Enter a player name to begin or load your saved progress.
Nectanebo II was the final native pharaoh of Egypt before its incorporation into the Achaemenid Empire.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nectanebo II reigned as the last native Egyptian pharaoh before Egypt was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire, marking a significant transition in Egyptian history.
Nectanebo II's Egyptian name, Nakht-hor-hebyt, translates to "victorious is Horus of the Delta."
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that Nectanebo II's Egyptian name, Nakht-hor-hebyt, translates to 'victorious is Horus of Hebyt,' not 'of the Delta.'
Nectanebo II reigned from 358 BC to approximately 340 BC.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nectanebo II's reign as the last native pharaoh of Egypt spanned from approximately 358 BC to 340 BC.
Nectanebo II's father was named Teos.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nectanebo II's father was Tjahapimu. His predecessor on the throne, Teos, was his uncle.
Nectanebo II's building efforts were considered less significant than those of New Kingdom kings.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nectanebo II's building efforts were considered comparable to those of great kings from the New Kingdom, not less significant.
Nectanebo II's Golden Horus name was Smn-hpw, meaning "Creator of Laws."
Answer: True
Explanation: Nectanebo II's Golden Horus name, Smn-hpw, translates to "Creator of Laws."
Following his victory against the Achaemenids around 351 BC, Nectanebo II was acclaimed "Nectanebo the divine falcon," leading to the establishment of cults in his name.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nectanebo II's successful repulsion of an Achaemenid invasion around 351 BC led to him being acclaimed "Nectanebo the divine falcon," and cults were subsequently established in his honor.
The Greek form of Nectanebo II's name was Nectanebos.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Greek transliteration of Nectanebo II's name is Nectanebos.
Nectanebo II's Praenomen was Snedjemibre Setepenanhur, meaning "Pleasing to the Heart is Ra, chosen of Onuris."
Answer: True
Explanation: Nectanebo II's Praenomen, Snedjemibre Setepenanhur, indeed translates to "Pleasing to Ra, chosen of Onuris."
Nectanebo II's predecessor on the throne was his father, Tjahapimu.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nectanebo II's predecessor on the throne was his uncle, Teos. His father was Tjahapimu.
Who was Nectanebo II and what is his primary historical significance?
Answer: The last native ruler of ancient Egypt before foreign conquest.
Explanation: Nectanebo II was the final native Egyptian pharaoh, ruling during the Thirtieth Dynasty, and his reign signifies the end of independent native rule before foreign domination.
What does Nectanebo II's Egyptian name, Nakht-hor-hebyt, translate to?
Answer: "Victorious is Horus of Hebyt"
Explanation: Nectanebo II's Egyptian name, Nakht-hor-hebyt, translates to "victorious is Horus of Hebyt."
What was the significance of Nectanebo II being acclaimed "Nectanebo the divine falcon"?
Answer: It signified his successful defense against the Achaemenid invasion around 351 BC and led to cults in his name.
Explanation: Following his successful defense against the Achaemenids around 351 BC, Nectanebo II was acclaimed "Nectanebo the divine falcon," and cults were subsequently established in his honor.
What was the Greek form of Nectanebo II's name?
Answer: Nectanebos
Explanation: The Greek transliteration of Nectanebo II's name is Nectanebos.
What does Nectanebo II's Praenomen, Snedjemibre Setepenanhur, mean?
Answer: "Pleasing to the Heart is Ra, chosen of Onuris"
Explanation: Nectanebo II's Praenomen, Snedjemibre Setepenanhur, translates to "Pleasing to the Heart is Ra, chosen of Onuris."
What is the significance of Nectanebo II's reign in terms of Egyptian independence?
Answer: He was the last native Egyptian pharaoh to rule an independent Egypt before foreign incorporation.
Explanation: Nectanebo II's reign is historically significant as he was the final native Egyptian pharaoh to rule an independent Egypt before its subsequent incorporation into the Achaemenid Empire.
What was the meaning of Nectanebo II's Golden Horus name, Smn-hpw?
Answer: "Creator of Laws"
Explanation: Nectanebo II's Golden Horus name, Smn-hpw, translates to "Creator of Laws."
What was the approximate birth year of Nectanebo II?
Answer: 380 BC
Explanation: Nectanebo II was born approximately in the year 380 BC.
Nectanebo II ascended to the throne after his predecessor, Teos, successfully resisted Persian aggression for three years.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nectanebo II ascended to the throne by supplanting his predecessor, Teos (his uncle), who was preparing for war against foreign invaders when Nectanebo II gained popular support.
Nectanebo II came to power by overthrowing his uncle Teos, who was then exiled to Persia.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nectanebo II ascended to the throne by overthrowing his uncle Teos. However, Teos fled the country due to unpopular policies, rather than being exiled to Persia.
Agesilaus, the Spartan military leader, supported Nectanebo II during a revolt by a pretender from Mendes.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Spartan military leader Agesilaus provided crucial support to Nectanebo II during an internal revolt led by a pretender from Mendes, helping to secure his rule.
How did Nectanebo II gain the throne in 358 BC?
Answer: He accompanied his uncle Teos on campaign and gained popular support due to Teos's unpopular policies.
Explanation: Nectanebo II ascended to the throne in 358 BC after accompanying his uncle Teos on a military campaign and gaining popular support due to Teos's unpopular fiscal and religious policies.
What significant role did the Spartan military leader Agesilaus play in Nectanebo II's reign?
Answer: He provided crucial military support to Nectanebo II during an internal revolt against a pretender.
Explanation: Agesilaus, the Spartan military leader, provided critical military support to Nectanebo II during an internal revolt by a pretender, thereby helping to secure his position as pharaoh.
Who was the Spartan military leader who supported Nectanebo II during his rise to power?
Answer: Agesilaus
Explanation: Agesilaus, the Spartan military leader, provided crucial support to Nectanebo II during an internal revolt, helping him secure the throne.
What was the primary reason Teos, Nectanebo II's predecessor, was overthrown?
Answer: Teos imposed unpopular taxes and seized temple property, alienating the populace.
Explanation: Teos, Nectanebo II's predecessor, was overthrown primarily because he imposed unpopular taxes and seized temple property, which alienated the Egyptian populace and military.
What was the nature of the internal challenge Nectanebo II faced shortly after his rise to power?
Answer: A revolt by a pretender to the throne from Mendes.
Explanation: Shortly after ascending to the throne, Nectanebo II faced an internal challenge in the form of a revolt by an unnamed pretender to the throne originating from Mendes.
What was the name of the Athenian general who left Egypt during Teos's preparations for war?
Answer: Chabrias
Explanation: The Athenian general Chabrias, who was serving in Egypt, departed for home during Teos's preparations for war.
Who was Nectanebo II's predecessor on the throne?
Answer: Teos
Explanation: Nectanebo II's predecessor on the throne was Teos, his uncle.
Egypt had been under Achaemenid rule since 525 BC and regained its independence in 404 BC.
Answer: True
Explanation: Egypt experienced Achaemenid rule starting in 525 BC, subsequently regaining its independence in 404 BC, setting the stage for the Thirtieth Dynasty.
Nectanebo II successfully repelled an Achaemenid invasion around 351 BC using a combination of Egyptian soldiers and Greek mercenaries.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nectanebo II demonstrated military capability by successfully repelling an Achaemenid invasion around 351 BC, utilizing both Egyptian troops and Greek mercenaries.
Artaxerxes III conquered Egypt in 343 BC, ending Nectanebo II's reign and incorporating Egypt back into the Achaemenid Empire.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Achaemenid conquest led by Artaxerxes III in 343 BC marked the end of Nectanebo II's reign and the reincorporation of Egypt into the Persian Empire.
Mentor of Rhodes, a former servant of Nectanebo II, aided Artaxerxes III's invasion by providing intelligence on Egypt's eastern border.
Answer: True
Explanation: Mentor of Rhodes, a former servant of Nectanebo II, betrayed him by providing crucial intelligence to Artaxerxes III regarding Egypt's eastern border defenses, thereby aiding the invasion.
Nectanebo II supported the Phoenician rebellion against the Achaemenid Empire by sending 4,000 Greek mercenaries led by Mentor of Rhodes.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nectanebo II supported the Phoenician rebellion against the Achaemenid Empire by dispatching 4,000 Greek mercenaries led by Mentor of Rhodes, demonstrating his active role in challenging Persian authority in the region.
What was the name of the king of Sidon who rebelled against the Achaemenid Empire with Nectanebo II's support?
Answer: Tennes
Explanation: Tennes, the king of Sidon, rebelled against the Achaemenid Empire with the support of Nectanebo II.
Nectanebo II's army during the conflict with Artaxerxes III was estimated to be around 20,000 soldiers in total.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nectanebo II's army was estimated to consist of approximately 60,000 Egyptians, 20,000 Libu, and an equal number of Greek mercenaries, totaling around 100,000 soldiers.
Which foreign leader led the invasion that ultimately defeated Nectanebo II in 343 BC?
Answer: Artaxerxes III
Explanation: Artaxerxes III of the Achaemenid Empire led the invasion that resulted in the defeat of Nectanebo II and the reconquest of Egypt in 343 BC.
What was the role of Mentor of Rhodes in relation to Nectanebo II's downfall?
Answer: Mentor, a former servant, betrayed Nectanebo II by colluding with the Persians and providing crucial intelligence.
Explanation: Mentor of Rhodes, a former servant of Nectanebo II, betrayed him by colluding with the Persians. His knowledge of Egypt's eastern border and his contingent of Greek mercenaries were crucial to Artaxerxes III's successful invasion.
What was the estimated size of Nectanebo II's army during the conflict with Artaxerxes III?
Answer: Approximately 100,000 soldiers
Explanation: Nectanebo II's army during the conflict with Artaxerxes III was estimated to comprise approximately 100,000 soldiers, including Egyptians, Libu, and Greek mercenaries.
What was the outcome of the Phoenician rebellion supported by Nectanebo II?
Answer: The rebellion was initially successful but ultimately failed after Nectanebo II's defeat.
Explanation: The Phoenician rebellion, supported by Nectanebo II, was initially successful. However, it ultimately failed following Nectanebo II's defeat by Artaxerxes III.
What was the primary reason for Nectanebo II's defeat by Artaxerxes III?
Answer: Mentor of Rhodes betrayed Nectanebo II by providing intelligence to the Persians.
Explanation: The primary reason for Nectanebo II's defeat by Artaxerxes III was the betrayal by Mentor of Rhodes, a former servant, who provided crucial intelligence to the Persians regarding Egypt's eastern border defenses.
Nectanebo II's domestic policy largely ignored religious matters, focusing solely on military defense.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nectanebo II's domestic policy actively included religious matters, evidenced by his participation in religious ceremonies, temple construction, and support for various cults.
Nectanebo II commissioned the construction of a temple to Khnum at Abu (Elephantine) and a temple to Amun at Sekhtam (Siwa Oasis).
Answer: True
Explanation: Nectanebo II was a prolific builder, commissioning significant religious structures such as the temple to Khnum at Abu (Elephantine) and the temple to Amun at Sekhtam (Siwa Oasis).
Nectanebo II issued a decree protecting sacred mountains, demonstrating his religious policy.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nectanebo II issued a decree protecting the sacred area known as the "Mysterious Mountains" in Abydos by prohibiting stone quarrying, which reflects his engagement with religious policy.
Which of the following was NOT among Nectanebo II's significant building projects?
Answer: Restoration of the Great Pyramid of Giza
Explanation: While Nectanebo II commissioned temples at Elephantine and Siwa, and dedicated a *naos* to Anhur-Shu, the restoration of the Great Pyramid of Giza is not mentioned among his building projects.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a location where Nectanebo II's name is found on building projects?
Answer: Thebes
Explanation: Evidence of Nectanebo II's building activities is found at religious centers such as Heliopolis, Athribis, and Bubastis, but Thebes is not mentioned in this context.
What specific decree did Nectanebo II issue regarding stone quarrying?
Answer: A decree prohibiting quarrying in the area known as the "Mysterious Mountains" in Abydos.
Explanation: Nectanebo II issued a decree prohibiting stone quarrying in the region known as the "Mysterious Mountains" in Abydos, demonstrating a protective stance towards this sacred area.
What was the significance of Nectanebo II's building efforts?
Answer: They were comparable to those of great kings from the New Kingdom.
Explanation: Nectanebo II's building efforts were significant, as his piety and extensive construction projects across Egypt were comparable to those undertaken by the great pharaohs of the New Kingdom.
The reliefs from Nectanebo II's temples at Sebennytos had no discernible impact on later Egyptian art.
Answer: False
Explanation: The reliefs from Nectanebo II's temples at Sebennytos significantly influenced the artistic style of the subsequent Ptolemaic Kingdom.
The Alexander Romance claims Nectanebo II was Alexander the Great's biological father after seducing Olympias disguised as Amun.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Alexander Romance includes an apocryphal narrative wherein Nectanebo II, disguised as the god Amun, seduces Olympias, leading to the legend that he was Alexander the Great's biological father.
The legend of Nectanebo II, particularly his role in the Alexander Romance, had minimal influence on European culture.
Answer: False
Explanation: The legend of Nectanebo II, especially his purported role as Alexander the Great's father in the Alexander Romance, exerted a considerable influence on European culture, extending through the Renaissance and beyond.
The "Nectanebo and Petesis" tale suggests that Egypt's fall was due to a sculptor named Petesis getting drunk and failing to complete a temple.
Answer: True
Explanation: The "Nectanebo and Petesis" tale suggests that Egypt's eventual fall was foreshadowed by divine displeasure, specifically related to an unfinished temple and the actions of a sculptor named Petesis who bungled its completion after becoming intoxicated.
Nectanebo II's reign is significant because Egyptian artists developed a style that influenced the reliefs of the subsequent Roman Empire.
Answer: False
Explanation: Egyptian artists during Nectanebo II's reign developed a distinctive style that influenced the reliefs of the subsequent Ptolemaic Kingdom, not the Roman Empire.
In the "Nectanebo and Petesis" tale, the god Anhur was pleased with Nectanebo II's unfinished temple in Sebennytos.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the "Nectanebo and Petesis" tale, the god Anhur was displeased with Nectanebo II due to his unfinished temple in Sebennytos.
What is the significance of the reliefs from Nectanebo II's temples at Sebennytos?
Answer: They influenced the artistic style of the subsequent Ptolemaic Kingdom.
Explanation: The reliefs from Nectanebo II's temples at Sebennytos are significant because they established an artistic style that subsequently influenced the art of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
What apocryphal story from the Alexander Romance attributes Alexander the Great's parentage to Nectanebo II?
Answer: Nectanebo II, disguised as Amun, seduced Olympias, Alexander's mother.
Explanation: The Alexander Romance includes an apocryphal narrative wherein Nectanebo II, disguised as the god Amun, seduced Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great, leading to the legend that he was Alexander's biological father.
Which deity was angry about an unfinished temple in Sebennytos in the "Nectanebo and Petesis" tale?
Answer: Anhur
Explanation: In the "Nectanebo and Petesis" tale, the god Anhur was angry with Nectanebo II due to his unfinished temple in Sebennytos.
What is the significance of Nectanebo II's reign in relation to Egyptian artistic development?
Answer: Egyptian artists during his reign developed a style that influenced the later Ptolemaic Kingdom.
Explanation: Nectanebo II's reign was significant for artistic development, as Egyptian artists during this period cultivated a style that subsequently influenced the reliefs and art of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
What is the significance of the Alexander Romance concerning Nectanebo II's legacy?
Answer: It presents him as the father of Alexander the Great through a legendary encounter.
Explanation: The Alexander Romance significantly shaped Nectanebo II's legacy by presenting him, through a legendary narrative, as the biological father of Alexander the Great, achieved via a divine disguise.
What does the "Nectanebo and Petesis" tale suggest about Egypt's fate?
Answer: It implies Egypt's fall was foreshadowed by divine displeasure over unfinished religious works.
Explanation: The "Nectanebo and Petesis" tale suggests that Egypt's eventual fall was foreshadowed by divine displeasure, specifically related to an unfinished temple and the actions of a sculptor named Petesis who bungled its completion after becoming intoxicated.
After his defeat by Artaxerxes III, Nectanebo II fled to Greece to seek refuge.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following his defeat by Artaxerxes III, Nectanebo II fled south to Upper Egypt and subsequently sought refuge in Nubia, not Greece.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art houses the only known portrait of Nectanebo II, a quartzite head.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the Metropolitan Museum of Art houses a significant greywacke statue of Nectanebo II, it is described as the *only known annotated portrait*, not the only known portrait overall. Furthermore, the statue is greywacke, not quartzite.
Napoleon's troops discovered a sarcophagus in Alexandria that was confirmed to contain Nectanebo II's remains.
Answer: False
Explanation: The sarcophagus discovered by Napoleon's troops bore Nectanebo II's cartouche and was likely created for him. However, as he fled to Nubia before his death, it is believed to have remained unused. It did not contain his remains.
The hieroglyphs on the reverse of Nectanebo II's gold staters meant "bad gold."
Answer: False
Explanation: The hieroglyphs on the reverse of Nectanebo II's gold staters translate to "good gold," represented by the symbols for "gold" and "good."
After its discovery in Alexandria, Nectanebo II's sarcophagus was taken to the British Museum without any intermediate use.
Answer: False
Explanation: The sarcophagus discovered in Alexandria, believed to be for Nectanebo II, was used as a ritual bath during the period of Islamic rule before it was eventually transported to the British Museum.
What did the hieroglyphs on the reverse of Nectanebo II's gold staters signify?
Answer: "Good Gold"
Explanation: The hieroglyphs on the reverse of Nectanebo II's gold staters translate to "good gold," represented by the symbols for "gold" and "good."
What happened to Nectanebo II's sarcophagus after its discovery by Napoleon's troops in Alexandria?
Answer: It was used as a ritual bath before being moved to London.
Explanation: After its discovery in Alexandria and subsequent use as a ritual bath, Nectanebo II's sarcophagus was taken to London and is currently housed in the British Museum.
What is the significance of the greywacke statue of Nectanebo II in the Metropolitan Museum of Art?
Answer: It is the only known annotated portrait of Nectanebo II.
Explanation: The greywacke statue of Nectanebo II in the Metropolitan Museum of Art is significant as it is the only known annotated portrait of the pharaoh, featuring hieroglyphs that identify his name and titles.
What was the fate of Nectanebo II's sarcophagus after its discovery in Alexandria and subsequent use as a ritual bath?
Answer: It was taken to London and is now housed in the British Museum.
Explanation: After its discovery in Alexandria and subsequent use as a ritual bath, Nectanebo II's sarcophagus was taken to London and is currently housed in the British Museum.