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Nationalism fundamentally asserts that the nation and the state should ideally be congruent.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nationalism posits that the nation, understood as a distinct group of people, should ideally align with the state, which is the political entity governing a territory. This congruence is a foundational principle of the ideology.
A primary goal of nationalism is to ensure that each nation governs itself free from outside interference.
Answer: True
Explanation: A principal objective of nationalism is the attainment of self-determination, meaning that each nation should possess the autonomy to govern itself without external intervention or control.
What is the fundamental principle of nationalism as an ideology and movement?
Answer: The assertion that the nation should be congruent with the state.
Explanation: Nationalism's core principle is the congruence of the nation and the state, aiming for self-determination and the establishment of a nation-state.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a primary goal of nationalism in the text?
Answer: Promoting the interests of a specific social class.
Explanation: Primary goals of nationalism include self-determination, establishing the nation as the basis for a polity, and recognizing the nation as the source of political power; promoting specific social class interests is not a primary goal.
The term 'nationalism' first appeared in English around the late 18th century and became more prominent in the 19th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: The lexical entry for 'nationalism' in English dates to approximately 1798, with its conceptual and practical prominence growing substantially throughout the 19th century.
After 1914, the term 'nationalism' began to acquire positive connotations due to a period of renewed global optimism.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to the statement, the period following 1914, marked by global conflict and disillusionment, saw the term 'nationalism' increasingly acquire negative connotations, rather than positive ones.
Scholars generally agree that nationalism was firmly established as a concept by the 18th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: Scholarly consensus indicates that nationalism as a distinct concept was not firmly established until the 19th century, evolving significantly from earlier notions of collective identity.
The American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution are cited as key starting points for nationalism.
Answer: True
Explanation: The American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution are widely recognized as pivotal events that significantly contributed to the conceptualization and mobilization of nationalism, particularly through their emphasis on popular sovereignty.
The Industrial Revolution contributed to nationalism by creating isolated, local economies and fragmented public spheres.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Industrial Revolution facilitated nationalism by fostering integrated, nation-wide economies and creating a shared public sphere, thereby enabling mass mobilization and the cultivation of a unified national identity.
When did the term 'nationalism' first appear in English, and when did it gain wider prominence?
Answer: Appeared around 1798, prominent in the 19th century.
Explanation: The term 'nationalism' first appeared in English around 1798 and gained wider prominence throughout the 19th century.
How did the connotations of 'nationalism' change after 1914?
Answer: They increasingly acquired negative connotations.
Explanation: Following 1914, the term 'nationalism' began to acquire increasingly negative connotations, coinciding with periods of global conflict and disillusionment.
By which century do scholars generally agree that nationalism was firmly established as a concept?
Answer: 19th century
Explanation: Scholarly consensus places the firm establishment of nationalism as a concept by the 19th century.
Which historical events are frequently cited as important starting points for the concept of nationalism due to their impact on popular sovereignty?
Answer: The American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution.
Explanation: The American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution are frequently cited as crucial starting points for nationalism due to their emphasis on popular sovereignty and mobilization.
How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the development of nationalism?
Answer: By enabling mobilization on a state-wide scale and fostering national identity.
Explanation: The Industrial Revolution facilitated nationalism by creating integrated, nation-wide economies and a shared public sphere, enabling mass mobilization and the cultivation of national identity.
Modernization theory suggests nationalism emerged from traditional societal structures and agrarian economies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Modernization theory posits that nationalism is a product of the transition from traditional, agrarian societies to modern, industrialized ones, driven by processes like urbanization and mass education, rather than emerging from traditional structures themselves.
Ethnosymbolism explains nationalism as a product of economic factors and political structures.
Answer: False
Explanation: Ethnosymbolism, in contrast to modernization theory, explains nationalism as arising from the interplay of cultural symbols, collective myths, and historical traditions, rather than solely from economic or political structures.
Max Weber defined the state as an entity that controls the means of production.
Answer: False
Explanation: Max Weber's seminal definition of the state centers on its claim to a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory, not control over the means of production.
Benedict Anderson described nations as 'Real Communities' based on shared daily interactions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Benedict Anderson famously conceptualized nations as 'Imagined Communities,' signifying that national identity is a social construct wherein individuals imagine themselves as part of a collective, rather than being based on direct daily interactions.
The modernist interpretation posits that nationalism requires industrial economies and centralized authority to flourish.
Answer: True
Explanation: The modernist perspective on nationalism posits that its emergence and proliferation are contingent upon the development of industrial economies, centralized state authority, and standardized communication systems.
A main criticism of primordialist evolutionary interpretations of nationalism is their reliance on extensive historical evidence.
Answer: False
Explanation: A primary critique of primordialist evolutionary interpretations of nationalism is their reliance on speculative evolutionary processes and limited historical evidence, rather than robust empirical data.
Joseph Stalin defined a nation as a stable community based on common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up.
Answer: True
Explanation: Joseph Stalin's definition of a nation, as presented in *Marxism and the National Question*, included a stable community characterized by common language, territory, economic life, and a psychological make-up manifested in a shared culture.
Which theory, currently most accepted by scholars, posits that nationalism emerged due to modernization processes?
Answer: Modernization theory
Explanation: Modernization theory is widely accepted by scholars as explaining nationalism's emergence due to processes associated with industrialization, urbanization, and mass education.
What is the central explanation for the origin of nationalism according to Ethnosymbolism?
Answer: A product of symbols, myths, and traditions.
Explanation: Ethnosymbolism posits that nationalism originates from the interplay of cultural symbols, collective myths, and historical traditions, as articulated by scholars like Anthony D. Smith.
Max Weber's definition of the state emphasizes its claim to:
Answer: The monopoly of legitimate physical violence within a territory.
Explanation: Max Weber defined the state by its claim to a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.
Benedict Anderson famously described nations as:
Answer: Imagined Communities.
Explanation: Benedict Anderson conceptualized nations as 'Imagined Communities,' emphasizing their social construction and the collective imagination of belonging.
The modernist interpretation of nationalism argues that it flourishes in societies with:
Answer: Industrial economies, central authority, and centralized language.
Explanation: The modernist perspective argues that nationalism flourishes in societies with industrial economies, central authority, and standardized communication systems.
What is the main criticism leveled against the primordialist evolutionary interpretation of nationalism?
Answer: It is based on limited evidence and unobserved evolutionary changes.
Explanation: A primary criticism of primordialist interpretations is their reliance on speculative evolutionary processes and limited historical evidence, rather than robust empirical data.
Joseph Stalin's definition of a 'nation' in *Marxism and the National Question* included all of the following EXCEPT:
Answer: Common religious affiliation
Explanation: Joseph Stalin's definition of a nation included common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up, but not common religious affiliation.
Where did Benedict Anderson point to as the original site for the conception of anti-colonial nationalism?
Answer: The New World
Explanation: Benedict Anderson identified the New World as the original site for the conception of anti-colonial nationalism.
The text identifies only one main form of nationalism: civic nationalism.
Answer: False
Explanation: This statement is false, as the text explicitly discusses multiple forms of nationalism, including civic and ethnic nationalism, among others.
The *Piast Concept* in Polish nationalism rejected the idea of a multi-ethnic Poland and focused on restoring past glories.
Answer: True
Explanation: The *Piast Concept* within Polish nationalism advocated for the restoration of perceived values from the Piast Dynasty era and rejected the notion of a multi-ethnic Poland, emphasizing a more exclusive national identity.
Anti-colonial nationalism defines the nation by its historical lineage and traditional customs.
Answer: False
Explanation: Anti-colonial nationalism often defines the nation by an imagined, ahistorical identity that negates the colonial experience, rather than solely by historical lineage or traditional customs.
Civic nationalism defines the nation based on shared ethnicity and ancestry.
Answer: False
Explanation: Civic nationalism defines the nation primarily through shared political procedures, equal rights, and allegiance to common values and institutions, rather than solely on shared ethnicity or ancestry.
Liberal nationalism is often seen as incompatible with liberal values like equality and individual rights.
Answer: False
Explanation: Liberal nationalism is generally considered compatible with liberal values, as it posits that national identity is a prerequisite for individuals to lead meaningful, autonomous lives and for the functioning of liberal polities.
Ethnic nationalism defines the nation in terms of ethnicity, shared heritage, and ancestry.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ethnic nationalism, or ethno-nationalism, defines national belonging based on shared ethnicity, common heritage, and ancestral ties, often emphasizing cultural and historical continuity.
Economic nationalism favors free trade and minimal state intervention in the economy.
Answer: False
Explanation: Economic nationalism advocates for state intervention in the economy, typically through tariffs, protectionist policies, and regulations, to prioritize domestic industries and capital.
Integral nationalism is characterized by anti-individualism, statism, and aggressive militarism.
Answer: True
Explanation: Integral nationalism is marked by its emphasis on statism, anti-individualism, and aggressive militarism, often emerging in contexts where national identity is forged through struggle and a strong military ethos.
Pan-nationalism aims to unite specific ethnic groups within a single country, like Pan-Slavism.
Answer: True
Explanation: Pan-nationalism is characterized by its ambition to unite large geographical areas and clusters of ethnic groups into a single nation-state, with Pan-Slavism serving as a notable historical example.
Left-wing nationalism combines conservative politics with national liberation goals.
Answer: False
Explanation: Left-wing nationalism integrates left-wing political ideologies with national liberation objectives, aiming for both social justice and national sovereignty.
National-anarchism advocates for a single, unified global state.
Answer: False
Explanation: National-anarchism advocates for the establishment of homogeneous communities as alternatives to the nation-state, rather than promoting a single global state.
Nativist nationalism defines national belonging based on naturalization and assimilation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nativist nationalism defines national belonging primarily through birth within the nation's territory, often viewing naturalization and assimilation as secondary or insufficient criteria.
Racial nationalism seeks to preserve a race by banning intermarriage and restricting immigration of other races.
Answer: True
Explanation: Racial nationalism aims to preserve a specific race through policies such as prohibiting intermarriage and restricting the immigration of individuals from other racial groups.
Religious nationalism views shared religion as a factor that detracts from national unity.
Answer: False
Explanation: In religious nationalism, a shared religious affiliation is considered a significant factor that contributes to national unity and identity.
Territorial nationalism idealizes citizenship and bases national identity on common values and traditions within a specific territory.
Answer: True
Explanation: Territorial nationalism emphasizes citizenship and bases national identity on shared values, codes, and traditions that are geographically bound within a specific territory.
According to the text, what are the two main divergent forms of nationalism discussed?
Answer: Ethnic nationalism and Civic nationalism
Explanation: The text identifies ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism as the two principal divergent forms of nationalism discussed.
What was the core idea of the *Piast Concept* in Polish nationalism?
Answer: To restore the values and glory of the Piast Dynasty era.
Explanation: The *Piast Concept* in Polish nationalism aimed to restore perceived values from the Piast Dynasty era and rejected the idea of a multi-ethnic Poland.
What is a core principle of civic nationalism?
Answer: Definition of the nation as an association with equal political rights.
Explanation: A core principle of civic nationalism is defining the nation as an association of individuals with equal political rights and allegiance to common values.
How is liberal nationalism commonly considered to be compatible with liberal values?
Answer: By suggesting national identity is necessary for autonomous lives and liberal polities.
Explanation: Liberal nationalism is considered compatible with liberal values because it suggests national identity is essential for autonomous lives and the functioning of liberal polities.
Which type of nationalism defines the nation in terms of ethnicity, shared heritage, and ancestry?
Answer: Ethnic nationalism
Explanation: Ethnic nationalism defines the nation based on shared ethnicity, heritage, and ancestry.
What policies does economic nationalism typically favor?
Answer: State intervention, tariffs, and restrictions on trade.
Explanation: Economic nationalism typically favors state intervention, tariffs, and restrictions on trade to protect domestic industries.
Which characteristic is associated with integral nationalism?
Answer: Anti-individualism, statism, and aggressive militarism.
Explanation: Integral nationalism is characterized by anti-individualism, statism, and aggressive militarism.
What is unique about pan-nationalism compared to other forms?
Answer: Its aim to unite large geographical areas and clusters of ethnic groups.
Explanation: Pan-nationalism uniquely aims to unite large geographical areas and clusters of ethnic groups into a single nation, exemplified by Pan-Slavism.
Left-wing nationalism is characterized by a combination of:
Answer: Left-wing politics and national liberation.
Explanation: Left-wing nationalism combines left-wing political ideologies with national liberation objectives.
What does national-anarchism advocate for?
Answer: Homogeneous communities in place of the nation-state.
Explanation: National-anarchism advocates for homogeneous communities as alternatives to the nation-state.
Nativist nationalism defines national belonging primarily by:
Answer: Being born on the nation's territory.
Explanation: Nativist nationalism defines national belonging primarily by birth within the nation's territory.
Racial nationalism seeks to preserve a race through policies such as:
Answer: Banning race mixing and restricting immigration of other races.
Explanation: Racial nationalism aims to preserve a race through policies like banning intermarriage and restricting immigration of other races.
In religious nationalism, a shared religion is seen as contributing to:
Answer: National unity.
Explanation: In religious nationalism, a shared religion is viewed as a factor that contributes to national unity.
Territorial nationalism idealizes citizenship and bases national identity on:
Answer: Common values, codes, and traditions within a territory.
Explanation: Territorial nationalism idealizes citizenship and bases national identity on common values, codes, and traditions within a specific territory.
Hugo Grotius significantly refined the concepts of 'nation' and 'sovereignty' in his late 17th-century work.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hugo Grotius made significant contributions to the conceptualization of 'nation' and 'sovereignty' in his early 17th-century work, not late 17th-century.
According to Anthony D. Smith, intellectuals were primarily responsible for developing concepts like national character and national will.
Answer: True
Explanation: Anthony D. Smith posited that intellectuals played a crucial role in the genesis of nationalism by formulating concepts such as national character, the unique genius of a nation, and the collective national will.
Heinrich von Treitschke, a German nationalist historian, advocated for pacifism and international cooperation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Heinrich von Treitschke was a fervent German nationalist historian who vehemently opposed pacifism and international cooperation, advocating instead for state power and national expansion.
Jeffrey Herbst argues that external threats can weaken nationalist sentiment by promoting international cooperation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jeffrey Herbst contends that external threats often strengthen nationalist sentiment by uniting populations against a common adversary, thereby reinforcing national identity and state capacity.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels famously declared that 'the working men have a country.'
Answer: False
Explanation: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels famously declared in *The Communist Manifesto* that 'the working men have no country,' reflecting their internationalist perspective on class struggle.
Hans Kohn distinguished between 'Western' civic nationalism and 'Eastern' ethnic nationalism in the 1950s.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the 1950s, Hans Kohn was instrumental in popularizing the distinction between 'civic' nationalism, often associated with Western democracies, and 'ethnic' nationalism, typically linked to Eastern European contexts.
Feminist critique interprets nationalism as a force that promotes gender equality and challenges patriarchal structures.
Answer: False
Explanation: Feminist critiques interpret nationalism as a mechanism that often reinforces patriarchal structures and justifies sexual control, rather than promoting gender equality.
Critics argue that national boundaries are natural formations, not artificial constructs.
Answer: False
Explanation: A critique of nationalism asserts that national boundaries are not natural formations but rather artificial constructs, often drawn through historical conflicts and political decisions.
George Orwell described nationalism as rational self-interest tempered by objective analysis.
Answer: False
Explanation: George Orwell characterized nationalism not as rational self-interest, but as a state of power-hunger combined with self-deception and irrational impulses, often focused on perceived national superiority.
Lord Acton viewed nationalism favorably, believing it fostered individual attachment to the state.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lord Acton held a critical view of nationalism, arguing that it tended to suppress minorities and place the nation above moral principles, thus fostering an unhealthy attachment to the state.
The pacifist critique of nationalism highlights its promotion of peace and international understanding.
Answer: False
Explanation: The pacifist critique of nationalism emphasizes its inherent association with violence, militarism, and jingoism, arguing that it diminishes an individual's capacity for critical judgment regarding their nation's foreign policy.
Albert Einstein famously described nationalism as a mature stage of human political development.
Answer: False
Explanation: Albert Einstein famously characterized nationalism as 'an infantile disease' and 'the measles of mankind,' viewing it as a primitive and detrimental stage of human political evolution.
Who is credited with significantly refining the concepts of 'nation' and 'sovereignty' in the early 17th century?
Answer: Hugo Grotius
Explanation: Hugo Grotius is credited with significantly refining the concepts of 'nation' and 'sovereignty' in his early 17th-century work, particularly in the context of international relations.
According to Anthony D. Smith, what was the primary role of intellectuals in the development of nationalism?
Answer: To generate cultural perceptions and provide the ideology of political nationalism.
Explanation: Anthony D. Smith argued that intellectuals were primarily responsible for developing nationalism by generating cultural perceptions and formulating its underlying ideology, including concepts like national character and will.
Which of the following was a key characteristic of Heinrich von Treitschke's nationalist ideology?
Answer: Vehement attack on pacifism and socialism.
Explanation: Heinrich von Treitschke vehemently attacked pacifism, socialism, and parliamentary democracy, advocating for state power and national expansion.
Jeffrey Herbst argues that external threats can foster nationalist sentiment by:
Answer: Uniting people against a common threat due to their national identity.
Explanation: Jeffrey Herbst posits that external threats strengthen nationalist sentiment by uniting populations against a common adversary, thereby reinforcing national identity and state capacity.
In *The Communist Manifesto*, what did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels declare about working men and their countries?
Answer: Working men have no country.
Explanation: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels famously declared in *The Communist Manifesto* that 'the working men have no country,' reflecting their internationalist perspective.
Hans Kohn popularized a distinction between which two types of nationalism in the 1950s?
Answer: Civic ('Western') and Ethnic ('Eastern')
Explanation: Hans Kohn popularized the distinction between 'civic' nationalism (Western) and 'ethnic' nationalism (Eastern) in the 1950s.
How does feminist critique interpret nationalism in relation to gender?
Answer: It is a mechanism that justifies sexual control and repression.
Explanation: Feminist critiques interpret nationalism as a mechanism that often reinforces patriarchal structures and justifies sexual control, rather than promoting gender equality.
What criticism has been leveled against nationalism regarding the definition of a 'nation'?
Answer: That national boundaries are artificial constructs and cultural heritage is distinct from national identity.
Explanation: Critics argue that national boundaries are artificial constructs and that cultural heritage is distinct from national identity.
According to George Orwell, what is nationalism and how does it affect the nationalist?
Answer: Power-hunger tempered by self-deception and irrational impulses.
Explanation: George Orwell described nationalism as power-hunger tempered by self-deception and irrational impulses, often focused on perceived national superiority.
Lord Acton's view on nationalism was critical, arguing it:
Answer: Suppressed minorities and placed the country above moral principles.
Explanation: Lord Acton critically argued that nationalism suppressed minorities and placed the nation above moral principles.
What is the pacifist critique of nationalism?
Answer: Its inherent violence, militarism, and jingoism.
Explanation: The pacifist critique of nationalism focuses on its inherent violence, militarism, and jingoism, arguing it hinders critical judgment of foreign policy.
What did Albert Einstein famously say about nationalism?
Answer: It is an infantile disease, the measles of mankind.
Explanation: Albert Einstein famously described nationalism as 'an infantile disease' and 'the measles of mankind'.
Napoleon's conquests in Europe around 1800 stimulated nationalism by imposing foreign rule and suppressing local identities.
Answer: True
Explanation: Napoleon's military campaigns across Europe, particularly in German and Italian states, paradoxically stimulated nationalist sentiments and aspirations for unity by demonstrating the possibility of political transformation and imposing rationalized systems.
The French Revolution's *levée en masse* in 1793 was a call for professional soldiers to defend the state.
Answer: False
Explanation: The *levée en masse* of 1793 was a revolutionary measure that called for the mass conscription of all able-bodied citizens for national defense, embodying a powerful expression of national unity and collective action against monarchical forces.
*Revanchism* in 19th-century France was a political concept focused on territorial expansion and conquest.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Revanchism*, particularly prominent in 19th-century France following its defeat in 1871, was a political doctrine centered on the desire for territorial recovery and retribution, notably concerning the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine.
The official ideology of the Russian Empire in the 19th century was 'Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.'
Answer: False
Explanation: The official ideology of the 19th-century Russian Empire was 'Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality,' as articulated by Count Sergey Uvarov, rather than the revolutionary slogan of the French Revolution.
The Latin American Wars of Independence in the 1810s and 1820s led to increased Spanish control over its colonies.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Latin American Wars of Independence during the 1810s and 1820s resulted in the opposite of increased Spanish control; they led to Spain losing the vast majority of its American colonies as nationalist sentiments fostered self-governance.
Otto von Bismarck achieved German unification through diplomatic negotiations and peaceful integration.
Answer: False
Explanation: Otto von Bismarck orchestrated German unification not primarily through diplomacy and peaceful means, but through a series of calculated wars against Denmark, Austria, and France.
The *Risorgimento* was driven by Italian nationalism and resulted in the consolidation of the Italian peninsula into a single kingdom.
Answer: True
Explanation: The *Risorgimento* movement, fueled by Italian nationalism, successfully unified the disparate states of the Italian peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
Saint Paisius of Hilendar's work opposed Bulgarian culture and supported Greek religious domination.
Answer: False
Explanation: Saint Paisius of Hilendar's seminal work actively opposed Greek cultural and religious influence over Bulgaria, serving as a foundational text for the revival of Bulgarian national consciousness.
Zionism, a Jewish nationalist movement, aimed to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel.
Answer: True
Explanation: Zionism, as a manifestation of Jewish nationalism, pursued the establishment of a sovereign Jewish state within the historical Land of Israel, seeking to provide a homeland and address the challenges faced by Jews in diaspora.
China's nationalist sentiment was weakened by Japan's victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905.
Answer: False
Explanation: Japan's victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905 actually bolstered nationalist sentiment in China, as it demonstrated the potential for non-European powers to achieve military success in the modern era.
The *Megali Idea* in Greek nationalism focused on reclaiming territories lost to Bulgaria.
Answer: False
Explanation: The *Megali Idea* in Greek nationalism was primarily concerned with the reconquest of territories historically considered Greek, particularly those under Ottoman rule, rather than focusing specifically on territories lost to Bulgaria.
Nationalist separatism in Croatia and Slovenia from Yugoslavia was primarily due to economic disparities.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nationalist separatism in Croatia and Slovenia from Yugoslavia was largely driven by historical differences in cultural, religious, and political orientation, stemming from their past integration into different empires (Austria-Hungary vs. Ottoman Empire), rather than solely economic disparities.
The fall of communism in Yugoslavia led to a decrease in extreme nationalism as old conflicts subsided.
Answer: False
Explanation: The collapse of communism in Yugoslavia did not lead to a decrease in extreme nationalism; rather, it facilitated the resurgence of dormant ethnic conflicts and nationalist sentiments that had been suppressed under the communist regime.
Sporting events like the World Cup can ignite nationalist passions by fostering intense support for national teams.
Answer: True
Explanation: Major sporting events, such as the FIFA World Cup, can serve as powerful catalysts for nationalist sentiment by engendering fervent support for national teams, thereby linking athletic performance to national pride.
What was a significant impact of Napoleon's conquests on European nationalism around 1800-1806?
Answer: They stimulated nationalism and demands for national unity.
Explanation: Napoleon's conquests stimulated nationalism and demands for national unity across Europe by demonstrating the potential for political transformation and imposing rationalized systems.
What did the French Revolution's *levée en masse* in 1793 signify for French nationalism?
Answer: A mass conscription embodying national unity and hatred of kings.
Explanation: The *levée en masse* signified a mass conscription of citizens for national defense, embodying national unity and collective action against monarchical forces.
What political concept is defined as demanding the return of lost territory, exemplified by French *Revanchism*?
Answer: Revanchism
Explanation: *Revanchism* is the political concept demanding the return of lost territory, exemplified by French aspirations for Alsace-Lorraine after 1871.
The official ideology of the Russian Empire in the 19th century, coined by Count Sergey Uvarov, was:
Answer: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
Explanation: The official ideology of the 19th-century Russian Empire was 'Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality,' emphasizing religious faith, loyalty to the Tsar, and the role of Russian nationality.
How did the Latin American Wars of Independence contribute to the rise of nationalism in the region?
Answer: They led to the loss of colonial territories for Spain.
Explanation: The Latin American Wars of Independence fostered nationalist sentiments that led to Spain losing most of its American colonies.
What role did Otto von Bismarck play in German unification?
Answer: He led Germany into wars that resulted in unification.
Explanation: Otto von Bismarck orchestrated German unification through a series of wars against Denmark, Austria, and France.
The *Risorgimento* is associated with the unification of which European nation, driven by nationalism?
Answer: Italy
Explanation: The *Risorgimento* was the nationalist movement that led to the unification of Italy.
What was the significance of Saint Paisius of Hilendar's work in Bulgarian nationalism?
Answer: It opposed Greek influence and revived the Bulgarian national spirit.
Explanation: Saint Paisius of Hilendar's work opposed Greek cultural and religious domination and is considered foundational to reviving the Bulgarian national spirit.
What was the primary objective of Zionism?
Answer: To establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel.
Explanation: Zionism's primary objective was the establishment of a Jewish state in the Land of Israel.
How did the Russo-Japanese War of 1905 impact nationalism in China?
Answer: It caused a resurgence of nationalist sentiment in China.
Explanation: Japan's victory over Russia in 1905 demonstrated the military prowess of a non-European power, leading to a resurgence of nationalist sentiment in China.
The *Megali Idea* in Greek nationalism was primarily concerned with:
Answer: Reconquering Greek ancestral lands from the Ottoman Empire.
Explanation: The *Megali Idea* focused on reconquering territories historically considered Greek, particularly those under Ottoman rule.
What was a key factor contributing to nationalist separatism in Croatia and Slovenia from Yugoslavia?
Answer: Historical existence within separate spheres of influence (e.g., Austria-Hungary).
Explanation: Nationalist separatism in Croatia and Slovenia was significantly influenced by their historical integration into different empires (Austria-Hungary vs. Ottoman Empire), leading to distinct cultural and political orientations.
How did the fall of communism in Yugoslavia contribute to a rise in extreme nationalism?
Answer: It caused the resurgence of dormant conflicts and nationalism.
Explanation: The fall of communism in Yugoslavia allowed dormant conflicts and nationalist sentiments to resurface, leading to a rise in extreme nationalism.
How does sport relate to nationalism?
Answer: It can ignite nationalist passions through intense support for national teams.
Explanation: Sporting events, such as the World Cup, can ignite nationalist passions by fostering intense support for national teams.