclusively from private donations and grants.
In Fiscal Year 2020, NHGRI's approximate funding was around $650.6 million.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Fiscal Year 2020, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which includes NHGRI, received approximately $650.6 million in funding.
The official website for NHGRI is www.genome.gov.
Answer: True
Explanation: The official website for the National Human Genome Research Institute is indeed www.genome.gov.
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is the parent department of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Answer: False
Explanation: The parent department of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), not the Department of Energy (DOE).
The 'Authority control' section links to databases that help uniquely identify the NHGRI subject.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Authority control' section provides links to databases that serve to uniquely identify the subject of the article, NHGRI, ensuring consistency in cataloging and referencing.
The coordinates 39°00'01"N 77°06'12"W indicate the geographical location of NHGRI in Bethesda, Maryland.
Answer: True
Explanation: The provided coordinates, 39°00'01"N 77°06'12"W, accurately denote the geographical location of the National Human Genome Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.
The acronym NHGRI stands for the National Health Genomics Research Initiative.
Answer: False
Explanation: The acronym NHGRI stands for the National Human Genome Research Institute, not the National Health Genomics Research Initiative.
Which U.S. federal agency oversees the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)?
Answer: National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Explanation: The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) is overseen by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is its parent organization.
Which department collaborated with the NIH in 1988 to coordinate research activities for the Human Genome Project?
Answer: Department of Energy (DOE)
Explanation: The Department of Energy (DOE) collaborated with the NIH in 1988 to coordinate research activities for the Human Genome Project.
How is NHGRI funded?
Answer: Through public funding mechanisms.
Explanation: NHGRI is primarily funded through public mechanisms, including federal appropriations.
What was the approximate funding level for NHGRI in Fiscal Year 2020?
Answer: 650.6 million dollars
Explanation: In Fiscal Year 2020, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which includes NHGRI, received approximately $650.6 million in funding.
What is the official web address for the National Human Genome Research Institute?
Answer: www.genome.gov
Explanation: The official web address for the National Human Genome Research Institute is www.genome.gov.
Which U.S. government department is the parent organization of the NIH?
Answer: Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
Explanation: The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is the parent organization of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
What do the coordinates 39°00'01"N 77°06'12"W represent in the context of the NHGRI article?
Answer: The geographical location of the institute.
Explanation: The coordinates 39°00'01"N 77°06'12"W specify the geographical location of the NHGRI.
NHGRI is part of which larger organization?
Answer: The National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Explanation: NHGRI is an institute that operates under the umbrella of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).