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The term "non-governmental organization" (NGO) has historical roots extending into the early 20th century, predating its formal introduction within the United Nations Charter.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term "non-governmental organization" (NGO) was formally introduced in Article 71 of the United Nations Charter in 1945. While precursors existed, the formal designation's popularization is linked to this post-WWII era.
"Civil society organization" (CSO) is a term that is never used synonymously with "NGO" and denotes a distinctly separate category of organizations.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term "civil society organization" (CSO) is frequently used synonymously with "NGO" and describes entities operating within the broader sphere of civil society.
The term "NGO" achieved significant popularity subsequent to the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, largely attributed to Article 71 of its Charter.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term "NGO" gained considerable traction following the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, particularly due to the provisions in Article 71 of its Charter concerning consultative status for non-governmental organizations.
In what year and context was the term "non-governmental organization" (NGO) first officially introduced?
Answer: In 1945, within Article 71 of the United Nations Charter.
Explanation: The term "non-governmental organization" (NGO) gained official introduction and popularity with the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, specifically through Article 71 of its Charter.
Which of the following terms is not listed in the source material as being used synonymously with or similarly to "NGO"?
Answer: State-owned enterprise (SOE)
Explanation: Terms such as Third-sector organization (TSO), Voluntary organization (VO), and Non-state actor (NSA) are mentioned as similar or synonymous with NGO. A State-owned enterprise (SOE) is fundamentally different, being government-controlled.
NGOs are primarily classified based on their geographical scope of operation (local, national, international) and their primary funding sources.
Answer: False
Explanation: NGOs are primarily classified based on their orientation (type of activities) and their level of operation (scale of work), not their funding sources.
"Service-oriented" NGOs are characterized by top-down methodologies and limited beneficiary participation, with a focus on addressing the needs of disadvantaged populations.
Answer: False
Explanation: The description provided aligns more closely with "Charity-oriented" NGOs. "Service-oriented" NGOs are primarily involved in the direct provision of services such as healthcare and education, rather than necessarily being characterized by top-down approaches.
Empowerment NGOs concentrate on empowering beneficiaries through fostering an understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that influence their lives.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately reflects the function of Empowerment NGOs, which aim to increase beneficiary awareness of socio-political and economic determinants and enhance their agency.
Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) are initiatives designed to assist the urban poor in understanding their rights and accessing essential services.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly identifies a key role of Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) in raising awareness among urban populations regarding their rights and facilitating access to necessary services.
A national NGO operates across multiple countries, coordinating activities within various regions.
Answer: False
Explanation: A national NGO is defined by its operation within a single country. Organizations operating across multiple countries are typically classified as international NGOs (INGOs).
International NGOs (INGOs) exclusively implement projects directly and do not provide funding to local NGOs or institutions.
Answer: False
Explanation: International NGOs (INGOs) can both implement projects directly and provide funding to local NGOs, institutions, and projects.
According to the World Bank, operational NGOs focus on influencing International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) through advocacy, whereas advocacy NGOs are responsible for designing and implementing development projects.
Answer: False
Explanation: This statement reverses the roles. Operational NGOs design and implement development projects, while advocacy NGOs focus on influencing IGOs and policy through advocacy.
Operational NGOs are characterized by their objective of achieving large-scale change indirectly through the influence of the political system.
Answer: False
Explanation: This description pertains to Advocacy NGOs. Operational NGOs are primarily characterized by their direct involvement in implementing projects to achieve change, often on a smaller scale.
NGOs are primarily classified based on two principal criteria. What are these criteria?
Answer: Type of activities (orientation) and scale of operation (level).
Explanation: The primary classification criteria for NGOs are their orientation (the type of activities they undertake) and their level of operation (the scale at which they function).
How does an "Empowerment NGO" differ from a "Charity-oriented NGO"?
Answer: Empowerment NGOs facilitate understanding of socio-political factors and beneficiary agency, while Charity-oriented NGOs are often top-down and meet needs.
Explanation: Empowerment NGOs focus on enhancing beneficiary understanding of systemic factors and their own agency, whereas Charity-oriented NGOs typically engage in direct aid provision with less emphasis on participation or systemic analysis.
What is a key characteristic of "Participatory NGOs" as described in the source material?
Answer: They involve local input and self-help projects with contributions from beneficiaries.
Explanation: Participatory NGOs are characterized by their integration of local input and their facilitation of self-help projects, often supported by contributions from beneficiaries.
Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) are highlighted for their role in:
Answer: Raising the consciousness of the urban poor regarding their rights and services.
Explanation: Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) are noted for their capacity to enhance awareness among urban populations concerning their rights and access to essential services.
What distinguishes a National NGO from an International NGO (INGO)?
Answer: National NGOs operate within a single country, while INGOs operate across national borders.
Explanation: The fundamental distinction lies in their geographical scope: National NGOs operate within a single country, whereas International NGOs (INGOs) function across national borders.
According to the World Bank's categorization, which type of NGO is primarily responsible for the design and implementation of development projects?
Answer: Operational NGOs
Explanation: The World Bank categorizes Operational NGOs as those primarily responsible for designing and implementing development projects.
What is the principal objective of "Advocacy NGOs" as described in the source material?
Answer: To achieve large-scale change indirectly by influencing the political system.
Explanation: Advocacy NGOs primarily aim to effect large-scale societal change by indirectly influencing the political system and policy-making processes.
Public relations are considered unimportant for NGOs, given their exclusive focus on humanitarian work and lack of engagement with governments or the public for financial support.
Answer: False
Explanation: Robust public relations are considered essential for NGOs to achieve their goals, including fundraising, engaging with governments, and influencing social and political outcomes.
The majority of NGOs rely exclusively on paid personnel for their operations, with volunteer involvement being infrequent.
Answer: False
Explanation: NGO staffing models vary significantly; many organizations rely on volunteers, while others employ paid staff, and some utilize a combination of both.
On average, NGO employees earn significantly more than their counterparts in for-profit organizations or government positions requiring comparable qualifications.
Answer: False
Explanation: On average, NGO employees tend to earn approximately 11-12% less than individuals in for-profit organizations or government positions with similar qualifications, although they may receive more fringe benefits.
NGOs primarily secure funding through government grants and corporate social responsibility (CSR) funds, with private donations constituting a minor source.
Answer: False
Explanation: NGOs typically secure funding from a diverse range of sources, including donations, membership dues, grants, CSR funds, and the sale of goods or services. Private donations are often a significant, not minor, source.
Overhead costs for an NGO refer exclusively to administrative salaries and do not encompass expenses such as office rent or utilities.
Answer: False
Explanation: Overhead costs for an NGO include all expenses related to running the organization, such as office rent, utilities, administrative salaries, and other operational expenditures, not solely administrative salaries.
Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the relationship between NGOs and governmental funding?
Answer: NGOs can receive substantial government funding while still being considered independent entities.
Explanation: NGOs can receive significant governmental funding without forfeiting their classification as independent, non-governmental entities, provided they maintain operational autonomy.
Why are robust public relations considered essential for NGOs?
Answer: To raise funds, engage with governments, and influence social and political outcomes.
Explanation: Effective public relations are vital for NGOs to secure funding, engage with governmental bodies, and exert influence on social and political matters.
How does the average compensation for NGO employees typically compare to that of individuals in for-profit organizations or government positions?
Answer: NGO employees earn approximately 11-12% less, though they may receive more fringe benefits.
Explanation: On average, NGO employees receive compensation that is approximately 11-12% lower than that of individuals in comparable roles within for-profit organizations or government, although fringe benefits may be more substantial.
Which of the following represents a common source of funding for NGOs as mentioned in the text?
Answer: Donations, membership dues, and grants.
Explanation: Common funding sources for NGOs include private donations, membership dues, and grants from various institutions.
What are considered "overhead costs" for an NGO?
Answer: Expenses related to running the organization, such as office expenses and salaries.
Explanation: Overhead costs for an NGO encompass the expenses associated with the general operation and administration of the organization, including office expenses and salaries, distinct from direct program costs.
NGOs primarily function as catalysts for change, mobilizing resources and advocating for policies, yet they do not typically implement development projects directly.
Answer: False
Explanation: While NGOs do act as catalysts and advocates, many also directly implement development projects as part of their operational activities.
Kofi Annan's 2000 report on UN reform prioritized humanitarian intervention under the principle of the "responsibility to protect" citizens from severe harm.
Answer: True
Explanation: Kofi Annan's March 2000 report indeed emphasized the principle of the 'responsibility to protect' as a justification for international humanitarian intervention in cases of severe harm to populations.
Large corporations have reduced their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) departments to avoid interactions with NGOs, ostensibly fearing potential campaigns against their practices.
Answer: False
Explanation: Evidence suggests that large corporations have often increased their CSR departments as a strategy to preempt or manage potential NGO campaigns, rather than reducing them.
The US Defense Department views collaboration with NGOs as unimportant, concentrating exclusively on military operations.
Answer: False
Explanation: The US Defense Department recognizes the importance of collaboration with NGOs, particularly for stability-enhancing activities, and cultivates relationships with them, acknowledging their independence and expertise.
In India, NGOs that receive foreign funding are subject to regulation under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (FCRA), which mandates registration.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (FCRA) is indeed the primary legislation in India governing foreign funding for NGOs, requiring mandatory registration for such organizations.
Globalization has diminished the importance of NGOs, consequently leading them to concentrate less on humanitarian and development issues.
Answer: False
Explanation: Globalization has generally increased the importance and scope of NGOs, leading them to focus more intensely on humanitarian, development, and sustainable development issues.
The World Social Forum is a convention that collaborates closely with the World Economic Forum for the purpose of setting global economic policies.
Answer: False
Explanation: The World Social Forum is generally considered a rival or counter-convention to the World Economic Forum, rather than a collaborative entity for setting global economic policies.
The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro demonstrated the significant influence and power of international NGOs within the realm of environmental advocacy.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro is widely recognized as a pivotal event that showcased the substantial influence and power of international NGOs in advocating for environmental issues and sustainable development.
The European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations was drafted by the United Nations in 1986.
Answer: False
Explanation: The European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations was drafted by the Council of Europe, not the United Nations, and was finalized in 1986.
Which principle regarding international intervention was emphasized in Kofi Annan's 2000 report on UN reform?
Answer: The 'responsibility to protect' citizens from mass atrocities.
Explanation: Kofi Annan's 2000 report on UN reform highlighted the principle of the 'responsibility to protect' (R2P) as a framework for international intervention in cases of mass atrocities.
How have large corporations responded to the proliferation of NGOs and their potential campaigns?
Answer: By increasing their CSR departments to preempt NGO campaigns.
Explanation: Large corporations have often responded by strengthening their CSR departments to proactively address issues and preempt potential campaigns initiated by NGOs.
The US Defense Department's interaction with NGOs originates from a directive to consider which category of activities as important?
Answer: Stability-enhancing activities.
Explanation: The US Defense Department's engagement with NGOs is rooted in a directive that emphasizes the importance of stability-enhancing activities, alongside combat operations.
What is the primary legislation in India that governs the foreign funding of NGOs?
Answer: The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (FCRA)
Explanation: The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (FCRA) is the principal legislation in India that regulates foreign funding received by NGOs.
How has globalization, particularly subsequent to the fall of communism, impacted the role of NGOs?
Answer: It increased their importance, with a focus on humanitarian and development issues.
Explanation: Globalization, especially post-communism, has amplified the significance of NGOs, leading them to concentrate more on humanitarian, development, and sustainable development initiatives.
What is the relationship between the World Social Forum and the World Economic Forum?
Answer: The World Social Forum is a rival convention to the World Economic Forum.
Explanation: The World Social Forum is generally positioned as a rival convention to the World Economic Forum, serving as a platform for alternative perspectives.
The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro is noted for demonstrating the power of NGOs in which specific area?
Answer: Environmental issues and sustainable development.
Explanation: The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro served as a significant demonstration of the influence of NGOs, particularly in the domains of environmental issues and sustainable development.
What economic theory is mentioned as being utilized to study the ownership of public projects by NGOs versus governmental entities?
Answer: Incomplete Contracting Theory
Explanation: In economics, the theory of incomplete contracting is employed to analyze the implications of ownership structures, such as NGO versus government control, for public projects.
What is "Track II diplomacy" as described within the context of NGOs and policy formulation?
Answer: Unofficial discussions involving non-official members (like experts) to help policymakers.
Explanation: Track II diplomacy involves unofficial discussions among non-governmental actors, such as experts and academics, who engage with policymakers to facilitate problem-solving and policy development.
Government funding for NGOs is generally welcomed without controversy, as it inherently ensures alignment with national interests.
Answer: False
Explanation: Government funding for NGOs can be a source of controversy, as it may potentially compromise their independence and their ability to act as an objective voice for citizens, rather than ensuring alignment with national interests.
An excessive focus on minimizing overhead costs for NGOs can enhance their overall effectiveness and service delivery.
Answer: False
Explanation: An excessive focus on minimizing overhead costs can be counterproductive, potentially reducing organizational effectiveness by inadequately supporting the infrastructure necessary for service delivery.
Why can governmental funding for NGOs be considered a controversial issue?
Answer: It may compromise NGO independence and their ability to act as a citizen's voice.
Explanation: Government funding can be controversial because it may potentially compromise an NGO's independence and its capacity to serve as an objective voice for citizens.
What potential negative consequence can arise from an NGO's excessive emphasis on minimizing overhead costs?
Answer: Reduced organizational effectiveness due to inadequate infrastructure.
Explanation: An overemphasis on minimizing overhead can lead to inadequate infrastructure and resources, thereby reducing the NGO's overall effectiveness and capacity for service delivery.
According to Tanzanian academic Issa G. Shivji, what is a primary criticism leveled against NGOs operating in Africa?
Answer: Their rise is part of a neoliberal paradigm, continuing an imperial relationship.
Explanation: Issa G. Shivji criticizes NGOs in Africa for their role within a neoliberal paradigm, arguing that their proliferation perpetuates an imperialistic relationship.
What negative impact did James Pfeiffer observe concerning NGOs within Mozambique's health sector?
Answer: They fragmented the local health system and undermined local control.
Explanation: James Pfeiffer observed that NGOs in Mozambique fragmented the health system, undermined local control, and contributed to social inequality through uncoordinated projects.