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Nature was first published in the autumn of 1869.
Answer: True
Explanation: The journal Nature commenced publication in the autumn of 1869.
Norman Lockyer and Alexander MacMillan were the primary individuals involved in founding Nature.
Answer: True
Explanation: Norman Lockyer and Alexander MacMillan are credited as the principal founders of the journal Nature.
Nature's original purpose was to function as a highly specialized technical manual for scientists.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nature was initially established as a public forum for scientific innovations and to provide accessible learning about scientific advances, rather than a specialized technical manual.
Journals like 'Scientific Opinion' and 'The Reader' were precursors to Nature and continued publication long after Nature's launch.
Answer: False
Explanation: Journals such as 'Scientific Opinion' and 'The Reader' were indeed precursors to Nature, but they ultimately ceased publication and did not continue long after Nature's launch.
The name 'Nature' for the journal was inspired by a line from a poem by William Wordsworth.
Answer: True
Explanation: The journal's name, 'Nature,' was derived from a line within a poem penned by William Wordsworth.
The X Club, a group of scientists, actively opposed the publication of evolutionary theory in early editions of Nature.
Answer: False
Explanation: The X Club, known for its progressive views, supported Darwin's theory of evolution and contributed significantly to the early content of Nature.
Nature's original mission statement focused exclusively on the rapid dissemination of scientific results.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nature's original mission was broader, aiming to inform the public about scientific results and advocate for science in education and daily life, in addition to aiding scientists.
In which year was the journal Nature first published?
Answer: 1869
Explanation: The journal Nature commenced publication in 1869.
Which two individuals are credited with founding the journal Nature?
Answer: Norman Lockyer and Alexander MacMillan
Explanation: Norman Lockyer and Alexander MacMillan are recognized as the principal founders of the journal Nature.
What was the initial primary goal of Nature upon its founding?
Answer: To create a public forum for scientific innovation and accessible learning.
Explanation: Nature was initially established to serve as a public forum for scientific innovations and to offer cultivated readers an accessible platform for learning about scientific advances.
Which of the following was a precursor journal to Nature that eventually ceased publication?
Answer: Recreative Science
Explanation: Recreative Science was among the precursor journals to Nature that ultimately ceased publication.
The X Club, influential in Nature's early days, was known for supporting which scientific theory?
Answer: Darwin's theory of evolution
Explanation: The X Club, a group of influential scientists, actively supported Darwin's theory of evolution and contributed to Nature's early content.
Nature is a London-based scientific journal that exclusively covers technological advancements.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nature is a multidisciplinary journal covering all areas of science and technology, not exclusively technological advancements.
The journal Nature is published by the company Springer Nature.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nature is published by Springer Nature, an international scientific publishing company.
According to the 2022 Journal Citation Reports, Nature had an impact factor of 50.5.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 2022 Journal Citation Reports indicated that Nature possessed an impact factor of 50.5.
More than 10% of papers submitted to Nature are accepted for publication.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fewer than 8% of papers submitted to Nature are accepted, indicating a highly selective editorial process.
Spotlight articles in Nature are peer-reviewed research papers that contribute to the journal's impact factor.
Answer: False
Explanation: Spotlight articles in Nature are typically news-like or sponsored pieces that do not undergo the same peer review process as research papers and do not contribute to the journal's impact factor.
The 'Nature Reviews' series of journals was launched in 1999.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Nature Publishing Group initiated the 'Nature Reviews' series of journals in 1999.
Specialized journals like Nature Methods and Nature Chemistry are part of the Nature Portfolio.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nature Portfolio encompasses a range of specialized journals, including Nature Methods and Nature Chemistry.
The 'Communications journals' published by Nature, such as Communications Biology, are not primarily for sponsored content.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Communications journals' published by Nature are dedicated to scientific research across various disciplines and are not primarily intended for sponsored content.
Nature Publishing Group launched the 'Nature Reviews' series in 1999.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Nature Reviews' series of journals was initiated by Nature Publishing Group in 1999.
What is the primary identity of the journal Nature?
Answer: A weekly scientific journal based in London.
Explanation: Nature is primarily recognized as a weekly scientific journal based in London, England, covering a broad spectrum of scientific disciplines.
Who is the publisher of the journal Nature?
Answer: Springer Nature
Explanation: The journal Nature is published by Springer Nature, an international entity specializing in scientific publishing.
What was Nature's impact factor reported in the 2022 Journal Citation Reports?
Answer: 50.5
Explanation: According to the 2022 Journal Citation Reports (Science Edition), Nature recorded an impact factor of 50.5.
What is the approximate acceptance rate for papers submitted to Nature?
Answer: Less than 8%
Explanation: The acceptance rate for papers submitted to Nature is less than 8%, indicating a highly selective review process.
How does the source differentiate 'spotlight articles' from 'research papers' in Nature?
Answer: Spotlight articles are news-like pieces and do not count towards the impact factor.
Explanation: Spotlight articles in Nature are distinguished from research papers by their news-like format and their exclusion from the journal's impact factor calculation.
The 'Nature Reviews' series, launched in 1999, is part of which larger group?
Answer: Nature Publishing Group
Explanation: The 'Nature Reviews' series, launched in 1999, is part of the Nature Publishing Group.
Which of the following is listed as a specialized journal published under the Nature Portfolio?
Answer: Nature Biotechnology
Explanation: Nature Biotechnology is listed as one of the specialized journals published under the Nature Portfolio.
Publication in Nature generally leads to decreased academic citations and funding opportunities.
Answer: False
Explanation: Publication in Nature typically leads to increased academic prestige, citations, and potential funding opportunities due to its high impact and visibility.
The discovery of the neutron and the structure of DNA were among the seminal scientific breakthroughs first published in Nature.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nature has published numerous landmark breakthroughs, including the discovery of the neutron and the structure of DNA.
Nature has acknowledged rejecting significant scientific work, including Stephen Hawking's research on black-hole radiation.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nature has admitted to rejecting significant scientific contributions, such as Stephen Hawking's research on black-hole radiation.
The Watson and Crick paper on DNA structure was not rejected by Nature; it was published without peer review due to its perceived self-evident correctness.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Watson and Crick paper on DNA structure was published in Nature without peer review, as the editors considered its correctness self-evident.
Enrico Fermi's paper on beta decay theory was initially rejected by Nature, not accepted, due to its perceived departure from established scientific understanding.
Answer: True
Explanation: Enrico Fermi's paper on beta decay theory was rejected by Nature because the editors deemed it too removed from reality; it was later published in a German journal.
The paper describing the structure of DNA was published in Nature in 1953.
Answer: True
Explanation: The seminal paper detailing the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick was published in Nature in 1953.
The discovery of the ozone hole was reported in a 1985 paper published in Nature, not in the journal Science.
Answer: True
Explanation: The discovery of the ozone hole was reported in Nature in 1985, not in the journal Science.
The cloning of Dolly the sheep was first reported in Nature in 1997.
Answer: True
Explanation: The groundbreaking report on the cloning of Dolly the sheep was published in Nature in 1997.
What is a common consequence of having research published in Nature?
Answer: Increased prestige, citations, and potential funding.
Explanation: Publication in Nature typically results in enhanced academic prestige, increased citations, and improved prospects for grant funding.
Which of these landmark discoveries was first published in Nature?
Answer: The cloning of Dolly the sheep
Explanation: The cloning of Dolly the sheep was among the landmark scientific discoveries first reported in Nature.
Why was Enrico Fermi's paper on beta decay theory rejected by Nature?
Answer: It was deemed too far removed from reality.
Explanation: Enrico Fermi's paper on beta decay theory was rejected by Nature because the editors considered its concepts too removed from perceived reality at the time.
Nature's editorial focus has remained unchanged since its inception in 1869.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nature's editorial focus has evolved significantly since its founding, expanding to incorporate more explanatory content, scientific journalism, and international perspectives.
Sir Richard Gregory took over as editor of Nature after Norman Lockyer's tenure.
Answer: True
Explanation: Sir Richard Gregory succeeded Norman Lockyer as the editor of Nature in 1919.
Sir Richard Gregory's primary contribution was reducing Nature's international presence.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sir Richard Gregory enhanced Nature's international standing by consistently including reports on the activities of international scientific unions.
Nature established its first international editorial office in London in 1970.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nature established its first international editorial office in Washington D.C. in 1970.
In 1971, Nature was temporarily divided into multiple specialized publications before being merged back.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1971, under John Maddox's editorship, Nature was divided into Nature Physical Sciences, Nature New Biology, and the main Nature journal, before being reintegrated in 1974.
Nature endorsed a US presidential candidate for the first time in 2008, supporting Barack Obama.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2008, Nature endorsed a US presidential candidate, Barack Obama, marking its first such political endorsement.
Nature's 2014 article sharing policy offered full open access to all its content.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nature's 2014 article sharing policy allowed subscribers to share links for free, read-only access, but it did not constitute full open access.
Nature's peer review process involves an initial editorial screening, with only selected papers sent to external experts.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nature's peer review process begins with an editorial screening; only papers deemed topical and groundbreaking are forwarded to external experts for evaluation.
Nature Portfolio does not require authors to transfer copyright exclusively to the journal; it requests an exclusive license.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nature Portfolio requests an exclusive license to publish rather than requiring authors to transfer copyright exclusively, facilitating author self-archiving.
Open access publication in Nature journals was not historically free of charge; it incurred significant costs.
Answer: True
Explanation: Open access publication in Nature journals historically involved substantial fees, such as approximately €9500 for an article.
Nature's first overseas editorial office was established in Washington D.C. in 1970.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nature established its inaugural overseas editorial office in Washington D.C. in 1970.
Nature's policy on author self-archiving, introduced in 2002, allowed authors to post their work on personal websites.
Answer: True
Explanation: Introduced in 2002, Nature's policy on author self-archiving permitted authors to deposit their contributions on personal websites.
Which of the following best describes the evolution of Nature's editorial focus?
Answer: It expanded to include more explanatory content, scientific journalism, and international offices.
Explanation: Nature's editorial focus has evolved to encompass more explanatory content and scientific journalism, alongside the establishment of international editorial offices and supplementary publications.
Who succeeded Norman Lockyer as the editor of Nature?
Answer: Sir Richard Gregory
Explanation: Sir Richard Gregory assumed the editorship of Nature following Norman Lockyer's tenure.
How did Sir Richard Gregory enhance Nature's international standing?
Answer: By consistently including reports on international scientific unions.
Explanation: Sir Richard Gregory bolstered Nature's international reputation by regularly featuring reports on the activities of international scientific unions.
When did Nature establish its first overseas editorial office?
Answer: 1970
Explanation: Nature established its first international editorial office in 1970.
What structural change happened to Nature in 1971 under John Maddox's editorship?
Answer: It was split into three separate publications.
Explanation: In 1971, under John Maddox, Nature was divided into three distinct publications: Nature Physical Sciences, Nature New Biology, and the main Nature journal.
Which US presidential candidate did Nature endorse for the first time in 2008?
Answer: Barack Obama
Explanation: Nature endorsed Barack Obama for the US presidency in 2008, marking its first such endorsement.
What was a key feature of Nature's article sharing policy introduced in December 2014?
Answer: Free read-only access via links for subscribers and media.
Explanation: Nature's December 2014 article sharing policy enabled subscribers and select media to share links for free, read-only access to content.
What is the initial step in Nature's peer review process for submitted papers?
Answer: Initial screening by an editor.
Explanation: The initial step in Nature's peer review process involves an editorial screening of submitted papers.
What support did Nature Portfolio offer regarding author self-archiving starting in 2002?
Answer: Requesting an exclusive license instead of full copyright transfer.
Explanation: Starting in 2002, Nature Portfolio supported author self-archiving by requesting an exclusive license rather than demanding full copyright transfer.
What was the approximate cost for open access publication in Nature journals during the period mentioned?
Answer: €9500
Explanation: The approximate cost for making an article open access in Nature journals during the specified period was €9500.
Studies suggest that research published in top-tier journals like Nature is invariably methodologically sound.
Answer: False
Explanation: Studies indicate that even high-prestige journals such as Nature may occasionally publish research with methodological flaws, and the reliability of published research can vary.
Nature's 2017 editorial on historical statues was widely praised for its sensitivity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nature's 2017 editorial regarding historical statues faced significant criticism for insensitivity and was later acknowledged as poorly worded.
Jacques Benveniste's controversial 'water memory' paper was widely accepted and replicated.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jacques Benveniste's 'water memory' paper, while controversial, was not widely accepted and was later refuted by replication studies mandated by Nature.
Nature apologized for its early COVID-19 reporting potentially contributing to racist attacks.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nature issued an apology acknowledging that its initial reporting on the COVID-19 pandemic, which linked China and Wuhan with the outbreak, may have contributed to racist attacks.
Jan Hendrik Schön's papers published in Nature were found to contain falsified data, leading to their retraction.
Answer: True
Explanation: Five papers published by Jan Hendrik Schön in Nature between 2000 and 2001 were retracted in 2003 due to the discovery of falsified data and scientific fraud.
A 2002 Nature paper retraction holds the record for being the most-cited retracted paper.
Answer: True
Explanation: A paper published in Nature in 2002, retracted in 2024 due to concerns about figure panels, is recognized as the most-cited retracted paper on record.
What was the reaction to Nature's 2017 editorial concerning statues of scientists with controversial pasts?
Answer: It was criticized for being insensitive and potentially racist.
Explanation: Nature's 2017 editorial on historical statues faced criticism for insensitivity and potential racism, prompting an apology and revision from the journal.
What issue arose concerning Jan Hendrik Schön's papers published in Nature?
Answer: They were found to contain falsified data.
Explanation: Papers published by Jan Hendrik Schön in Nature were found to contain falsified data, leading to their subsequent retraction.
Nature began publishing science fiction stories in 1999 under the 'Futures' series.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nature commenced its 'Futures' series, featuring science fiction short stories, in 1999.
The Nature Podcast, introduced in 2005, was initially hosted by Chris Smith.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Nature Podcast debuted in 2005 and was initially hosted and produced by Chris Smith.
Scans of Nature's early volumes, up to 1923, are available on the Biodiversity Library website.
Answer: True
Explanation: Freely accessible scans of Nature volumes 1 through 112 (1869-1923) can be found on the Biodiversity Library website.
The official website for the journal Nature is nature.com.
Answer: True
Explanation: The official website for the journal Nature is nature.com.
The Nature Index tracks research output and collaboration across institutions and countries.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Nature Index serves as a database for tracking research output and collaborative efforts among institutions and nations.
The Nature Podcast, introduced in 2005, is presented by Kerri Smith.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Nature Podcast, launched in 2005, features Kerri Smith as one of its presenters.
The 'Futures' series, where Nature began publishing science fiction, was launched in which year?
Answer: 1999
Explanation: The 'Futures' series, featuring science fiction stories, was launched by Nature in 1999.
Where can one access free scans of Nature volumes from 1869 to 1923?
Answer: The Biodiversity Library website
Explanation: Free scans of Nature volumes from 1869 to 1923 are accessible via the Biodiversity Library website.
What is the Nature Index?
Answer: A database tracking research output and collaboration.
Explanation: The Nature Index is a database designed to track research output and collaborative activities across various institutions and countries.
Which of the following is NOT listed as an authority control database linked to Nature?
Answer: ORCID
Explanation: ORCID is not listed among the authority control databases associated with the journal Nature in the provided source material.
In 2007, Nature received the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2007, Nature was honored with the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity.
During the 19th century, scientific progress was primarily documented in journals published in English, German, and French.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the 19th century, significant scientific advancements were predominantly recorded in journals published in English, German, and French.
Before Nature was established, the Royal Society's journals were considered the most respected scientific publications in Britain.
Answer: True
Explanation: Prior to Nature's inception, the refereed journals of the Royal Society held the position of the most esteemed scientific publications within Britain.
The number of popular science periodicals in Britain decreased significantly between the 1850s and 1860s.
Answer: False
Explanation: The number of popular science periodicals in Britain actually doubled between the 1850s and 1860s, reflecting increased public interest in science.
The journal Science, along with Nature, received the Prince of Asturias Award in 2007.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2007, both Nature and the journal Science were jointly awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity.
In 2007, Nature shared the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity with which other journal?
Answer: Science
Explanation: In 2007, Nature shared the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity with the journal Science.
Prior to Nature's establishment, which British journals were considered the most respected?
Answer: The refereed journals of the Royal Society
Explanation: Before Nature was founded, the most respected scientific publications in Britain were the refereed journals published by the Royal Society.
What trend occurred in British popular science periodicals during the mid-19th century?
Answer: They doubled in number.
Explanation: The number of popular science periodicals in Britain experienced a doubling between the 1850s and 1860s.